Shaheed Muhammad Baqir As-Sadr – Fadak in the History

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Shaheed Muhammad Baqir As-Sadr – Fadak in the History FADAK in HISTORY By Shaheed Muhammad Baqir As-Sadr Translated By Abdullah Al-Shahin Introduction 7 The method of the book 8 A Summary about the chapters of the book 9 A word on the case 12 My role in this revision 14 The author's foreword 16 CHAPTER ONE On The Scene Of The Revolution Preface 17 The environment of the event 20 The tools of the revolution 22 The route of the revolution 27 The women 28 A Phenomenon 28 CHAPTER TWO Fadak In Its Real And Symbolical Meaning The Location 31 Fadak in its first stages 32 During the rules of Imam Ali 32 During the reign of the Umayyads 33 During the Abbasid reign 35 The Symbolic and Material value of Fadak 37 CHAPTER THREE The History Of The Revolution The method of studying history 39 Appraising the history of the first Islamic age 41 With al-Aqoad in his study 48 The incentives of the revolution 53 The incentives of the first Caliph's situation 56 The political dimensions of the case of Fadak 57 The Case of Fadak in the objective circumstances 65 The death of the leader; The Prophet 65 The case of Saqeefa and Imam Ali's situation 68 Analysis of the situation in the case of Saqeefa 79 Why did me not protest with the Prophet's traditions? 101 Peaceful Confrontation 107 CHAPTER FOUR Light From The Fatimite Speech The Greatness of the leading Prophet 115 Greatness of Imam Ali and his Excellences 117 A Comparison between Imam Ali's situations and the others 119 The ruling party 124 The great sedition 127 CHAPTER FIVE The Court Of The Book Abubakr's situation on the Prophet's inhertance 137 The variations of Abu Bakr's Tradition 141 The result of the argument 161 The matter of donation 176 INTRODUCTION In the Name of Allah, the Beneficient, the Merciful Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the universe and blessing and peace be on the master of the prophets and messengers, Prophet Muhammad, and on his pure progeny and his excellent companions. About the author and the book: Fadak in History was the firstling scholarly work by the martyred Imam Muhammad Baqir as- Sadr. It was really, according to the historical period, in which it was written, a unique study because it relied on modern scientific methods in investigating the details and the documents related to the case.1 It engaged the reader in a debate that was profound, logical and exact. If you examine the studies published at that time half a century ago or in the later period, concerning such sensitive SUPjects, you will realized what a scientific antecedence and a historical achievement the martyred Imam had achieved in this study. It was no wonder, for the martyred Sayyid as-Sadr's genius gushed out when he was too young. His talents developed rapidly to equip the Islamic library with his original studies in different fields of knowledge and the Sharia. He was a devoted jurisprudent, a pious mujtahid and a nonesuch brilliant. He enriched the Islamic thought and supplied it with the elements of vitality. In fact, it may not be an exaggeration to say ____________ 1- It is the case of Fadak, which will be explained in details later on. ( 8 ) that Imam as-Sadr was a living thesis of the revived Islam. He assumed intellectual and jihad responsibilities that no one did like him except very few others along the history of Islam. He was in continuous jihad and persevering effort in order to free the thought of the universal arrogants and their agents until his holy life was crowned with martyrdom in the way of Allah and Islam. THE METHOD OF THE BOOK The martyred Sayyid used a scientific method in this book Fadak in History. He thought that he had to use this method in such historical studies that had political concepts. This method depended on objectivity, which he referred to by saying (to be impartial), examination and scrutiny (deliberateness in judgement) and then to be free in thinking. Imam as-Sadr considered these things as basic conditions to build a compact historic construction must contain a wide scrutiny of every SUPject of that past time historically and socially according to the general and private life in the religious,moral, social and political life."1 If this would be the aim of such historical studies, which would be its general frame, so Imam as-Sadr drew the attention to the necessity of "that this scrutiny must be acquired from the real life of ____________ 1- See chap.3. ( 9 ) people and not from a world invented by affection and fanaticism or by blind worshipping and imitation". Then he put a condition