DOCSLIB.ORG

IW¶'Bwe Policyresearch

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
IW¶'Bwe Policyresearch IW¶'bWE PolicyResearch WORKING PAPERS FlnancaleSector Development FinancialSector Development Department Public Disclosure Authorized TheWorld Bank July 1993 WPS1154 Optionsfor Pension Public Disclosure Authorized Reformin Tunisia DimitriVittas Public Disclosure Authorized Tunisia's financiallypressed pensionsystem needs to rational- ize benefits and improve investmentperformance in the near Public Disclosure Authorized future. To anticipatedetericrating demographics, steps should also be taken to prepare for more radical reform: one pillar for redistribution,and one fully capitalized. PonLcyRar WoikingPapcrsdi aminate thcndings of wokmprogre andenougethexhngc of ids amngPank staffand llothers need in developtetiseLitsepapcsc ddistributed by theRearchAdvisoy Staff,caryhenama of theaiutbos,rdlcct ot eytirvie ,ondshouldbeused Bndadtedaccor sgly.lefindMintgeipmntdonsandconclusios m an:theauthoesown.Teyoul no be attributedtrothe WorldBank its Boart of Dircors, its mangagmntn,or any of its mamoercountries. Policy Research Financial Sector Development WPS 1154 This paper- a productof the FinancialSector Development Department -is part of a largereffort in the departmentto study pension systems. Copiesof the paper are availablefree from the World Bank, 1818 H StreetNW, Washington,DC 20433.Please contact (PriscillaInfante, roomN9-003, extension 37664 (July 1993, 32 pages). Tunisia's pension systemprovides old age, capriciousfavoring of workers with low incomes survivorship,and disabilitybenefits to retired and short credited service). and disabledworkers and their dependents.It is a partally funded system basedon solidarity * Faces increasingfinancial pressuresbecause between generations.It is designedto provide it is maturingand expandingbenefits, but its insuranceagainst loss of incomein old age, reservesshow poor investmentperformance and especiallyfor people who live longer than it has failed to adjust contributionrates. average,and to redistributeincome more favor- ably toward low-'ncome retired workers.Only to Vittasproposes the followingmain reforms: a limitedextent does it achieve a third objective: compulsorylong-term saving. * In the short run, reallocatingsocial security contributionsfrom family allowancesto pen- Vittas analyzesthe structureof Tunisia's sions and improvingthe financial performanceof pensionsystem, assesses its financialcondition, reserves. and sets out optionsfor pensionreform. He finds that the current system: * In the mediumterm, rationalizingbenefit formulasthrough gradual use of lifetimeactual- * Is fragmented,comprising several schemes ized earnings, indexingpensions, gradually with differentrules and conditions. increasingthe normalretirement age, and expandingthe use of proportionalpensions for . Promisesgenerous benefits, with high workerswith short careers. targeted replacementrates that may be unsustainable. * In the longer term, a more radical program to create a fully capitalizedpillar that comple- * Despite high benefits,operates with low ments a redistributivepillar paying basic ben- contributionrates, because both the system and efits. This wouldgenerate long-term savings, the labor force are young. stimulatethe developmentof capital markets, and facilitatethe privatizationprogram. A third * Only weakly links contributionsand ben- pillar, voluntarysavings encouragedby tax efits. Is suffers from evasion of contributionsand savings,would cover self-employedpeople not inflatedbenefit claims and redistribution(from coveredby occupationalschemes. ThePolicyResearch Working Paper Series disseniinates the findings of workunder way in theBank. An objectiveofthe series is to get these findings out quickly,even if presentationsare less than fuly polished.The findings.interpretations, and conclusionsin thesepapers do not necessardlyrepresent of ficial Bank policy. Producedby thePolicy Research Dissemination Center Financial Sector Development Department World Bank OPTIONS FOR PENSION REFORM N TUNISIA Dimitri Vittas Table of Contents Introduction 1 The Present System 4 International Experience 19 Options for Reform 25 References 32 Introduction The Tunisianpension system offers old age, survivorshipand disabilitybenefits to retired and disabledworkers and their dependents. Its mainobjectives are insuranceand redistribution:insurance against the loss of incomein old age due to retirementand against the risk of excessivelongevity; redistribution in favor of low incomeretired workers. Compulsorylong-term saving, the third main objectiveof pensionsystems, is attainedonly to a limitedextent in Tunisia. In principle,the systemis based on the conceptof solidaritywithin and across generations. Beinga compulsorypublic system it aimsto coverrisks, such as increasesin life expectancyor high inflation,that privateinsurance markets find it difficultto cover. In practice,however, attainment of these objectivesdepends on the effectivedegree of solidarity withinand across generationsand on the abilityof the systemto withstandthe increased costsof high inflation,increased longevity and changesin demographicstructure. Formally,the Tunisiansystem is a partiallyfunded defined benefit system based on scaledpremiums. In