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PLANTING TIME, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES and CHARACTERISTICS of ROOTS and STARCH of Pachyrhizus Ahipa

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PLANTING TIME, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES and CHARACTERISTICS of ROOTS and STARCH of Pachyrhizus Ahipa 528 Leonel et al. PLANTING TIME, DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ROOTS AND STARCH OF Pachyrhizus ahipa Magali Leonel1*; Tainara Bortolucci Ferrari1; Silene Bruder Silveira Sarmento2; Marcelo Alvares de Oliveira1 1 UNESP/CERAT, C.P. 237 - 18603-970 - Botucatu, SP - Brasil. 2 USP/ESALQ - Depto. Agroindústria, Alimentos e Nutrição, C.P. 09 - 13418-900 - Piracicaba, SP - Brasil. *Corresponding author <[email protected]> ABSTRACT: Starch characteristics generally alter with plant developmental stage. The object of this study is to evaluate the effects of planting and harvesting dates on root physical-chemical characteristics, starch granule size distribution, and viscographics properties of starches in Pachryrhizus ahipa. Harvesting dates influenced root and starch characteristics for the two planting dates. The best conditions for cultivating Pachyrhizus ahipa for starch extraction are October planting and July harvesting dates. Their flowers must be cut after three months of cultivation. Key words: ahipa, starch, microscopy, viscosity CARACTERÍSTICAS DAS RAÍZES E DO AMIDO DE Pachyrhizus ahipa EM DIFERENTES ÉPOCAS DE PLANTIO E ESTÁDIOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DA PLANTA RESUMO: De forma geral, as características do amido variam não somente com a planta de origem, mas também com o estádio de desenvolvimento desta. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a influência da época de plantio e estádio de desenvolvimento da planta de ahipa sobre as características físico-químicas das raízes, tamanho de grânulos do amido e suas propriedades viscográficas. Constatou-se influência do estádio de desenvolvimento da planta nas características físico-químicas das raízes e do amido, independentemente da época de plantio. A melhor época para o plantio de Pachyrhizus ahipa é outubro e a colheita deve ser feita no máximo com 9 meses, adotando-se o procedimento de retirada das flores a partir dos 3 meses. Palavras-chave: jacatupé, amido, viscosidade, microscopia INTRODUCTION treatment levels for modification will remain unchanged. Reasons for these restrictions are consumer protection, Pachyrhizus is one of a few Fabaceae with ed- worker safety, environment protection, and economic pro- ible roots. Pachyrhizus erosus is the only species widely duction costs. Therefore, both the food industry and ag- cultivated for domestic consumption and export, and has ricultural producers are interested in identifying and de- been introduced in several regions including Brazil. How- veloping species that produce native starches with spe- ever, only two of the five identified species in the gen- cial physicochemical characteristics. These starches could der are cultivated: P. ahipa and P. tuberosus, both origi- replace chemically-modified starches or open new starch nated from South America (Castellanos et al., 1997). P. markets (Kim et al., 1995). ahipa has some very interesting properties; systemically In recent years, there has been growing interest there is no previous known primitive material; morpho- in the effects that cultivation conditions and tuber age logically it presents genotypes with erect, short growth have on the synthesis and properties of starches. Accord- habits; and agronomically it presents photoperiod neutral- ing to Noda et al. (1995), starch properties differ accord- ity, short development cycle (approximately 5 months), ing to botanical origin, and more interestingly, starches and considerable climatic adaptability (Orting et al., from the same botanical source may have different char- 1996). acteristics depending on plant development stage. Starch consumption is in general related to a This study aimed to evaluate the influence of given country development level. Two main points can planting period and development stage on root physico- summarize the situation of the world’s starch sector: new chemical characteristics and starch properties (granule or derived chemical reagents will rarely be approved for size and viscographic properties) of Pachyrhizus ahipa feeding, and in existing starches, the permitted chemical plants. Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.), v.62, n.6, p.528-533, Nov./Dec. 2005 Characteristics of Pachyrhizus ahipa roots and starch 529 MATERIAL AND METHODS tion parameters and amylose levels at the different plant development stages in both planting periods. Means were The experiment was performed at Fazenda Ex- compared by Tukey test (a = 0.05). perimental Lageado, Botucatu, SP. The climate in the region is classified as Csa or rainy temperate, humid, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION with hot summers, average annual precipitation 1,517 mm, and average annual temperature 20.6°C. The soil Plants from the first planting (October) harvested in the area is a Dystrophic Purple Latosol A Moderate. at 90 days, flowered and developed pods with seeds, but In each planting period, 150 P. ahipa seeds were sown the roots were not tuberized. According to Sorensen et in polystyrene