DOCSLIB.ORG

Small and Mighty: Peptide Hormones in Plant Biology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Small and Mighty: Peptide Hormones in Plant Biology SMALL AND MIGHTY: PEPTIDE HORMONES IN PLANT BIOLOGY By Sonali Roy, Peter K. Lundquist, Michael K. Udvardi, and Wolf-Rüdiger Scheible © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Outline 1. Introduction to peptide hormones 2. Structure and generation of peptide hormones 3. Post-translational modifications and their presumed roles 4. Prediction and identification of peptide hormones 5. Mobility and perception of peptide hormones 6. Physiological roles of peptide hormones 7. The evolution of peptide hormones 8. Critical questions in peptide hormone field 9. Applications in biotechnology 10. Appendix: Peptide gene families © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists PART 1 Introduction to peptide hormones © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists What is a peptide hormone? • 5-60 amino acid residues • Serve as receptor ligands • Influence many developmental programs • Active at very low concentrations © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Peptide hormones control various developmental programs Shoot development Inflorescence development • Meristem maintenance • Inflorescence distribution • Cell division and expansion • Floral organ abscission • Plant height • Pollen tube germination, growth and • Biosynthesis of alkaloids guidance to ovule • Vascular differentiation • Stigma exudate deposition • Self-incompatability determinant Leaf development • Fruit shape • Stomatal patterning and distribution Seed and seed-pod development • Density of guard cells • Early and late embryo patterning • Leaf shape • Nutrient translocation in seeds • Leaf vascularization Response to biotic stresses Root development • Immune system and defense against Response to abiotic • Lateral root formation pathogens • Meristem maintenance • Associations with beneficial stresses • Gravitropism microorganisms • Nitrogen, phosphorus limitation • Root hair growth • Protection against herbivory • Stomatal control of transpiration • Casparian strip formation • Vascular differentiation © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Systemin was the first known plant peptide hormone ‘Isletin’ or insulin was the first known The first known plant peptide hormone peptide hormone was named systemin Wounding or insect 1889- Mering and Minkowski noted that 1972 T. Green and C. A boy with damage untreated removal of pancreas resulted in total diabetes A. Ryan noticed leaf severe in dogs. wounding caused diabetes. accumulation of 1921- Banting and Best hypothesized that proteinase inhibitors Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in wounded and distal Fredrick produced an internal secretion that controlled unwounded leaves. Banting blood sugar levels. and Charles Concluded that a Best 1922- Extracted highly pure insulin and mobile factor treated patients (with J. Collips, J. Macleod). Inhibitors in systemically signals unwounded leaves the plant that it is under attack. 1926- John J. Abel crystallized insulin and found that it tested positive for the Biuret reaction, a test for proteins. 1991 Gregory Pearce HPLC chromatogram isolated the first 1951, 1952- Frederick Sanger identified Before & After insulin treatment peptide hormone the amino acid sequence of chain A (21 aa) and chain B (30aa) of the dipeptide • Called it systemin, Insulin. • 18 amino acid long • 14C labelled Structure of the insulin dipeptide 1980- Graeme I. Bell cloned the human synthetic systemin INSULIN gene commenting that it was mobile “consists of 3 exons and 2 introns • Active at 40 coding for a signal peptide, a B-chain, a Purify femtomolar! C-peptide, and an A-chain." Human INSULIN gene structure © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Peptide hormones share many characteristics of classical plant hormones Small molecule Peptide hormones hormones Similarities • Chemical Structure- • Regulate growth and • Chemical Structure- Derived from amino development even at minute Derived from acids (e.g., Indole-3- concentrations polypeptide chains acetic acid), isoprenoids (e.g., • Can act long distance Benzyl amino purine), • Biosynthesis- lipids (e.g., Methyl • Commonly require membrane Transcribed Jasmonate) ribosomally from a receptors for recognition single gene • Biosynthesis- End • Activity may require secondary products of a cellular metabolic pathway group modifications (e.g., hydroxylation) Y I Y T N SO4 SO4 Phytosulfokine peptide Auxin (IAA) © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Peptide hormones can act over short and long distances Cell-to-cell communication Organ-to-organ communication (Short distances) (Long distances) Example: In Legumes, Example: Yellow cells members of the CLE family indicate specific cells of the in roots signal to shoots root tip in which the peptide when they have enough CLE40 is expressed. nitrogen-fixing organs! SYMPLAST APOPLAST Image source: Root tip Modified from ?, Self © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Peptides can perform different functions But not all peptides are hormones! FREE BOUND PEPTIDE PEPTIDE 