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Regional Water Management in Southwestern Pennsylvania: Moving Toward a Solution July 2006

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Regional Water Management in Southwestern Pennsylvania: Moving Toward a Solution July 2006 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH frINSTITUTEami OF POLITICS ng paper ENVIRONMENT POLICY COMMITTEE Regional Water Management in Southwestern Pennsylvania: Moving Toward a Solution july 2006 CONTENTS Introduction: It’s The Rising Floods: Why Everybody’s Problem Southwestern Pennsylvania’s Flood page 1 Problems Are Worsening page 17 Sewage and Stormwater Issues page 3 Conclusion: Regional Solutions page 22 Water Quality Problems in Southwestern Pennsylvania page 8 Introduction: It’s Everybody’s Problem On January 2, 1988, the collapse of an Ashland Oil storage Our water and sewage systems aren’t adequate on relatively tank caused more than half a million gallons of diesel fuel normal days either. Each year Southwestern Pennsylvania’s to enter the Monongahela River upstream from the city sewer system releases enough raw sewage into our ground- of Pittsburgh. In the ensuing days, public officials, water water to fill Heinz Field about 100 times, due to the inade- authorities, and emergency personnel scrambled to respond quacy of our sewage treatment infrastructure. Between May to a serious health crisis that endangered the quality of 15 and September 30 of each year, the Allegheny County drinking water in the faucets of more than 100,000 homes. Health Department issues warnings when contact with the rivers may be dangerous due to the amount of sewage in The response to the crisis was greatly hampered by a the water. In 2004, such warnings were in force 80 percent lack of clarity as to what action each of the agencies of the time during this peak recreational period. involved—including local water authorities, the Allegheny County Health Department, and the U.S. Army Corps of Dilapidated pipes leak and water mains burst—sometimes Engineers—had the authority to take. Even worse, no one spectacularly, as in the 2005 flooding of downtown had complete knowledge of the interconnections among Pittsburgh’s Gateway Center area. Limited water and dozens of potentially affected water systems, and no one sewage treatment capacities constrain development— could tell for sure whose water was contaminated and hindering the region’s economic growth—and present a whose was not. public health risk. Sixty-four sewer systems in Southwestern Pennsylvania currently have tap-in restrictions that limit After the crisis passed, Allegheny County and the Army new development. Corps of Engineers agreed to develop a comprehensive mapping of existing water systems, but they frequently In rural areas, failing septic systems or seepage from chemi- encountered difficulty in obtaining information from the cals used in agricultural production can affect water sources. county’s 34 separate water authorities. Eighteen years later, In the 11-county region, approximately 27 percent of the mapping has never been completed. 1.1 million homes use on-site septic systems. An estimated 25,000 homes still discharge sewage directly into streams. Our water bills are unnecessarily inflated by obsolete Serious, Well-Documented combined sewer systems that overload sewage treatment Challenges plants with stormwater and by decaying systems that fail to track water usage accurately. Emergencies like the Ashland Oil spill or the Hurricane Ivan floods of 2004 remind us that Southwestern Pennsylvania’s The many problems facing Southwestern Pennsylvania’s water management and flood control systems are not just water, sewage, and flood control systems have been fine. Between 1955 and 2000—which means the exclusion amply documented in a long series of studies and reports. of Hurricane Ivan—Pennsylvania’s median yearly flood damage In December 1999, the Southwestern Pennsylvania was about $9.5 million and its total flood damage was Commission held a day long conference to highlight $4.4 billion. Much of that damage has been concentrated sewage-related problems and solutions. Since then, reports in Southwestern Pennsylvania, which has received seven by 3 Rivers Wet Weather (2002), the Pennsylvania Economy presidential disaster declarations due to flooding since 1984. League of Southwestern Pennsylvania’s Water and Sewer Infrastructure Project (2002), the National Research Council (2005), and the H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and flooding problems are getting worse and discusses the Management at Carnegie Mellon University (2005) have all surprisingly wide range of resulting negative consequences. urged greater regional cooperation in water management. Of course, these three facets of our water problems— This framing paper incorporates and builds upon these sewage and stormwater management, water quality, and existing reports. flooding—overlap. For