Section 4 Hardware Design Techniques
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A Buck-Boost Transformerless DC–DC Converter Based on IGBT Modules for Fast Charge of Electric Vehicles
electronics Article A Buck-Boost Transformerless DC–DC Converter Based on IGBT Modules for Fast Charge of Electric Vehicles Borislav Dimitrov 1,* , Khaled Hayatleh 1, Steve Barker 1, Gordana Collier 1, Suleiman Sharkh 2 and Andrew Cruden 2 1 School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Oxford Brookes University, Wheatley campus, Oxford OX33 1HX, UK; [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (G.C.) 2 Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (A.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-(0)1865-482962 Received: 9 January 2020; Accepted: 25 February 2020; Published: 28 February 2020 Abstract: A transformer-less Buck-Boost direct current–direct current (DC–DC) converter in use for the fast charge of electric vehicles, based on powerful high-voltage isolated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules is analyzed, designed and experimentally verified. The main advantages of this topology are: simple structure on the converter’s power stage; a wide range of the output voltage, capable of supporting contemporary vehicles’ on-board battery packs; efficiency; and power density accepted to be high enough for such a class of hard-switched converters. A precise estimation of the loss, dissipated in the converter’s basic modes of operation Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost is presented. The analysis shows an approach of loss minimization, based on switching frequency reduction during the Buck-Boost operation mode. Such a technique guarantees stable thermal characteristics during the entire operation, i.e., battery charge cycle. -
Single Stage Ac-Dc Step up Converter Using Boost and Buck- Boost Converters
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013 SINGLE STAGE AC-DC STEP UP CONVERTER USING BOOST AND BUCK- BOOST CONVERTERS Kumar K1, S.V. Sivanagaraju2, Rajasekharachari k3 PG Student, Department Of EEE, Sri Venkateswara College Of Engg.& Technology, Chittoor, A.P, India1 Associate Professor , Department Of EEE, Sri Venkateswara College Of Engg.& Technology , Chittoor, A.P, India2 PG Student, Department Of EEE, Sri Venkateswara College Of Engg.& Technology, Chittoor, A.P, India3 ABSTRACT: This paper presents a single stage AC-DC step up power converter that avoids the bridge rectification and directly converts the low AC input voltage to the required high DC Output voltage at a higher efficiency. In order to convert AC-DC we need a bridge rectifier and boost converter for step up the DC output voltage to meet the load demand. This two- stage conversion process increases the converter cost and reduces the efficiency of converter due to presence of more no. of semi conductor devices. The proposed converter consists of a boost converter in parallel with a buck–boost converter. Boost converter operated in the positive half cycle and buck-boost converter in the negative half cycle. As a result we obtain a high DC output voltage from a low AC input voltage in single stage conversion. The proposed converter has been designed by using MATLAB. Keywords: AC-DC converter, boost converter, buck-boost converter. I. INTRODUCTION Power electronics may be defined as the subject of applications of solid state power semiconductor devices (Thyristors) for the control and conversion of electric power. -
Extremely High-Gain Source-Gated Transistors
Extremely high-gain source-gated transistors Jiawei Zhanga,1, Joshua Wilsona,1, Gregory Autonb, Yiming Wangc, Mingsheng Xuc, Qian Xinc, and Aimin Songa,c,1,2 aSchool of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; bNational Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; and cState Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Centre of Nanoelectronics and School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China Edited by Alexis T. Bell, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved January 29, 2019 (received for review December 6, 2018) Despite being a fundamental electronic component for over 70 turn-on voltage (19, 20). This susceptibility to negative bias illu- years, it is still possible to develop different transistor designs, mination temperature stress (NBITS) is one of the main factors including the addition of a diode-like Schottky source electrode delaying the wide-scale adoption of IGZO in the display industry. to thin-film transistors. The discovery of a dependence of the Another major problem is that TFTs require precise lithography source barrier height on the semiconductor thickness and deriva- to enable large-area uniformity, and difficulties with registration tion of an analytical theory allow us to propose a design rule to between different TFT layers are likely to be compounded by the achieve extremely high voltage gain, one of the most important use of flexible substrates. One major advantage of the SGT is that figures of merit for a transistor. Using an oxide semiconductor, an it does not require such precise registration, because the current intrinsic gain of 29,000 was obtained, which is orders of magni- is controlled by the dimensions of the source contact rather than tude higher than a conventional Si transistor. -