1. Can act as Signals ACTIVE COMPLEX e.g., CLE peptides RECEPTOR Co-RECEPTOR SIGNAL RELAY PLANT PLASMA MEMBRANE OUTSIDE 2. Can be anti-microbial INSIDE LEAKAGE OF IONS e.g., Defensins prevent infection BLOCK TRANSLATION MICROBIAL MEMBRANE PEPTIDE-BOND NO CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE 3. Can inhibit peptidases Hasn’t been studied in plants to FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN COMPETETIVELY BINDS TO date! ACTIVE SITE INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists PART 2 Structure and generation of peptide hormones © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Anatomy of a small signaling peptide Two major criteria are used to classify plant peptides (1) Primary sequence characteristics (2) Post-translational modifications N-TERMINAL VARIABLE REGION C-TERMINAL SIGNAL PEPTIDE SIGNALLING PEPTIDE • Directed to the • 5-60 amino acids long endoplasmic reticulum, • May contain different post- Golgi secretory pathway translational modifications © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Peptide hormones are classified into families Does the precursor itself YES YES perform a function? NO Peptide has a different Functional precursor function Does the peptide have YES FUNCTIONAL-PRECURSOR DERIVED PEPTIDES any post-translational modifications? (Tyrosine) Can be sulphated Is the peptide NO (Proline) Can be derived from a hydroxylated, POST-TRANSLATIONALLY single glycosylated Does the peptide MODIFIED PEPTIDES ribosomally YES have four or translated more cysteines? precursor? Di-sulphide bridges form between cysteines NO CYSTEINE-RICH PEPTIDES NONPRECURSOR DERIVED UNMODIFIED PEPTIDES NO 5’ region Pri- Short of mRNA miRNA ORF See Tavormina, P., De Coninck, B., Nikonorova, N., De Smet, I., and Cammue, B.P.A. (2015). The Plant Peptidome: An expanding repertoire of structural features and biological functions. Plant Cell 27: 2095–2118. © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Mature peptides are processed from longer precursors NUCLEUS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM GOLGI Pre-Pro-Peptide APPARATUS mRNA Peptide translation Pro-Peptide Pre-pro-peptide Precursor of pro-peptide Biologically active peptide Inactive peptide Image source: Modified from Wikipedia © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Peptide processing precedes peptide activity Signal-peptide peptidases Peptide cleavage occurs Release of signalling peptide remove N-terminal signals at specific motifs requires special enzymes Peptidase cleavage site (RxxL/RxLX) Peptidases (molecular scissors) Scissile Bond • Cleavage occurs at specific motifs. • C Score: Highest score at position immediately after the cleavage site • S Score: High score distinguishes proteins with signal peptide from those without • Peptidases/proteases/proteinases can belong to different families What do the D score and Y score depending on the amino acid indicate? Follow the link • Both upstream and downstream motifs residue that becomes nucleophilic http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-4.1/ can contribute to site recognition. and cleaves the peptide bond. Stegmann, M., et al. , and Zipfel, C. (2017). The receptor kinase FER is a RALF-regulated scaffold controlling plant immune signaling. Science 355: 287–289; Schardon, K.,et tal. and Schaller, A. (2016). Precursor processing for plant peptide hormone maturation by subtilisin-like serine proteinases. Science 354: 1594–1597. © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Peptidases can be classified into different families Based on amino acid involved in the Based on position of cleavage site nucleophilic attack on the peptide bond N-terminus C-terminus N-terminus C-terminus Endopeptidase cleaves the non-terminal amino acids compared to Exopeptidases which hydrolyse terminal peptide bond to release a single amino acid. N-terminus C-terminus N-terminus C-terminus Exopeptidases can be further classified as Proteases can be classified into families based on sequence Aminopeptidases and Carboxypeptidases that homology and the amino acid residue that participates in the hydrolyse the peptide bond at the N-terminal and C- nucleophilic acid that cleaves the CONH peptide bond. terminal end respectively. Plant proteases can also be involved in protein turnover, degradation of misfolded proteins. Only a subset of the ~600 proteases in Arabidopsis are involved in the secretory pathway! © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists Peptide activity requires proteases 1. Functional subtilisin serine protease is essential for peptide activity 35S-AtRALF23 35S-AtRALF23 OVEREXPRESS OVEREXPRESS Retarded root growth, site 1 protease Mutant Wild type like (no Wild type decreased hypocotyl phenotypic effect
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Mimicry Modulates Plant Host Responses to Pathogens