these systems,the contributionrate is set at a high enoughlevel to enablethe creationof a reservefund so that projectedinflows from annualcontributions and investmentincome cover the projectedoutflows during a givenperiod, knownas the period of equilibrium. In principle,only the investmentincome of the reservefund is used to cover currentbenefits, with the principalleft intact. When_urrent receipts from contributionsplus investmentincome are no longer adequateto covercurrent benefits, the contributionrate is raisedto the levelcorresponding to anotherperiod of equilibrium.The period of eqLilibrium shouldbe sufficientlylong to guaranteea certaindegree of premiumstability. Scaledpremium systems require periodic adjustments in contributionrates based on actuarialstudies' and reflectingchanging demographic structures, the growingmaturity of the system,any expansionof benefits,and the investmentincome of the fund. However,in manycountries with such systems,problems occur because of delaysin actuarialreviews and adjustmentof contributionrates. Moreover,raising the contributionrate may not be feasible beyonda certainpoint, in whichcase reductionsin benefitsas well as altemativeforms of pensionschemes may need to be contemplated. In additionto beinga partiallyfunded, defined benefit system based on scaled premiums,the Tunisianpension system exhibits the followingfeatures: I At the time of writingthis paper, the latestactuarial review was effectedby ILO in 1989and was based on data for 1986/87. The Tunisianauthorities have arguedthat this was a bad year for assessingthe long-termfinancial prospects of the pensionfunds because of the reducedlevel of employmentand the adverseeffects of the economicrecession. Sincethen, a furtheractuarial review was undertakenand completedin 1992. This reviewconfirms the findingsof this pape-. * It is a. fragmentedsystem, comprising several schemes with different rules and conditions. * It promisesgenerous benefits with high targetedreplacement rates, whichare difficultto sustainin the long run2. * Despitethe high level of benefits,it operateswith relativelylow contribution rates, mainlybecause of the youngdemographic structure of the labor force and the youngage of the system. * The systemhas a weaklink betweencontributions and benefits. As a result, it has sufferedfrom eclecticsolidarity, which manifests itself in evasionof contributionsbut inflatedbenefit claims, and from capriciousredistribution, whichfavors workers with low incomesand short creditedservice. Like other definedbenefit pension systems, the Tunisiansystem is also exposedto perverseredistribution arising from differencesin life expectancybetween low and high incomepeople and from differencesin career patternsof earnings. * Afterbuilding significant reserves in its early years of operation,the system, especiallythe fund coveringthe private sector, has facedfinancial pressures. These haveemanated from the growingmaturity of the system,the expansion of benefits,the poor investmentperformance of reservesand the failureto adjustcontribution rates. * Macroeconomicdevelopments in the 1980shave contributedto the poor financialperformance of the system,but demographicfactors have continued to be favorable. In the long run, the demographicstructure will becomeunfavorable. System reform needsto be consideredand implementedat an early stageto avoid a painfuladjustment and transitionlater on. First and foremost,there is a strongneed to rationalizethe benefit formulasused in order to minimizethe redistributiveand disincentiveeffects of existing rules. But measuresto reformthe systemmay also includea reductionin benefits,an increasein contributionrates, an improvementin the financialperformance of reserves, integrationof existingsystems into a nationalfirst pillar offeringbasic benefits,and developmentof privately-runsecond and third pillarsto offer complementarybenefits. 2 Achievementof these pensiontargets is, however,undermined by two factors:the partial indexationof pensionsin the privatesector; and the fact that a substantialproportion of workersdo not have full careers to entitlethem to a full pension. Nevertheless, pensionersof the public sectorand financialinstitutions with full careersobtain very high pensions. 2 The basic objectives of pension reform should be: * the payment of adequate, but affordable and therefore sustainablebenefits;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transport Pricing and Accessibility
    Transport Pricing and Accessibility Ken Gwilliams | June 2017 Table of Contents Executive summary .............................................................................3 6. Subsidizing ‘goods’: Demand-side interventions .................29 Introduction ...........................................................................................4 7. The effects of taxing ‘bads’ ............................................................33 1. Accessibility, investment, and transport pricing .................7 Conclusion ..............................................................................................37 2. Transport pricing interventions and cash transfers .............6 References ...............................................................................................41 3. The complex objectives of transport pricing .........................12 Endnotes..................................................................................................45 4. Appraising subsidies .......................................................................18 5. Subsidizing ‘goods’: supply-side interventions .....................23 Developing a Common Narrative on Urban Accessibility: 3 Transport Pricing and Accessibility Executive summary A common criticism of urban transport strategies is that they unless accompanied by other measures such as land use are unduly concerned with mobility or the ability to move changes and revolutionized investment criteria, to make it so. rather than accessibility in which a desired journey