Syfer Capacitor Basics
Syfer Technology Limited, Old Stoke Road, Arminghall, Norwich, Norfolk, NR14 8SQ, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1603 723300 Tel. (Sales): 01603 723310 Fax: +44 (0) 1603 723301 Email: [email protected] Web: www.knowlescapacitors.com Syfer Capacitor Basics What is a Capacitor ..................................................................................2 Electrode .............................................................................................2 Dielectric .............................................................................................2 Construction ........................................................................................2 MLCC Uses ..............................................................................................3 Limitations and Factors for Consideration ....................................................3 Dielectric Types .......................................................................................4 X7R.....................................................................................................4 X5R.....................................................................................................5 X8R.....................................................................................................5 2C1 (BZ) and 2X1 (BX) .........................................................................5 C0G ....................................................................................................5 High Q .................................................................................................5 -
VIDE. TEHNOLOĢIJA. RESURSI IX Starptautiskās Zinātniski Praktiskās Konferences Materiāli 2013.Gada 20.-22.Jūnijs
RĒZEKNES AUGSTSKOLA INŽENIERU FAKULTĀTE RĒZEKNES AUGSTSKOLAS REĢIONĀLISTIKAS ZINĀTNISKAIS INSTITŪTS REZEKNE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES VIDE. TEHNOLOĢIJA. RESURSI IX starptautiskās zinātniski praktiskās konferences materiāli 2013.gada 20.-22.jūnijs 2. SĒJUMS ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGY. RESOURCES Proceedings of the 9th International Scientific and Practical Conference June 20-22, 2013 VOLUME II Rēzekne 2013 VIDE. TEHNOLOĢIJA. RESURSI: 9. starptautiskās zinātniski praktiskās konferences materiāli 2013. gada 20.-22. jūnijs. 2. sējums. Rēzekne, 2013. 148 lpp. ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGY. RESOURCES: Proceedings of the 9th International Scientific and Practical Conference June 20-22, 2013. Volume II. Rezekne, 2013. p. 148. Zinātnisko rakstu krājumā iekļauti IX starptautiskās zinātniski praktiskās konferences “Vide. Tehnoloģija. Resursi” raksti. Rakstu tematika saistīta ar vides kvalitāti un monitoringu, piesārņojuma novēršanas tehnoloģijām, tīrāku ražošanu, ilgtspējīgo lauksaimniecību, vides izglītību un ekonomiku. Rakstu krājumā pārstāvēti referāti, kas ir saistīti ar datorzinātnes, matemātikas, mehānikas, elektrotehnikas, elektronikas un mehatronikas pielietošanu vides zinātnē, metālapstrādē un citu nozaru problēmu risināšanā. Proceedings include papers presented at the 9th International Conference “Environment. Technology. Resources.” The themes of the papers are – the environmental quality and monitoring, pollution prevention technologies, cleaner production, sustainable agriculture, -
Control and Analysis of Synchronous Rectifier Buck Converter for ZVS in Light Load Condition Nimmy Joseph Assistant Professor, Dept
ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 2, Issue 6, June 2013 Control and Analysis of Synchronous Rectifier Buck Converter for ZVS in Light Load Condition Nimmy Joseph Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, Bangalore, India Abstract- This paper aims to improve the efficiency of a dc-dc buck converter. It enables a synchronous rectifier buck converter to realize zero voltage switching in light load condition. The replacement of output rectifier diode by MOSFET can minimize conduction losses and increase the efficiency of the circuit. The control technique introduced in this paper enables a SR buck converter to carry out ZVS in light load condition to increase efficiency. No extra auxiliary switches or RLC passive components are required. It is of low cost and easy to control. Keywords: Buck converter, synchronous rectifier, ZVS, light load condition. I. INTRODUCTION Buck converters have already been applied to portable products which are powered by batteries. The efficiency of a buck converter should be increased to prolong the operation of portable products and minimize battery drain. The efficiency of a buck converter is affected by conduction losses. Switching loss of a buck converter must be decreased in light load condition. In order to reduce the conduction losses and raise the efficiency the SR technique is used. Fig.1 Synchronous rectifier buck converter In fig.1the basic circuit diagram of synchronous rectifier buck converter to have ZVS in light load condition is shown. -