    Annals of Botany 121: 17–23, 2018 doi:10.1093/aob/mcx125, available online at www.academic.oup.com/aob INVITED REVIEW Molecular mimicry modulates plant host responses to pathogens Pamela Ronald* and Anna Joe Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. *For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 15 June 2017 Returned for revision: 12 July 2017 Editorial decision: 11 September 2017 Accepted: 14 September 2017 • Background Pathogens often secrete molecules that mimic those present in the plant host. Recent studies indicate that some of these molecules mimic plant hormones required for development and immunity. • Scope and Conclusion This Viewpoint reviews the literature on microbial molecules produced by plant pathogens that functionally mimic molecules present in the plant host. This article includes examples from nematodes, bacteria and fungi with emphasis on RaxX, a microbial protein produced by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. RaxX mimics a plant peptide hormone, PSY (plant peptide containing sulphated tyrosine). The rice immune receptor XA21 detects sulphated RaxX but not the endogenous peptide PSY. Studies of the RaxX/XA21 system have provided insight into both host and pathogen biology and offered a framework for future work directed at understanding how XA21 and the PSY receptor(s) can be differentially activated by RaxX and endogenous PSY peptides. Key words: Molecular mimicry, plant pathogen, microbial mimic, RaxX, XA21, PSY, engineering receptor INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL MIMICRY? these microbially produced molecules mimic plant hormones that control growth, development, and regulation of innate Biological mimicry and molecular mimicry immunity.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF (1580K)
    No. 2] Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 94 (2018) 59 Review Exploring peptide hormones in plants: identification of four peptide hormone-receptor pairs and two post-translational modification enzymes † By Yoshikatsu MATSUBAYASHI*1, (Communicated by Shigekazu NAGATA, M.J.A.) Abstract: The identification of hormones and their receptors in multicellular organisms is one of the most exciting research areas and has lead to breakthroughs in understanding how their growth and development are regulated. In particular, peptide hormones offer advantages as cell-to- cell signals in that they can be synthesized rapidly and have the greatest diversity in their structure and function. Peptides often undergo post-translational modifications and proteolytic processing to generate small oligopeptide hormones. In plants, such small post-translationally modified peptides constitute the largest group of peptide hormones. We initially explored this type of peptide hormone using bioassay-guided fractionation and later by in silico gene screening coupled with biochemical peptide detection, which led to the identification of four types of novel peptide hormones in plants. We also identified specific receptors for these peptides and transferases required for their post- translational modification. This review summarizes how we discovered these peptide hormone– receptor pairs and post-translational modification enzymes, and how these molecules function in plant growth, development and environmental adaptation. Keywords: secreted peptide, cell-to-cell communication, post-translational modification, Arabidopsis, ligand, receptor During the past 20 years, biochemical, genetic, 1. Introduction and bioinformatic analyses have identified more than Cell-to-cell signaling mediated by hormones and a dozen secreted peptide hormones and their recep- membrane-localized receptors is one of the essential tors in plants.1)–4) These peptide hormone–receptor mechanisms by which the growth and development pairs have proven to be functionally more diverse of multicellular organisms are regulated.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant-To-Plant Communication Triggered by Systemin Primes Anti
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Plant-to-plant communication triggered by systemin primes anti- herbivore resistance in tomato Received: 10 February 2017 Mariangela Coppola1, Pasquale Cascone2, Valentina Madonna1, Ilaria Di Lelio1, Francesco Accepted: 27 October 2017 Esposito1, Concetta Avitabile3, Alessandra Romanelli 4, Emilio Guerrieri 2, Alessia Vitiello1, Published: xx xx xxxx Francesco Pennacchio1, Rosa Rao1 & Giandomenico Corrado1 Plants actively respond to herbivory by inducing various defense mechanisms in both damaged (locally) and non-damaged tissues (systemically). In addition, it is currently widely accepted that plant- to-plant communication allows specifc neighbors to be warned of likely incoming stress (defense priming). Systemin is a plant peptide hormone promoting the systemic response to herbivory in tomato. This 18-aa peptide is also able to induce the release of bioactive Volatile Organic Compounds, thus also promoting the interaction between the tomato and the third trophic level (e.g. predators and parasitoids of insect pests). In this work, using a combination of gene expression (RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR), behavioral and chemical approaches, we demonstrate that systemin triggers metabolic changes of the plant that are capable of inducing a primed state in neighboring unchallenged plants. At the molecular level, the primed state is mainly associated with an elevated transcription of pattern -recognition receptors, signaling enzymes and transcription factors. Compared to naïve plants, systemin-primed plants were signifcantly more resistant to herbivorous pests, more attractive to parasitoids and showed an increased response to wounding. Small peptides are nowadays considered fundamental signaling molecules in many plant processes and this work extends the range of downstream efects of this class of molecules to intraspecifc plant-to-plant communication.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 the Molecular Circuit of Steroid Signalling in Plants...71