for that scrutiny not to depend on a deviate imagination to raise the bad to the top and to issue incorrect results according to that. That the martyred Sayyid confirmed the necessity of keeping to the essence of the scientific research and leaving away our emotion and bad inheritance. He drew the historical studies, which would make a historian as a novelist deriving from his own mind not from the historic events. The aspects of this method showed the Sayyid's early deep conscience of the fundamentals and basic conditions of the scientific research arming himself with the scientific logic, being enthusiastic about the truth and clinging to what he could derive from the real events. In all of that he depended on what the historical documents had recorded. Then he concluded according to the accurate fundamentals and principles. A SUMMARY ABOUT THE CHAPTERS OF THE BOOK Imam as-Sadr discussed the case of Fadak according to the Fatimite1perspective, which referred to its ramified dimensions in relation to the aspects of the Islamic life and the later ages. So he considered it (the case of Fadak) as comprehensive revolution. He discussed the background of the case according to the great memories of her father, prophet Muhammad (s), circuiting in her ____________ 1- Concerning Fatimah, the prophet's daughter(s). ( 10 ) mind. Then she came to a bitter phenomenon surging with unlimited ordeal and sedition. All that motivated her to squawk and to announce her start to confront. Then Sayyid as-Sadr moved to the second chapter (Fadak in its real meaning and symbolic meaning). He defined Fadak and moved with it through the successive historical periods since it was extorted from Fatimah (s) until what became of it at the last days of Abbasid reign. Then he moved to the third chapter (the history of the revolution), in which he talked about the revolution, defining the conditions of the research and the method of writing the biography of the individuals and the umma. He commended the first Islamic age and its great achievements. Then he discussed al-Aqqad's1 book Fatima and the Fatimites. He criticized al-Aqqad for his futile treatment of the case of Fadak and his attempt to limit it in a narrow corner according to the logic of unthoughtful worship and blind imitation of the bad inherited traditions without using his mind. After that the Sayyid tried to explain the dimensions of Fadak that it was not a dispute about a certain matter or an extorted property but it was much greater that. He said; "We feel, if we study the real history of the case of Fadak and its disputes, that it had aspects of a revolution, whose motives were available. We notice that those disputes in their reality and motives were as revolution against the ruling policy ..." Then he gave a logical justification by saying: "If you study whatever you like of the historical documents about this case, will you find that there was a dispute about a property? Or will you find a disagreement ____________ 1- An Egyptian Writer. ( 11 ) about Fadak in its limited meaning of possession or yields of a piece of land? certainly not! It was the revolution against the reign and the out cry, by which Fatima (s) wanted to pluck up the cornerstone, on which history was built after the day of saqeefa1 ..." Here Sayyid as-Sadr began to observe the events happened before the day of Saqeefa. He expressed Imam Ali's situations, which he had done loyally for the sake of Islam. In another chapter Imam as-Sadr discusses Fatima's address before the public. He analyses and condemns the purposes of the opponents and through that he shows Imam Ali's characteristics and situations, which made him the only one, who deserved the first ruling position and the intellectual and political authority over the Islamic umma. Then he concludes the book with a chapter titled with the court of the book, in which he discusses the case of Fadak showing its details and ambiguites. He provokes the deep paradoxes, on which those, who prevented Fatima her certified right, depended. He depends in all of that on the holy Quran and the Sunna and according to the logic of truth and fairness. Thus was a summary about the chapters of the book, in which the reader will find a well-versed analysis and sedate arguments in an eloquent method with keeping to the conditions and requirements of the impartial research. ____________ 1- It was the day when the prophet (s) died and the companions gathered in the saqeefa (shed) of Bani Sa'ida to choose the caliph, in fact to seize the caliphate hurriedly as long as the Hashimites (the prophet's family ) were busy with the procedures of the burial.