trays with substrate (50% Plantmax and al. (1997), the planting of P. ahipa in Bolivia happens 50% soil), kept in a nebulizated greenhouse for 30 days, between August and October, and flowering occurs be- and then 120 plants were transplanted to the experimen- tween the fourth and seventh months; flower and pod re- tal field. moval improves tuberization. As flowering in this experi- The first P. ahipa planting period was October, ment occurred from the second month on, and at three 2001, with four harvests at three, five, seven and nine months there was no root tuberization, flowers and pods months. The second planting period was February, 2002, were removed from this date on, and the biggest seeds with harvests at five, seven and nine months. At each har- collected for replanting. vest, 20 plants were removed and weighed. Ahipa roots At second harvest (March), the five month-old were characterized for composition: humidity, ash, pro- plants were flowering with very few pods, and roots were tein, lipids, fibers, starch, and total and reducing soluble tuberized bearing pear-shaped tubers. These observations sugars (Somogy, 1945; AOAC, 1980; Rickard & Behn, confirmed the need to remove pods and flowers for bet- 1987). ter root tuberization, as recommended by Sorensen et al. From the fifth month on, roots were processed (1997). At the third harvest (May), seven months after the to obtain starch by the following steps: root washing, planting, the roots were tuberized and the aerial part was disintegration pulp pressing liquid separation (250 starting to wilt. At nine months (July), the roots were Tyler mesh sieve) to remove residue, decantation and tuberized and the aerial part was completely dry (Figure dehydration (35°C). The isolated starch was character- 1). ized for amylose content according to Williams et al. Weight measurements taken during plant devel- (1970). opment (Figure 2) showed that in the first months of A KS-300 Image Analysis System was used to growth, the plants had marked aerial development. Flow- determine starch granule size distribution. Starch samples ers and pods removal every thirty days after the first three were collected with a platinum thread and mixed with two months increased root weight, which tended to stabilize drops of water glycerin solution (50%) on glass slide and after seven months. Nine months after planting in the covered by cover slide. Ten slides were observed under field, aerial drying was complete and the roots were in optical microscope (AXIOCOP II – ZEISS) and the se- good conditions for processing. lected images were analyzed. Five hundred largest diam- In the second planting period (February), mea- eter (mm) measurements were taken, as recommended by surements of plant development showed that, after only Vigneau et al. (2000), to analyze granule size distribu- seven months in the field, plants were developed, tion in different stages and periods. tuberized, and the aerial part was completely dry. There- Starch paste properties were analyzed with a Se- fore the cycle was reduced from nine to seven months by ries 4 Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) from Newport Scien- tific, and Thermocline for Windows. Starch suspensions (2.5 g starch in 25 mL H2O) corrected to 14% humidity base were exposed to the following time/temperature se- quence: 50°C for 1 minute, heating from 50°C to 95°C at 6°C/min, maintained at 95°C for 5 minutes, and cooled from 95°C to 50°C at 6°C/min rate. The apparent viscos- ity was expressed in RVU. The following characteristics were evaluated from the graph obtained: pasting tempera- ture, maximum peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity (dif- ference between the maximum and post-peak minimum viscosity), final viscosity, and setback (difference between the final viscosity and the minimum post-peak viscosity). Analysis of Variance for completely randomized experiments was used to compare chemical characteriza- Figure 1 - P. ahipa at 9 months of development. Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.), v.62, n.6, p.528-533, Nov./Dec. 2005 530 Leonel et al. planting at that time (Figures 3 and 4). Flower and pod At seven months (Table 2), there was no differ- removal every thirty days after the three first months also ence in root humidity between the planting periods roots led to better root tuberization and weight increases. At planted in February had higher amounts of total sugars nine months, roots lost weight due to decomposition, dif- and smaller amounts of starch than roots from the first ferent to first period plants where the aerial part dried at planting period (October). nine months, but it was still possible to harvest roots in If P. ahipa is considered a potential raw mate- good condition at this stage. rial for natural starch with harvesting at seven months, The comparison of root composition between theoretical starch yield - 89.6 kg t-1 processed root - will same age plants from the different planting periods, shows be better in an October planting, than the 68.5 kg t-1 in a that period influenced root composition. P. ahipa roots February planting. Also there were no roots decomposi- of five months-old planted in october had less dry mat- tion at nine months in the October planting allowing later ter but had more starch, protein, and reduced sugars than harvest.
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