    CONTENTS Preface ...........................................................................................ix Authors .........................................................................................xi Abbreviations .............................................................................xv Auxin signal transduction ......................................................1 1 Gretchen Hagen Abstract .............................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Major molecular components involved in auxin signalling ................................. 3 Current models of auxin signalling ..................................................................... 6 Research in progress on auxin signalling ........................................................... 7 Developing areas of research on auxin signalling .............................................. 8 Future challenges ............................................................................................... 9 Summary .......................................................................................................... 10 References ....................................................................................................... 10 Plant cytokinin signalling .....................................................13 2 Erika A. Keshishian and Aaron M. Rashotte Abstract ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Signaling Peptides in Plants
    lopmen ve ta e l B D io & l l o l g e y C Cell & Developmental Biology Ghorbani, et al., Cell Dev Biol 2014, 3:2 ISSN: 2168-9296 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000141 Review Article Open Access Signaling Peptides in Plants Sarieh Ghorbani1,2, Ana Fernandez1,2, Pierre Hilson3,4 and Tom Beeckman1,2* 1Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium 2Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium 3INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France 4AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France *Corresponding author: Tom Beeckman, Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium, Tel: 32-0-93313830; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: May 03, 2014; Acc date: Jun 16, 2014; Pub date: Jun 18, 2014 Copyright: © 2014 Ghorbani S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract In multicellular organisms, growth and development need to be precisely coordinated and are strongly relying on positional information. Positional control is achieved through exchanges of molecular messages between cells and tissues by means of cell-to-cell communication mechanisms. Especially in plants, accurate and well-controlled cell-to-cell communication networks are essential because of the complete absence of cell mobility and the presence of rigid cell walls. For many years, phytohormones were thought to be the main messengers exchanged between cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins As Chaperones and Co-Receptors for FERONIA Receptor Kinase Signaling in Arabidops
    RESEARCH ARTICLE elifesciences.org Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins as chaperones and co-receptors for FERONIA receptor kinase signaling in Arabidopsis Chao Li1, Fang-Ling Yeh1†, Alice Y Cheung1,2,3*, Qiaohong Duan1, Daniel Kita1,2‡, Ming-Che Liu1,4, Jacob Maman1, Emily J Luu1, Brendan W Wu1§, Laura Gates1¶, Methun Jalal1, Amy Kwong1, Hunter Carpenter1, Hen-Ming Wu1,2* 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States; 2Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of 3 *For correspondence: acheung@ Massachusetts, Amherst, United States; Plant Biology Graduate Program, University 4 biochem.umass.edu (AYC); of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, [email protected] National Chung Hsing University, Tai Chung, Taiwan (HMW) Present address: †Clinical Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Abstract The Arabidopsis receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) is a multifunctional regulator for Taichung, Taiwan; ‡Department plant growth and reproduction. Here we report that the female gametophyte-expressed of Vascular Biology, University of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (GPI-AP) LORELEI and the seedling-expressed Connecticut Health Center, LRE-like GPI-AP1 (LLG1) bind to the extracellular juxtamembrane region of FER and show that this Farmington, United States; interaction is pivotal for FER function. LLG1 interacts with FER in the endoplasmic reticulum and on § Department of Immunology, the cell surface, and loss
    [Show full text]
  • University of Castilla-La Mancha Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry
    UNIVERSIDAD DE CASTILLA-LA MANCHA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES Y BIOQUÍMICA Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales Área de Fisiología Vegetal Análisis funcional de genes cruciales para el desarrollo de sitios de alimentación inducidos por nematodos agalladores (Meloidogyne spp.) en arabidopsis Fernando Evaristo Díaz Manzano Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias y Ambientales Tesis Doctoral Toledo, 2017 Fernando Evaristo Díaz Manzano UNIVERSITY OF CASTILLA-LA MANCHA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND BIOCHEMISTRY FACULTY Department of Environmental Sciences Plant Physiology Area Functional analysis of genes crucial for the development of feeding sites induced by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in arabidopsis Fernando Evaristo Díaz Manzano PhD in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Doctoral Thesis Toledo, 2017 UNIVERSITY OF CASTILLA-LA MANCHA FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES AND BIOCHEMISTRY Plant Physiology Area Functional analysis of genes crucial for the development of feeding sites induced by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in arabidopsis AUTHOR: M.Sc. Fernando Evaristo Díaz Manzano DIRECTOR: Dr. Carolina Escobar Lucas CODIRECTOR: Dr. Carmen Fenoll Comes Doctoral Thesis Toledo, 2017 To all those who trusted, trust and will trust in me, Thank you, hugs, and kisses! A todos aquellos que confiaron, confían y confiarán en mi persona, ¡gracias, besos y abrazos! Humility, perseverance and honor... When you observe normality, avoid it; When you see frequency, elude it; When you sense singularity, pursue it. Humildad, perseverancia y honor…
    [Show full text]
  • Possible Use of Plant Peptide Hormone in Horticulture©
    Possible Use of Plant Peptide Hormone in Horticulture© Takuya Tetsumura Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan E-mail : [email protected] Plant hormones, phytohormones, are chemicals acting as signal molecules. They are produced in plants and occur in extremely low concentrations. They shape the plants and are environmentally responsive signal molecules. We accept that there are five major classes of plant hormones: abscisic acid, auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, and gibberellins. Recently, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, florigen (FT protein), plant peptide hormones, salicylic acid, and strigolactone have been identified as plant hormones by plant physiologists. However, I am sure that most people involved in horticulture do not know about plant peptide hormones and strigolactone. Plant growth regulators(PGRs) are extensively used in horticulture. They are plant hormones, derivatives of plant hormones, and chemicals controlling and enhancing natural plant growth processes. One PGR, prohydrojasmon, is a skin color accelerator for apples and table grapes and a rind puffing inhibitor for satsuma mandarins. Prohydrojasmon is a derivative of jasmonates which promotes the production of defense proteins, signal molecules, which are used to fend off invading organisms. If prohydrojasmon is used more in agriculture and horticulture, we will recognize jasmonates as plant hormones. Brassinosteroids have been intensively investigated for three decades and used on farms with poor environment to improve crop production, but they are not used in advanced countries because their agricultural land is fertile. Hence, most farmers do not know brassinosteroids. It will take a long time for most agriculturists and horticulturists to utilize brassinosteroids as plant hormones.
    [Show full text]
  • Author Query Form
    These proofs may contain colour figures. Those figures may print black and white in the final printed book if a colour print product has not been planned. The colour figures will appear in colour in all electronic versions of this book. ARTICLE IN PRESS AUTHOR QUERY FORM Book: Current Topics in Please e-mail your responses and any Developmental corrections to: Biology E-mail: [email protected] Article Number: 224 Dear Author, Please check your proof carefully and mark all corrections at the appropriate place in the proof (e.g., by using on-screen annotation in the PDF file) or compile them in a separate list. Note: if you opt to annotate the file with software other than Adobe Reader then please also highlight the appropriate place in the PDF file. To ensure fast publication of your paper please return your corrections within 48 hours. For correction or revision of any artwork, please consult http://www.elsevier.com/ artworkinstructions. We were unable to process your file(s) fully electronically and have proceeded by Scanning (parts Rekeying (parts Scanning the of) your article of) your article artwork No queries have arisen during the processing of your article. Query / Remark: click on the Q link to go Location in Please insert your reply or correction at the corresponding line in Chapter the proof Q1 The term “Ligand–Receptor” has been changed to “LigandReceptor” in the chapter title but the same term is retained as “ligand–receptor” throughout the text. Please check and confirm whether can ignore the correction made in the chapter title.