Ltc3225/Ltc3225-1
LTC3225/LTC3225-1 150mA Supercapacitor Charger FEATURES DESCRIPTION n Low Noise Constant Frequency Charging of Two The LTC®3225/LTC3225-1 are programmable supercapaci- Series Supercapacitors tor chargers designed to charge two supercapacitors in n Automatic Cell Balancing Prevents Capacitor series to a selectable fi xed output voltage (4.8V/5.3V for Overvoltage During Charging the LTC3225 and 4V/4.5V for the LTC3225-1) from input n Programmable Charge Current (Up to 150mA) supplies as low as 2.8V to 5.5V. Automatic cell balancing n Selectable 2.4V or 2.65V Regulation per Cell prevents overvoltage damage to either supercapacitor. No (LTC3225) balancing resistors are required. n Selectable 2V or 2.25V Regulation per Cell Low input noise, low quiescent current and low external (LTC3225-1) parts count (one fl ying capacitor, one bypass capacitor at n Automatic Recharge V and one programming resistor) make the LTC3225/ n I = 20μA in Standby Mode IN VIN LTC3225-1 ideally suited for small battery-powered n I < 1μA When Input Supply is Removed COUT applications. n No Inductors n Tiny Application Circuit (2mm × 3mm DFN Package, Charge current level is programmed with an external All Components <1mm High) resistor. When the input supply is removed, the LTC3225/ LTC3225-1 automatically enter a low current state, drawing APPLICATIONS less than 1μA from the supercapacitors. The LTC3225/LTC3225-1 are available in a 10-lead 2mm n Current Limited Applications with High Peak Power × 3mm DFN package. Loads (LED Flash, PCMCIA Tx Bursts, HDD Bursts, L, LT, LTC and LTM are registered trademarks and ThinSOT is a trademark of Linear GPRS/GSM Transmitter) Technology Corporation. -
Introduction What Is a Polymer Capacitor?
ECAS series (polymer-type aluminum electrolytic capacitor) No. C2T2CPS-063 Introduction If you take a look at the main board of an electronic device such as a personal computer, you’re likely to see some of the six types of capacitors shown below (Fig. 1). Common types of capacitors include tantalum electrolytic capacitors (MnO2 type and polymer type), aluminum electrolytic capacitors (electrolyte can type, polymer can type, and chip type), and MLCC. Figure 1. Main Types of Capacitors What Is a Polymer Capacitor? There are many other types of capacitors, such as film capacitors and niobium capacitors, but here we will describe polymer capacitors, a type of capacitor produced by Murata among others. In both tantalum electrolytic capacitors and aluminum electrolytic capacitors, a polymer capacitor is a type of electrolytic capacitor in which a conductive polymer is used as the cathode. In a polymer-type aluminum electrolytic capacitor, the anode is made of aluminum foil and the cathode is made of a conductive polymer. In a polymer-type tantalum electrolytic capacitor, the anode is made of the metal tantalum and the cathode is made of a conductive polymer. Figure 2 shows an example of this structure. Figure 2. Example of Structure of Conductive Polymer Aluminum Capacitor In conventional electrolytic capacitors, an electrolyte (electrolytic solution) or manganese dioxide (MnO2) was used as the cathode. Using a conductive polymer instead provides many advantages, making it possible to achieve a lower equivalent series resistance (ESR), more stable thermal characteristics, improved safety, and longer service life. As can be seen in Fig. 1, polymer capacitors have lower ESR than conventional electrolytic Copyright © muRata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. -
Capacitors and Inductors
DC Principles Study Unit Capacitors and Inductors By Robert Cecci In this text, you’ll learn about how capacitors and inductors operate in DC circuits. As an industrial electrician or elec- tronics technician, you’ll be likely to encounter capacitors and inductors in your everyday work. Capacitors and induc- tors are used in many types of industrial power supplies, Preview Preview motor drive systems, and on most industrial electronics printed circuit boards. When you complete this study unit, you’ll be able to • Explain how a capacitor holds a charge • Describe common types of capacitors • Identify capacitor ratings • Calculate the total capacitance of a circuit containing capacitors connected in series or in parallel • Calculate the time constant of a resistance-capacitance (RC) circuit • Explain how inductors are constructed and describe their rating system • Describe how an inductor can regulate the flow of cur- rent in a DC circuit • Calculate the total inductance of a circuit containing inductors connected in series or parallel • Calculate the time constant of a resistance-inductance (RL) circuit Electronics Workbench is a registered trademark, property of Interactive Image Technologies Ltd. and used with permission. You’ll see the symbol shown above at several locations throughout this study unit. This symbol is the logo of Electronics Workbench, a computer-simulated electronics laboratory. The appearance of this symbol in the text mar- gin signals that there’s an Electronics Workbench lab experiment associated with that section of the text. If your program includes Elec tronics Workbench as a part of your iii learning experience, you’ll receive an experiment lab book that describes your Electronics Workbench assignments. -