Recommended publications
  • Fatima As a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources Vinay
    Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources Vinay Khetia A Thesis In The Department of Religion Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Religion) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada January 2013 © Vinay Khetia, 2012 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Vinay Khetia Entitled: Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Lynda Clarke__________________________ Chair Shaman Hatley___________________Examiner Richard Foltz__________________________Examiner Lynda Clarke__________________________Supervisor Approved by ________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director ________________________________________________ Dean of Faculty Date ________________________________________________ Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in the Early Islamic Sources Vinay Khetia Abstract The death of the Prophet Muhammad in 10/632 left a vacuum of authority in the early Muslim community. Ever since, Muslims of various sectarian persuasions have produced conflicting versions of the events which took place in the wake of Muhammad’s death and the behaviour of certain prominent personalities. This dissertation examines the role played by the surviving daughter of the Prophet, Fatima, during this early, tumultuous period. The objective is not to present a ‘historical’ reconstruction of events, but rather to explore how the formative Islamic histories (2nd- 4th/8th-10th centuries) and Shiite hadith (2nd-6th/8th-12th centuries) creatively shaped the image of Fatima in her conflict with the first caliph and successor to Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and his allies.
    [Show full text]
  • Abdullah Ibn Saba
    ABDULLAH IBN SABA www.twelvershia.net بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم 2 To seekers of truth, from all the Islamic sects, in all shapes, sizes, and forms… 3 Contents Introduction 6 Chapter One The Existence of the Saba’ee Sect 12 The Beliefs of the Saba’ee Sect 16 Chapter Two The Existence of Abdullah bin Saba’ through Authentic Chains 20 - Examining the Narration of Abi Ishaaq Al-Fazari 20 - Two Narrations by Ibn Abi Khaithama 28 - Fictional Characters in Historical Texts 32 Chapter Three Responding to Olawuyi’s Fallacies about the supposed Khilafah of Ahl Al-Bayt 34 4 Chapter Four Responding to Olawuyi’s Fallacies 37 about Al-Raj`ah - Refuting General Evidences of Raja’ah from 37 Sunni Texts - Refuting Evidences of Ali’s Raja’ah 40 Conclusion 43 Bibliography 44 Glossary 47 5 Introduction The controversy that is the life, the existence, and the effects of Abdullah bin Saba’ upon the early years of Islam has become a focal point in polemical circles during the last few generations. Originally, the existence of the man was a point of consensus amongst historians; however, it was in the 18th century when Orientalists noticed a peculiar pattern regarding his reports which caused a break in the consensus. These narrations came from a single source, namely, Sayf bin Omar Al-Tameemi, a historian that is regarded as weak in the eyes of the scholars of Hadith. This discovery led to the publishing of articles and then books on the subject, which ultimately led Shias, like Murtadha Al-`Askari to adopt the view that Ibn Saba’ was a figment of Al- Tameemi’s imagination.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Government
    GOVERNANCE OF THE JURIST ( Velayat-e Faqeeh ) ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT IMĀM KHOMEINI Publisher: The Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Works (International Affairs Division) Translator and Annotator: Hamid Algar Proofread and typeset by: Mansoor L. Limba Address: P.O. Box 19575 / 614, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran 1 Table of Contents FOREWORD 3 ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT 1. Introduction 7 2. The Necessity for Islamic Government 18 3. The Form of Islamic Government 29 4. Program for the Establishment of an Islamic Government 78 2 FOREWORD In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful All praise be to God; there is neither might nor strength but from God, the Exalted, the Sublime. May peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of God, Muhammad, the Seal of the Prophets, and his purified progeny. The present book, Governance of the Jurist, including relevant footnotes and explanations, is the compendium of thirteen speeches of His Eminence Imām Khomeini delivered during his stay in Najaf from January 21 to February 8, 1970. Now, this book is presented to the knowledgeable