    [Show full text]
  • Angola Social Protection Public Expenditure Review (PER)
    Angola Social Protection Public Expenditure Public Disclosure Authorized Review (PER) Public Disclosure Authorized Main Report June 21, 2018 Public Disclosure Authorized Vice President: Makhtar Diop Country Director: Elisabeth Huybens Practice Manager: Jehan Arulpragasam Task Team Leaders: Andrea Vermehren/Emma Monsalve Montiel Public Disclosure Authorized 0 CONTENTS Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................... i Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................................... ii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 Country Context ..................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 2: Social protection spending trends and composition ............................................................. xiv Chapter 3: Pensions ................................................................................................................................. xx Chapter 4: Social safety net programs .................................................................................................. xxv Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Benefits and Costs of Social Pensions in Sub-Saharan Africa
    DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 1607 Benefits and Costs of Social Pensions Public Disclosure Authorized in Sub-Saharan Africa Melis U. Guven and Phillippe G. Leite Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized June 2016 Benefits and Costs of Social Pensions in Sub-Saharan Africa Melis U. Guven and Phillippe G. Leite June 2016 Abstract The lack of efficient social security systems, the presence of large informal sectors, and the pace at which the population is aging in some Sub-Saharan African countries are red flags warning of a potential long-term problem: that is, the inability of countries to provide old- age income security to all. Many adults in the region have difficulties accessing health care and other essential services, increasing their vulnerability and their likelihood of becoming impoverished as they age. Since the coverage of contribution-based pension schemes has remained low for decades, direct cash grants (henceforth, universal social pensions) are increasingly proposed as a way to address the coverage gap and to fight poverty among the elderly. This paper explores the role of universal social pensions in 12 Sub-Saharan African countries, showing that they may be part of the answer to the coverage gap in pensions and may be important from a human rights lens. However, they have limited impact on poverty because a significant share of the elderly population is found not to fall into the poorest and most vulnerable segments of society. Universal social pensions can also be quite costly, difficult to sustain in low-income settings, and less cost-effective at fighting poverty compared to poverty-targeted cash transfer programs.
    [Show full text]
  • 400 Mayor and Council Office
    FISCAL YEAR 20-21 PRELIMINARY BUDGET TABLE OF CONTENTS General Fund Mayor and City Council Page 1 City Manager Page 11 City Clerk Page 30 Finance Page 37 City Attorney Page 61 Personnel Page 68 Information Technology Page 82 Police Page 99 Community Planning and Development (CP&D) Page 157 Public Works Page 169 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Page 196 Parks and Recreation Page 201 Non‐Departmental Page 289 Museum of Contemporary Arts (MOCA) Page 296 Code Compliance Page 304 Library Page 312 Purchasing Page 321 Housing and Social Services Page 326 Housing Funds CDBG Page 334 HIPP Page 346 NSP Page 353 SHIP Page 365 Transportation Funds Half Cent Transportation Surtax Page 368 Gas Tax Page 380 Enterprise Funds Building Page 384 Water and Sewer Page 394 Stormwater Page 444 Internal Services Risk Management Page 459 Fleet Management Page 472 All Other Funds Page 482 MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL Page 1 Budget Summary Form Department: Mayor/Council Dept # 01 Actual Amended Est. Proposed EXPENDITURE Expend. Budget Expend. Budget CATEGORY FY19 FY20 FY20 FY21 Personnel Services 575,705 667,055 581,665 623,442 Operating Expenses 1,026,964 883,941 822,441 704,882 Internal Services -3,210 10,597 8,923 11,401 Operating Budget 1,599,459 1,561,593 1,413,029 1,339,725 Capital Outlay 0 4,195 5,920 0 Debt Service 0 0 0 0 Grants & Aids 0000 Reserves & Other 11,537 10,577 10,577 14,859 Total Budget 1,610,996 1,576,365 1,429,526 1,354,584 PERSONNEL SERVICES DETAIL: Salary # of Classification Sch.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is the Role of Social Pensions in Asia? ADBI Working Paper 351
