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Diversidad De Mariposas Diurnas (Lepidoptera) Del Jardín Botánico De La Universidad Autónoma De Chiriquí

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Diversidad De Mariposas Diurnas (Lepidoptera) Del Jardín Botánico De La Universidad Autónoma De Chiriquí Puente Biológico (2012) 4:25-43 ARTICULO ORIGINAL Diversidad de mariposas diurnas (Lepidoptera) del jardín Botánico de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí Géminis Abril Vargas Jaramillo1, Wolfgang Brueggemann2, 1 Juan Antonio Bernal Vega 1 Museo de Peces de Agua Dulce e Invertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, 0427, Panamá. 2 InstitutfuerOekologie, Evolution und Diversitaet, Universitaet Frankfurt, Alemania & Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Alemania. {[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]} Recibido: 11.11.2011 / Revisado: 29.02.2012 / Aceptado: 12.03.2012. © 2012 EDUNACHI: Editorial de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí. RESUMEN Se recolectaron especímenes de mariposas diurnas en el Jardín Botánico de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, un bosque secundario en las orillas de la quebrada San Cristóbal, ubicada al noreste de la ciudad de David, Chiriquí. Se invirtió un esfuerzo de muestreo de alrededor de 120 horas-hombre y se identificaron 59 especies de mariposas diurnas. Para el Jardín Botánico se reporta una especie endémica de Panamá y Costa Rica: Calycopis bactra (Lycaenidae). El mayor número de especies recolectadas corresponde a la familia Nymphalidae (37 especies = 62,7 %), seguida de Pieridae (8 especies = 13,5 %). El Jardín Botánico cuenta con las plantas hospederas de 30 especies de las mariposas registradas. La presencia y abundancia de estas especies de mariposas en el Jardín Botánico podría explicarse, en parte, con base a la presencia de su planta hospedera. ABSTRACT Diurnal butterfly specimens were collected in the Botanical Garden of the Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, a secondary forest on the banks of the San Cristobal stream, located northeast of the city of David, Chiriqui. A total of 120 hours per man were invested in the sampling efforts and 59 species of diurnal butterflies were identified. In the Botanical Garden, a species endemic to Panama and Costa Rica was reported: Calycopis bactra (Lycaenidae). The largest number of collected species corresponds to the Nymphalidae family (37 species = 62.7%), followed by Pieridae (8 species = 13,5 %). The Botanical Garden home to host plants for 30 species of the registered butterflies. The presence and abundance of these species of butterflies in the Botanical Garden could be explained, partly, by the presence of their host plants. PALABRAS CLAVES;KEY WORDS Diversidad, Chiriquí, Lepidoptera, Jardín Botánico-UNACHI, Panamá.; Diversity, Chiriqui, Lepidoptera, Botanical Garden-UNACHI, Panama. EDUNACHI 26 Puente Biológico (2012) 4: 25-43 INTRODUCCIÓN En una época, las tierras bajas de los bosques tropicales fueron extensas áreas de selva llenas de formas de vida desconocidas y consideradas como una barrera para la civilización. La destrucción acelerada de los bosques tropicales, y con ellos la extinción de especies, hace cruciales los estudios de diversidad para determinar la composición de las comunidades tropicales y por lo tanto la importancia de su conservación (DeVries et al. 1999). Dyar (1914) en la Zona del Canal y en sus áreas circundantes de bosques primarios de tierras bajas, reportó un total de 167 especies de mariposas, por lo que se podría esperar entonces que en bosques fragmentados en las tierras bajas de Chiriquí, el número de especies encontradas fuera menor. La provincia de Chiriquí, ubicada al oeste de Panamá es un área de gran riqueza de especies, debido a su enorme variabilidad climática y topográfica. Mayormente en las tierras bajas de esta provincia, al sur del volcán Barú, se encuentran prácticamente sólo tierras de cultivo y pequeños remanentes aislados de bosque secundario, disponible para la fauna de insectos. Debido a su relativo gran tamaño (en comparación con la mayoría de los insectos), apariencia colorida y facilidad para muestrearlas, las mariposas tienen un amplio atractivo como modelo para esclarecer los patrones y procesos de la diversidad biológica (DeVries et al. 1999); lo cual es muy importante para la justificación de la protección de áreas naturales. Es por esto, que el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo registrar el mayor número de especies de mariposas diurnas presentes en el Jardín Botánico de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí (UNACHI). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Área de estudio El Jardín Botánico de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí (UNACHI) está localizado entre los 8°25´53“de latitud norte y 82°26´59“de longitud oeste, y a una elevación de 50 m.s.n.m. El jardín representa un bosque secundario perenne de alrededor de 5 hectáreas, en el cual desde 1985 su vegetación puede crecer sin perturbaciones y sin uso. La flora de este bosque secundario fue descrita por Mendoza & Moreno (2004) y algunas de las especies típicas son: Ochroma pyramidale, Sterculia apetala, Cecropia peltata, Mucuna holtonii, Cardulovica palmata y Bursera simaruba. El área incluye una parcela de 400 m² de teca (Tectona grandis) sembrada en 1990 (Batista & Ponce, 2010). Los pequeños hábitats existentes incluyen los márgenes de la quebrada San Cristóbal, bordes de bosque, pastizal, mono cultivos (teca) y bosque secundario. La temperatura media anual es de 27 °C, con una precipitación de 2 432.29 mm por año y una estación seca pronunciada de enero a marzo, un periodo de transición a la estación lluviosa de abril y mayo, la estación lluviosa se extiende de junio a octubre, seguido de un periodo de transición a la estación seca de noviembre a diciembre (ETESA, 2009). EDUNACHI G.Vargas, W. Brueggemann & J. Bernal / Diversidad de mariposas diurnas (Lepidoptera) del… G. Vargas, W. Brueggemann & J. Bernal / Diversidad de mariposas diurnas (Lepidoptera) del Jardín… 27 Recolección de especímenes Los inventarios se realizaron recorriendo a pie los senderos existentes del Jardín Botánico de la UNACHI, dos veces por mes de 08:00-12:00 horas, de agosto de 2004 a mayo de 2005, y en diciembre de 2009, dos veces por semana, de 10:00 a 12:00 horas y una vez por semana, de 12:00 a 15:00 horas. Cada vez se muestreó en todos los tipos de microhábitats existentes. Los individuos fueron capturados con redes entomológicas, preservadas con formalina al 5 % e identificados hasta el nivel de especie. Para la identificación de las especies se utilizaron las claves taxonómicas de insectos (Henríquez y Serrano, 1985), las guías de mariposas de Costa Rica (De Vries, 1987 y 1997) y una lista ilustrada de mariposas de América (Warren et al. 2012). En cada muestreo se recolectaron solo las nuevas especies que no habían sido registrados con anterioridad. Como criterio subjetivo para la clasificación de la frecuencia se eligieron cuatro categorías: C = común, se observó en más del 75 % de las inspecciones; F = frecuente, se observó regularmente en los distintos microhábitat (> 50 %); R = raro, solo pocos ejemplares (< 5) vistos en los respectivos períodos de observación 2004-2005 y 2009. Todas las fotografías fueron tomadas por el segundo autor (W. Brueggemann) a menos que se indique lo contrario. La superficie dorsal de las mariposas se muestra en el lado derecho y la superficie ventral en el lado izquierdo de la fotografía. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN En el Jardín Botánico de la UNACHI se observaron en total 59 especies de mariposas diurnas (Cuadro 1). Del total de especies registradas en el Jardín, 38 especies recolectadas (84,4 %), se consideran especies sin vínculos a hábitats especiales del bosque primario y regularmente colonizan hábitats modificados (Thomas, 1991) y 27 especies (48,3 %) se distribuyen de México hasta Colombia (Cuadro 2). Para el Jardín Botánico se reporta una especie endémica de Panamá y Costa Rica: Calycopis bactra (Fig.59), de la familia Lycaenidae, seis especies que se distribuyen desde México hasta Panamá: Anthanassa tulcis (Fig.11), Greta morgane oto (Fig.18), Catonephele mexicana (Fig.22), Euptychia westwoodi (Fig.30), Cissia pseudoconfusa (Fig.33), y Eurybia elvina elvina (Fig.42), y dos especies con distribución surcentroamericana (Nicaragua hasta Colombia): Janatella leucodesma (Fig.12) y Detritivora hermodora (Fig.40). El mayor número de especies recolectadas en el Jardín corresponde a la familia Nymphalidae con 37 especies (62,7 %) seguida de Pieridae con 8 especies (13,5 %). En Jatum Sacha, una zona protegida de la cuenca alta del Amazonas en el Ecuador, y con una superficie de 200 ha de bosque secundario rodeadas por 1 700 hectáreas de bosque primario, se documentó un total de 73 especies de Nymphalidae (sin incluir Ithomiidae; De Vries et al. 1997). Para Costa Rica, un país con un clima y topografía similar a las encontradas en Panamá, Thomas (1991), concluyó que de las 268 especies de las familias Papilionidae, Pieridae y Nymphalidae registradas en las tierras bajas del Pacífico y del Atlántico, casi la mitad de las mariposas (128 especies) se pueden encontrar en hábitats modificados (áreas abiertas o bosques secundarios). Por su parte en Panamá, Dyar (1914) identificó 235 especies de mariposas en las partes inalteradas, todavía con grandes áreas de bosque primario, y en los alrededores de la antigua Zona del Canal. Puente Biológico (2012) 4: 25-43 EDUNACHI 28 Puente Biológico (2012) 4: 25-43 En este estudio se documentó a la familia Nymphalidae (35,0 %) con el mayor número de especies, seguida de las familias Riodinidae (14,0 %), Lycaenidae (11,0 %) y Pieridae (8,0 %). Similar a los datos obtenidos en el Ecuador, Costa Rica y en la zona del Canal, en el Jardín Botánico la familia Nymphalidae conto con el mayor número de especies de mariposas. Sin embargo, contrario a los datos obtenidos por Dyar, en el Jardín Botánico las familias Lycaenidae y Riodinidae se encontraron en baja representación. De acuerdo con Hamer& Hill (2000), existe para los lepidópteros diurnos de bosques tropicales primarios y secundarios, una dependencia logarítmica del número de especies con respecto al tamaño del área investigada (el número de especies es proporcional al logaritmo de la superficie investigada). En este contexto, el número observado de 33 especies de Nymphalidae (sin incluir Ithomiidae) en un área de tan sólo 3,7 hectáreas en el Jardín Botánico, rodeado de tierras de cultivo, es una estimación alta.
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