Synthesis of Nano-Ceramics for Supercapacitors
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2014 Synthesis of nano-ceramics for supercapacitors Azrin Akhter Chowdhury University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Chowdhury, Azrin Akhter, Synthesis of nano-ceramics for supercapacitors, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Engineering Materials Institute, University of Wollongong, 2014. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4314 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. -
Review of Technologies and Materials Used in High-Voltage Film Capacitors
polymers Review Review of Technologies and Materials Used in High-Voltage Film Capacitors Olatoundji Georges Gnonhoue 1,*, Amanda Velazquez-Salazar 1 , Éric David 1 and Ioana Preda 2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada; [email protected] (A.V.-S.); [email protected] (É.D.) 2 Energy Institute—HEIA Fribourg, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, 3960 Sierre, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: High-voltage capacitors are key components for circuit breakers and monitoring and protection devices, and are important elements used to improve the efficiency and reliability of the grid. Different technologies are used in high-voltage capacitor manufacturing process, and at all stages of this process polymeric films must be used, along with an encapsulating material, which can be either liquid, solid or gaseous. These materials play major roles in the lifespan and reliability of components. In this paper, we present a review of the different technologies used to manufacture high-voltage capacitors, as well as the different materials used in fabricating high-voltage film capacitors, with a view to establishing a bibliographic database that will allow a comparison of the different technologies Keywords: high-voltage capacitors; resin; dielectric film Citation: Gnonhoue, O.G.; Velazquez-Salazar, A.; David, É.; Preda, I. Review of Technologies and 1. Introduction Materials Used in High-Voltage Film High-voltage films capacitors are important components for networks and various Capacitors. Polymers 2021, 13, 766. electrical devices. They are used to transport and distribute high-voltage electrical energy https://doi.org/10.3390/ either for voltage distribution, coupling or capacitive voltage dividers; in electrical sub- polym13050766 stations, circuit breakers, monitoring and protection devices; as well as to improve grid efficiency and reliability. -
Researching the Efficiency of Buck Converter Synchronous Rectifier
INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS: ISSN 2664-9969 REPORTS ON RESEARCH PROJECTS UDC 621.314 DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2020.207893 Zheliazkov Y. RESEARCHING THE EFFICIENCY OF BUCK CONVERTER SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER The object of study is synchronous buck-voltage converter with digital control system. One of the most prob- lematic things is energy changing and transmission in converters to reach certain numerical range with minimal losses in the components of the electrical circuit. An enormous calculated parameters of electrical scheme. There was advised and described both structure and electrical scheme of synchronous converter, which, thanks to digi- tal system, provides dates with more accuracy connected with an impact on working scheme. There was shown detailed analysis example with a numerical value for the certain elements of electrical scheme. It’s a fundament in order to choose certain parts of electrical scheme according to the certain categories. During research there was used selection of hardware and software tools: elements for buck-converter – key, diode and capacitor; certain voltage and frequency range for microcontroller; control of the power keys of the circuit with the corresponding operating parameters for driver. There was analyzed and calculated all over the possible losses during the process bucking of the voltage to the certain level, an enormous losses in the components of the converter electrical scheme – induction coil, keys and capacitors. It’s an important part of synchronous buck-converter. There was calculated power losses and efficiency through the received graphics of keys com- mutation in electrical scheme. There were received graphic dependence of converter efficiency on output power; time characteristics of the control signal pulse-width modulation (PWM) and output voltage; dependence on the commutation losses.