researchers and those ardent of the works of Imām Khomeini. These speeches had been reproduced and disseminated then in various forms as lessons and instruction materials. Later, in autumn of 1970 the texts of the speeches were edited and prepared for printing. Following the approval of Imām Khomeini, it was printed in Beirut (Lebanon) by Imām Khomeini’s friends, then secretly sent to Iran, while copies of which were simultaneously sent to the revolutionary Muslims in Europe, United States, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. In 1977, before the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the book was published in Iran entitled, A Letter from Imām Mūsāwi Kāshif al-Ghitā and Jihād-i Akbar as its supplement.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Nuclear: the Future for Iran in Its Neighbourhood
    ANALYSIS GULF POST-NUCLEAR: THE FUTURE FOR IRAN IN ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD Introduction by Fatima Ayub ABOUT By virtue of their confined political environments, the countries of the Arabian Peninsula and their most important neighbours often remain impenetrable to domestic and Iran’s president Hassan Rouhani came into office in August foreign observers. And yet, the evolving politics 2013 riding a wave of public excitement and high hopes. of Peninsula countries, their relationship to He has been described as a moderate palatable both to one another and to the wider region, pose the conservative Iranian establishment and to a sceptical some of the most significant and unanswered public – the latter still smarting from the 2009 presidential questions for the changing geopolitics of the elections, which were marked by widespread violence and Middle East. Gulf politics are entering the fraud. Rouhani’s predecessor, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, left most unpredictable and volatile era since office with a troubled economic legacy; his policies had badly their establishment. undermined Iran’s business dealings in the Middle East and beyond. Understanding these new trends as they unfold will be critical if Europeans and other The centrepiece of the Rouhani presidency thus far has international actors intend to rely on the Gulf been the attempt to reach a deal on the nation’s nuclear states as financial and political partners in the power programme between the P5+1 powers (the five region. In the coming decade, the Gulf states United Nations Security Council permanent members plus will be irrevocably caught between aging, Germany) and Iran. As the negotiations extend into 2015, archaic governing models and new political and this essay series looks at how Rouhani has fared in reshaping social forces beyond their control.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction on the Eve of the Emergence of Islam, There Was A
    INTRODUCTION On the eve of the emergence of Islam, there was a large area of Jewish settlement in the Ḥijāz. Beginning in Wādī al-Qurā, the Jewish settle- ment spread southward through the oases of Taymāʾ, Fadak, Khaybar and Yathrib—which later became known as Medina. According to Islamic historiography, there were barely any Jews remaining in Medina by 627 CE, five years after Muḥammad’s arrival. The Jewish tribes of the Banū Qaynuqāʿ and Banū al-Naḍīr had been exiled, while the Banū Qurayẓa had been massacred and their wives and children were given as spoils to the Muslim victors.1 Shortly before his death Muḥammad said, “Let there be no two reli- gions in Arabia” (lā yajtamiʿu dīnān fī jazīrat al-ʿarab). Islamic sources state that the second Caliph, ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb (r. 634–644 CE), obeyed Muḥammad and exiled nearly all of the Ḥijāzī Jews.2 There are no—and perhaps never were any—Jewish or Christian sources documenting the history of the Ḥijāzī Jews.3 The Mishna along with the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds lack any detailed informa- tion on the lives of Arabian Jews, and provide little assistance in building a comprehensive profile of these communities.4 As a result, we are forced to rely almost exclusively on Islamic sources. Western scholars began studying the Jewish communities of Arabia at a very early stage. However, the Jews were always treated as secondary actors 1 On the exile of the Banū Qaynuqāʿ, see Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-Wāqidī, Kitāb al-Maghāzī, 3 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), 1:176–180; ʿAbd al-Malik b.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatimah Az Zahra