    [Show full text]
  • Hormonal Control of Lateral Root and Nodule Development in Legumes
    Plants 2015, 4, 523-547; doi:10.3390/plants4030523 OPEN ACCESS plants ISSN 2223-7747 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Review Hormonal Control of Lateral Root and Nodule Development in Legumes Sandra Bensmihen 1,2 1 INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-561-285463; Fax: +33-561-285061 2 CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France Academic Editor: Rujin Chen Received: 16 June 2015/ Accepted: 29 July 2015 / Published: 7 August 2015 Abstract: Many plants can establish symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, some of which lead to nodulation, including legumes. Indeed, in the rhizobium/legume symbiosis, new root organs, called nodules, are formed by the plant in order to host the rhizobia in protective conditions, optimized for nitrogen fixation. In this way, these plants can benefit from the reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia by the hosted bacteria, and in exchange the plant provides the rhizobia with a carbon source. Since this symbiosis is costly for the plant it is highly regulated. Both legume nodule and lateral root organogenesis involve divisions of the root inner tissues, and both developmental programs are tightly controlled by plant hormones. In fact, most of the major plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and strigolactones, control both lateral root formation and nodule organogenesis, but often in an opposite manner. This suggests that the sensitivity of legume plants to some phytohormones could be linked to the antagonism that exists between the processes of nodulation and lateral root formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfated Plant Peptide Hormones
    applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 70, No. 16 pp. 4267–4277, 2019 doi:10.1093/jxb/erz292 Advance Access Publication 20 June, 2019 This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details) REVIEW PAPER Sulfated plant peptide hormones Christine Kaufmann*, and Margret Sauter Plant Developmental Biology and Physiology, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 5, 24118 Kiel, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] Received 26 March 2019; Editorial decision 10 June 2019; Accepted 11 June 2019 Editor: Stanislav Kopriva, University of Cologne, Germany Abstract Sulfated peptides are plant hormones that are active at nanomolar concentrations. The sulfation at one or more tyro- sine residues is catalysed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST), which is encoded by a single-copy gene. The sulfate group is provided by the co-substrate 3´-phosphoadenosine 5´-phosphosulfate (PAPS), which links synthesis of sulfated signaling peptides to sulfur metabolism. The precursor proteins share a conserved DY-motif that is impli- cated in specifying tyrosine sulfation. Several sulfated peptides undergo additional modification such as hydroxyl- ation of proline and glycosylation of hydroxyproline. The modifications render the secreted signaling molecules active and stable. Several sulfated signaling peptides have been shown to be perceived by leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) but have signaling pathways that, for the most part, are yet to be elucidated. Sulfated peptide hormones regulate growth and a wide variety of developmental processes, and intricately modulate immunity to pathogens. While basic research on sulfated peptides has made steady progress, their potential in agricultural and pharmaceutical applications has yet to be explored.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Polypeptide Hormones in Plant
    International Journal of Chemical Studies 2020; 8(4): 2415-2421 P-ISSN: 2349–8528 E-ISSN: 2321–4902 www.chemijournal.com Small polypeptide hormones in plant IJCS 2020; 8(4): 2415-2421 © 2020 IJCS Received: 14-05-2020 Accepted: 17-06-2020 Vijay Pandurang Kapale, Chenesh Patel, Sanjeev Agrawal, Kishor Prabhakar Panzade and Sonam S Kale Vijay Pandurang Kapale Department of Biochemistry, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4ab.9992 ICAR- GB. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Abstract Pantnagar, India Generally the cell-to-cell communications take place by classical phytohormones such as auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin, and abscisic acid. Likewise the plant peptide hormones are also involved Chenesh Patel in various aspects of growth and development. The physicochemical interactions of peptide hormones Department of Entomology, with their receptors activate downstream signaling which modulates cellular functions. These peptide ICAR- G. B. Pant University of actively involved in plant defense system improvements against biotic and abiotic stress (es), growth and Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India development over the past decade have heralded the beginning of a new and potential growing field of polypeptide signaling in plants. Here, we review the currently known major plant polypeptides, their receptor proteins, polypeptide/receptor–mediated signaling cascades and their functions in plant. Sanjeev Agrawal Department of Biochemistry, Keywords: peptide hormones, signal peptides, receptors, posttranslational modifications, ICAR- GB. Pant University of Agriculture and cysteine-rich peptides, plant-insect interaction Technology, Pantnagar, India Introduction Kishor Prabhakar Panzade Cell-to-cell signaling mediated by hormones and membrane-localized receptors is one of the ICAR–Indian Agriculture vital mechanisms by which the growth and development of multicellular organisms are Research Institute, New Delhi, India regulated.
    [Show full text]