    ADBI Working Paper Series What is the Role of Social Pensions in Asia? Armando Barrientos No. 351 April 2012 Asian Development Bank Institute Armando Barrientos is professor and research director at the Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, United Kingdom. This paper was prepared as a background paper for the Asian Development Bank (ADB)/Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) conference on New Thinking on Social Security in Asia, held at the Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo, on 17 November 2011. The author gratefully acknowledges comments from Mukul Asher, Matthias Meissner, Amita Sharma, and participants at the conference. The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ADBI, the ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. The Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series; the numbering of the papers continued without interruption or change. ADBI’s working papers reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion. ADBI encourages readers to post their comments on the main page for each working paper (given in the citation below). Some working papers may develop into other forms of publication. Suggested citation: Barrientos, A. 2012. What is the Role of Social Pensions in Asia? ADBI Working Paper 351. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available: http://www.adbi.org/working- paper/2012/04/11/5044.role.social.pensions.asia/ Please contact the author(s) for information about this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Security and Pension Reform: International Perspectives
    Upjohn Press Upjohn Research home page 1-1-2014 Social Security and Pension Reform: International Perspectives Marek Szczepański, Editor Poznań University of Technology John A. Turner, Editor Pension Policy Center Follow this and additional works at: https://research.upjohn.org/up_press Part of the Labor Economics Commons, and the Retirement Security Law Commons Citation Szczepański, Marek and John A. Turner, eds. 2014. Social Security and Pension Reform: International Perspectives. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. https://doi.org/10.17848/ 9780880994705 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This title is brought to you by the Upjohn Institute. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Job Name: -- /356308t Social Security and Pension Reform In order to view this proof accurately, the Overprint Preview Option must be checked in Acrobat Professional or Adobe Reader. Please contact your Customer Service Rep- resentative if you have questions about finding the option. Job Name: -- /356308t In order to view this proof accurately, the Overprint Preview Option must be checked in Acrobat Professional or Adobe Reader. Please contact your Customer Service Rep- resentative if you have questions about finding the option. Job Name: -- /356308t Social Security and Pension Reform International Perspectives Marek Szczepański John A. Turner Editors 2014 W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Kalamazoo, Michigan In order to view this proof accurately, the Overprint Preview Option must be checked in Acrobat Professional or Adobe Reader. Please contact your Customer Service Rep- resentative if you have questions about finding the option. Job Name: -- /356308t Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Social security and pension reform international perspectives / Marek Szczepanski, John A.
    [Show full text]
  • Good Pensions: Introducing Social Pension Funds to the UK
    ! Good pensions Introducing social pension funds to the UK Nigel Keohane Simon Rowell September 2015 1 SOCIAL MARKET FOUNDATION ! ! FIRST PUBLISHED BY Copyright © The Social Market Foundation, 2015 11 Tufton Street London SW1P 3QB September 2015 ABOUT THE AUTHORS NIGEL KEOHANE Nigel is Director of Research at the Social Market Foundation (SMF), where he oversees the SMF’s research programme and leads the work on public service reform and commissioning, welfare reform and low pay, and pensions and savings policy. Prior to the SMF, Nigel was Head of Research at the New Local Government Network think tank, worked in local government and taught history at Queen Mary College, University of London. He has a BA and MA in history from Exeter University, and a PhD in Political History from Queen Mary. SIMON ROWELL Simon leads on public policy, public affairs, research and strategic projects for Big Society Capital. He led their work on the development of the social investment tax relief in the UK, which became law in 2014, and has helped build the first social investment research council with stakeholders across the public, private and not-for-profit sectors. Prior to Big Society Capital, he was a corporate lawyer for Linklaters LLP, working on mergers and acquisitions. He has also worked on strategic projects for the London Organising Committee of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games and on education reform for the Prime Minister’s Department in Australia. He holds a Masters in Public Administration from the Harvard Kennedy School and degrees in Finance and Law from the University of Queensland.