    15th Annual Convention June 30th - July 3rd 2017 Bethesda North Marriott Hotel & Conference Center, Maryland www.umaamerica.com f Table of Contents Note from the Editor 4 Message from the President 6 UMAA Board Members 7 Message from the Convention Senior Vice President 8 Convention Committee 9 Fatimah Az Zahra by Mohamed Raza Dungersi, Ph D 11 Mushaf of Fatima (sa) by Syed Rizwan A Rizvi 14 14th Annual UMAA Convention Photographs 18 1701 Pennsylvania Ave NW Sayyida Fatima - A Social Activist in Life and Suite 300 Death by Bashir A Datoo, Ph D 20 Washington, DC 20006 Surah Al-Kawther (Abundance) United States By: Rizwan Rizvi 23 Kid’s Corner - Sayyida Fatima (sa) by Mustafa Karim 24 Publication by Fatimah, The Perfect Role Dr. Zafar Jaffri Translated with additions by Saleem Bhimji 26 Mr. Mustafa Karim Suratul Kawthar, Abundant Good Dr Asad Sadiq Adapted from Fatima Zahra’ in the Noble 28 Qur’an by Ayatullah al-`Uzma al-Hajj ash- The articles that have been contributed to the UMAA magazine are not necessarily the opinions of the UMAA organization or the office bearers Shaykh Nasir Makarim Shirazi and the ads do not necessarily carry the endorsements of UMAA. Production by Sahar Inc - [email protected] 15th Annual UMAA Convention 3 Note from The Editor Welcome to the 15th annual UMAA Convention. After many successful and memorable conventions in the past years, UMAA is back to the area where it all began - in greater Maryland/Washington DC. As in the prior years, we are pleased to present this annual issue of the UMAA souvenir magazine for you.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabia in Late Antiquity 61
    arabia in late antiquity 61 Arabia IN LATE ANTiquiTY: AN OuTliNE OF THE CulTural SiTuaTION IN THE PENINSula AT THE TimE OF Muhammad* Barbara Finster The new pocket edition of K A C Creswell’s “A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture” revised by J Allan in 1989, states in the * Note by the editors: This article is a translation, undertaken by Laurent Faasch- Ibrahim, of Barbara Finster, “Arabien in der Spätantike Ein Überblick über die kul- turelle Situation der Halbinsel in der Zeit von Muhammad,” Archäologischer Anzeiger (1996): 287–319 Although it was not possible to revise the article in order to update it to the current state of scholarship, it is included in this book because it provides a unique synthesis of research up until 1996 and therefore still remains a valuable guide to students and scholars looking for an authoritative survey of the field In addition to the literature referred to in what follows, the following publications should now be consulted: G R D King et al , “A report on the Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey (1993–1994),” in Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 25 (1995), 63–74; J Elders, “The lost churches of the Arabian Gulf: recent discoveries on the islands of Sir Bani Yas and Marawah, Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates,” in Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 31 (2001), 47–57; S. A al-Rashid, “The development of archaeology in Saudi-Arabia,” in Proceedings of the Seminar for Ara- bian Studies 35 (2005), 207–214; G Brands, “Maria im Yemen? Anmerkungen zu einer spätantiken
    [Show full text]
  • The Sermon of Fadak
    The Sermon of Fadak Author(s): Tahir Ridha Jaffer [1] This text examines the sources and narrators and provides a full translation of the Sermon of Fadak. It was delivered by Fatimah al-Zahra’ (‘a) as a reaction to the fact that her rights were denied and her property taken away from her. While demanding in her sermon what was rightfully hers, she also explained eloquently the essence of Islam and how it should be followed. Get PDF [2] Get EPUB [3] Get MOBI [4] Topic Tags: Fadak [5] Person Tags: Fatimah al-Zahra [6] The Sermon of Fadak Tahir R. Jaffer Abstract Fadak was a fertile farm of date-palms outside Madinah. The Holy Prophet (S) gifted it to his daughter Fatimah al-Zahraʾ (‘a) but after he passed away, it was taken as the general property of Muslims. Fatimah al-Zahraʾ went to see the caliph and delivered a sermon in which she demanded what was rightfully hers. This momentous sermon came to be known as the Sermon of Fadak. In this paper we first examine the sources and narrators of this sermon and then proceed to translate the entire sermon. Introduction The Sermon of Fadak is one of the two famous sermons delivered by the daughter of the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad ibn ʿAbdillah, may Allah shower His blessings on him and his progeny. Fatimah al- Zahraʾ (‘a) was the daughter of Muhammad (S) and his first wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. During his lifetime, the Prophet gifted a parcel of land full of date- palms, called Fadak, to his beloved daughter.