example, flooding makes sewage The call for regional cooperation is particularly compelling treatment more difficult, and sewage overflows contribute in this case because water policy issues are unavoidably to unacceptable water quality. But the division into compo- regional. Southwestern Pennsylvania’s reliable and abundant nents enables us to present three complementary perspec- water resources are a vital regional asset supporting our tives and should help readers understand the situation economic growth and development, an integral part of our better than if all the problems were commingled in a historical identity, and a central component of our environ- single chapter. mental culture. They are truly a shared asset. Each munici- The regional leaders guiding this effort recognize that many pality can decide to fund and operate its own parks, but factors besides organizational fragmentation affect our water not its own streams. Water sources and supply systems flow resources. Acid mine drainage, land use practices, environ- uncontrollably across municipal boundaries. Unhealthy and mental controls placed on industrial and agricultural activity, unwise practices upstream affect communities downstream. and many other factors have an impact. Moreover, water Gravity, geography, and the staggering cost of needed pollution is interconnected with all other forms of pollution. infrastructure improvements—perhaps greatly exceeding Therefore, water issues must be addressed in conjunction $10 billion for the region—make it inconceivable that 800 with other environmental problems such as acid rain. But all entities working independently can solve our problems these issues can be addressed more effectively if, along with efficiently and effectively. a regional consensus that solutions must be found, we have Yes, there really are more than 800 separate entities involved a regional mechanism by which to attack them. in water management across Southwestern Pennsylvania’s The paper closes by presenting policy options that could 11 counties. This incredible level of fragmentation means that, help Southwestern Pennsylvania move beyond simply even if agreement is reached on the need to integrate these acknowledging its water management problems and toward entities’ roles and responsibilities, actually achieving improved greater coordination and regional solutions to the benefit coordination remains a daunting logistical challenge. of all citizens. In order to efficiently and effectively confront our challenges, we believe a fundamental restructuring of Mission: Coordinated the region’s organization may be necessary to address water problems. Our hope is that this framing paper will serve as a Regional Solutions catalyst for a new regional dialogue on water management. We have divided the regional water management challenges By reading this paper and offering your carefully considered into three main components and have asked experts on responses, you become part of the solution. We value your environmental issues to write succinct, well-documented engagement in these issues and welcome your insights summaries on each component. Joan Blaustein, affiliated toward a regional solution. until very recently with 3 Rivers Wet Weather, Inc., presents an overview of sewage and stormwater issues. Conrad Daniel Volz, of the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, covers in eye-opening detail the extent of J. Bracken Burns, Sr. Edward K. Muller the region’s water quality problems and identifies a “dirty Commissioner Professor of History dozen” factors contributing to them. David R. French, of Washington County University of Pittsburgh L. Robert Kimball & Associates, explains why the region’s Cochairs, Environment Policy Committee, Institute of Politics Sewage and Stormwater Issues by Joan S. Blaustein weather—rain or snow melt—too much additional water Overview: A Washed-out gets into the sewage collection system through deteriorated System pipes and stormwater connections from homes. This additional water exceeds the amount that the pipes in the Until the second half of the 20th century, sewage was not sewage system can carry to the treatment plant; as a result, treated in Southwestern Pennsylvania; it was simply disposed raw sewage overflows into the rivers and streams. Annually, of. Since the late 1950s, the development of sewage treat- these overflows affect Pittsburgh’s rivers for as many as 75 ment plants throughout the region has alleviated pollution days during the boating season, making the water quality in the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers from the unacceptable for recreational contact. In addition, these municipal sewers that previously discharged directly into local overflows cause environmental and health risks for our waterways. However, the conveyance system of pipes and families, including basement backups and contamination
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