    [Show full text]
  • Reversing Pension Privatizations
    Reversing Pension Privatizations Rebuilding public pension systems in Eastern Europe and Latin America Edited by Isabel Ortiz Fabio Durán-Valverde Stefan Urban Veronika Wodsak Reversing Pension Privatizations: Rebuilding public pension systems in Eastern Europe and Latin America Edited by Isabel Ortiz, Fabio Durán-Valverde, Stefan Urban and Veronika Wodsak Reversing Pension Privatizations: Rebuilding public pension systems in Eastern Europe and Latin America Edited by Isabel Ortiz, Fabio Durán-Valverde, Stefan Urban and Veronika Wodsak International Labour Organization Copyright © International Labour Organization 2018 First published 2018 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condi- tion that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Reversing Pension Privatizations: Rebuilding public pension systems in Eastern Europe and Latin America / International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2018. ISBN: 978-92-2-132242-9 (print) ISBN: 978-92-2-132243-6 (web) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Pensions at a Glance 2013: OECD and G20 Indicators, OECD Publishing
    Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD AND G20 INDICATORS Contents Chapter 1. Recent pension reforms and their distributional impact Pensions at a Glance Chapter 2. The role of housing, financial wealth and public services for adequate living standards in old age Chapter 3. Design of pension systems 2013 Chapter 4. Pension entitlements OECD AND G20 INDICATORS Chapter 5. Incomes and poverty of older people Chapter 6. Finances of retirement-income systems Chapter 7. Demographic and economic context Chapter 8. Private pensions and public pension reserves Chapter 9. Pensions at a Glance 2013: Country profiles Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD AN D G20 IN D I C AT O Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/pension_glance-2013-en. RS This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. 2013 ISBN 978-92-64-20392-1 81 2013 22 1 P 9HSTCQE*cadjcb+ Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD AND G20 INDICATORS This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD or of the governments of its member countries or those of the European Union. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2013), Pensions at a Glance 2013: OECD and G20 Indicators, OECD Publishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Tripartite Round Table on Pension Trends and Reforms (30 November–2 December and 4 December 2020)
    Tripartite Round Table on Pension Trends and Reforms (30 November–2 December and 4 December 2020) Record of proceedings (Meeting report) Social Protection Department – Bureau of Employers’ Activities – Bureau of Workers’ Activities Copyright © International Labour Organization 2021 First published 2021 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. 9789220344248 (print) 9789220344255 (web PDF) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.
    [Show full text]
  • Eb.Org ANALYTICAL REVIEW of the PENSION SYSTEM in KENYA
    Pension Development in Africa – Opportunities and Challenges Conference Proceedings of the OECD/IOPS Global Forum on Private Pensions Global Forum on Private Pensions Mombasa, October 2008 www.iopsweb.org ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE PENSION SYSTEM IN KENYA Sundeep K Raichura 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE PENSION SYSTEM IN KENYA ....................................... 1 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................ 3 2. Situation Analysis and the Current Pensions System in Kenya ............................................. 4 i. Kenya‟s population and employment structure ................................................................... 4 ii. Relevant macro-economic and poverty incidence data ...................................................... 6 iii. Relevant financial sector data ........................................................................................... 6 iv. Current pensions system in Kenya .................................................................................... 7 3. The New Regulatory Framework in Kenya ......................................................................... 17 i. Motivation for new Legislation and Regulatory Framework ............................................ 17 ii. Fundamental Tenets of New Legislation ......................................................................... 17 iii. Role and effectiveness of the regulatory authority - the RBA .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Why Social Pensions? Achieving Income Security for All in Older Age About Helpage
    Why social pensions? Achieving income security for all in older age About HelpAge HelpAge International is a global network of organisations promoting the right of all older people Any parts of this publication may be repro- to lead dignified, healthy and secure lives. duced without permission for non-profit and Why social pensions? educational purposes. Achieving income security for all in older age Published by HelpAge International Please clearly credit HelpAge International and send us a copy or link. Written by Florian Juergens ([email protected]) and Dr Flavia Galvani ([email protected]) The authors would like to express their gratitude to Nicholas Barr, Charles Knox-Vydmanov, Luis Frota, Gibrán Cruz-Martínez, Usa Khiewrord, Peter Morrison and Tapiwa Huye for their review and invaluable contributions to this brief. www.helpage.org Registered charity no. 288180 @HelpAge HelpAge International Copyright © HelpAge International 2020 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 Front page photo © Hereward Holland/ Age International Female Daw Mu Nge, 63, Myanmar 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Social protection throughout the life-course ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]