    [Show full text]
  • Fadak; the Property of Fatima Al-Zahra [As]
    Fadak; The property of Fatima al-Zahra [as] Work file: fadak_of_al_zahra.pdf Project: Answering-Ansar.org Articles Revisions: No. Date Author Description Review Info 2.0.0 01.12.2004 Answering-Ansar.org Many more sub chapters 2nd Edition. and scans included. 1.0.1 20.02.2004 Answering-Ansar.org Spelling mistake and other aesthetic fixes done. 1.0.0 01.02.2004 Answering-Ansar.org Created Copyright © 2002-2004 Answering-Ansar.org. • All Rights Reserved Page 2 of 237 Contents 1. FADAK; THE PROPERTY OF FATIMA AL-ZAHRA [AS] 15 1.1 PREFACE 15 1.2 SPECIAL APPEAL 16 2. GENERAL FACTS ON FADAK 17 2.1 WHAT IS FADAK? 17 2.2 OBJECTION RAISED BY SUNNI SCHOLORS 17 FADAK WAS ONLY A VILLAGE, IN WHICH THERE WERE SOME DATE TREES. HOW DID IT BECOME A CITY? 17 WHY WAS IT NAMED FADAK? 18 WHAT WAS THE VALUE OF PROPERTY OF FADAK? 18 THE INCOME FROM FADAK 18 THE LAND OF FADAK AND INCOME FROM ITS DATES 18 BLESSINGS THAT CAME FROM THE DATES OF FADAK 18 DID IMAM RIDHA (AS) EXAGGERATE OVER THE SIZE OF FADAK? 19 REPLY 19 THE INCOME OF FADAK WAS USED FOR MILITARY PURPOSES 19 2.3 THE STATUS OF FADAK UNDER THE SHARI'AH 20 2.4 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GHANIMAH AND FAY? 20 2.5 FADAK WAS THE FAY PROPERTY 20 2.6 COMMENTARIES OF THE QUR'AN CONFIRM THAT FADAK WAS FAY PROPERTY 20 COMMENT 21 2.7 HOW DID THE PROPHET ATTAIN FADAK? 21 COMMENT 21 2.8 THE PROPHET (S) OWNED ALL OF FADAK 22 COMMENT 22 2.9 UMAR ALSO DEEMED FADAK TO BE THE EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OF RASULULLAH (S) 22 2.10 WAS ABU BAKR MERELY IMPLEMENTING THE WILL OF RASULULLAH (S) 23 REPLY 23 2.11 THE MEANS VIA WHICH SAYYIDA FATIMA (AS) ACQUIRED FADAK 23 NOTE: 24 2.12 COMMON OBJECTION RAISED BY ABU BAKR'S DEFENDERS 24 REPLY ONE 24 REPLY TWO - SOME VERSES WERE REVEALED IN MAKKA AS WELL AS IN MADINA 24 COMMENT 25 REPLY THREE - THE QUR'AN CONTAINS MADANI VERSES IN MAKKAN SURAH'S 25 REPLY FOUR - THE MERITS OF AYESHA 25 COMMENT 25 REPLY FIVE 26 2.13 THE PROPHET (S) ALSO GAVE FATIMA ZAHRA (AS) A WRITTEN INSTRUCTION ABOUT FADAK 26 2.14 THE CONTENTS OF THE WRITTEN PAPER 26 COMMENT 27 3.
    [Show full text]
  • PROMINENT ULAMAA, PRIOR to 100 YEARS Islamic-Laws Ulamaa Biographies - XKP
    PROMINENT ULAMAA, PRIOR TO 100 YEARS Islamic-laws Ulamaa Biographies - XKP Published: 2012 Categorie(s): Non-Fiction, Religion, Biography & autobiography, Edu- cators, Philosophers, Religious, Education and Study aids, Family & rela- tionships, Reference, Islam, History of Religions , Faith transmission Tag(s): islam xkp islamic ulama ulema ulamaa maraje marja taqleed ayatullah tusi taoos hilli tabrezi sheikh sayed alim education qummi kafi 1 Chapter 1 SHAIKH MOHAMMED BIN YAQOOB BIN ISHAQ KULAINI - Al KAFI - 250-329 AH Birth: His exact year of birth has not been recorded. However, it is mentioned that his birth had already taken place by start of the imamate of the 11th Imam, which lasted from 254 A.H to 2560 A.H. Thus if he was 9-10 years old at this time, (an age when children begin to understand matters), then he must have been born around 250 A.H. He was born in the village of Kulain, about 38 kms from the Iranian city of Raiy, which was an important city at that time. His father was also a scholar. Thus Mohammed bin Yaqoob al Kulayni was born around 250Ah, which was the period of imamate of the 10th Imam, and then when he was a little older, it was the period of the imamate of the 11th Imam. Kunniyat: His kunniyat (agnomen) was Abu Ja’far. An interesting coincidence is that the name of all the three compilers of the 4 basic books of ahadeeth( al-kafi, Man la Yahdharuhul Faqih, Te- hdheeb ul ehkam and Istibsaar fi mukhtatafil akhbar) is Mohammed, and the kunniyat of all of them was Abu Ja’far.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq: Issues in the 116Th Congress
    Iraq: Issues in the 116th Congress Updated July 17, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45633 SUMMARY R45633 Iraq: Issues in the 116th Congress July 17, 2020 Iraq’s unicameral legislature, the Council of Representatives (COR), voted to approve Prime Minister Mustafa al Kadhimi’s government program in May 2020 and finished confirmation of Christopher M. Blanchard his cabinet in June, ending a months-long political vacuum. Al Kadhimi has billed his Specialist in Middle government as transitional, pledging to move to early elections as soon as they can be held safely Eastern Affairs and fairly. He has acknowledged and begun acting to address the demands of protestors, whose mass demonstrations paralyzed Iraq in late 2019 and early 2020, and led to former prime minister Adel Abd al Mahdi’s resignation in November 2019. Kadhimi and his cabinet are contending with difficult choices and risks stemming from ongoing U.S.-Iran tensions, diminished oil revenues, resulting fiscal pressures, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and remnants of the Islamic State organization (IS, aka ISIS/ISIL). U.S.-Iraqi cooperation has achieved several shared goals in recent years, but joint efforts also have faced significant challenges. U.S. and coalition military assistance aided Iraqi efforts to end IS control of Iraqi territory from 2014 through 2018, and since have continued to support Iraqi counterterrorism operations and efforts to stabilize recovered areas and build the capacity of Iraqi security forces. U.S. military personnel and coalition counterparts remain in Iraq at the government’s invitation, subject to bilateral executive-to-executive agreements.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Nuclear: the Future for Iran in Its Neighbourhood
    ANALYSIS GULF POST-NUCLEAR: THE FUTURE FOR IRAN IN ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD Introduction by Fatima Ayub ABOUT By virtue of their confined political environments, the countries of the Arabian Peninsula and their most important neighbours often remain impenetrable to domestic and Iran’s president Hassan Rouhani came into office in August foreign observers. And yet, the evolving politics 2013 riding a wave of public excitement and high hopes. of Peninsula countries, their relationship to He has been described as a moderate palatable both to one another and to the wider region, pose the conservative Iranian establishment and to a sceptical some of the most significant and unanswered public – the latter still smarting from the 2009 presidential questions for the changing geopolitics of the elections, which were marked by widespread violence and Middle East. Gulf politics are entering the fraud. Rouhani’s predecessor, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, left most unpredictable and volatile era since office with a troubled economic legacy; his policies had badly their establishment. undermined Iran’s business dealings in the Middle East and beyond. Understanding these new trends as they unfold will be critical if Europeans and other The centrepiece of the Rouhani presidency thus far has international actors intend to rely on the Gulf been the attempt to reach a deal on the nation’s nuclear states as financial and political partners in the power programme between the P5+1 powers (the five region. In the coming decade, the Gulf states United Nations Security Council permanent members plus will be irrevocably caught between aging, Germany) and Iran. As the negotiations extend into 2015, archaic governing models and new political and this essay series looks at how Rouhani has fared in reshaping social forces beyond their control.
    [Show full text]