DOCSLIB.ORG

United States Patent Office Patented July 23, 963

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States Patent Office Patented July 23, 963 3,098,822 United States Patent Office Patented July 23, 963 2 3,098,822 name of Emery 3286-S acid, was used in the Working LUBRICANTS PREPARED FROM ISO-OLEEC ACE 3 examples of the invention. This acid had the following Arnold J. Morway, Ciark, N.J., assignor to Esso Research characteristics: and Engineering Company, a corporationa of Delaware Titer,' C---------------------------------- 30 No Drawing. Fied July 1, 1960, Ser. No. 40,137 Iodine valve (Wijs)-------------------------- 94.0 6 Ciairs. (Ci. 252-39) Free fatty acids (percent as oleic)-------------- 91.6 This invention relates to lubricants. Particularly, the Acid value---------------------------------- 182.0 invention relates to lubricants having good extreme pres Saponification value ------------------------- 189 Sure properties and suitable for high temperature use con IO Color, Gardner------------------------------ 5 taining alkaline earth metal salt of C2 to CA fatty acid 1. The titer noted above is a false titer, since in derivatives, and alkaline earth metal soap of elaidic acid. the acid acts as a lower titered acid. Recently, a very low price fatty acid material compris techniques.a Contains an inter-ester easily broken by Saponification ing chiefly elaidic acid with minor amounts of oleic acid The alkaline earth metal component of the lubricant (9-octadeceneoic acid), and other isomers of oleic acid, 15 can be calcium, strontium, magnesium or barium. Cal e.g. 12-octadeceneoic acid and linoleic acid, etc. has be cium is preferred. come commercially available under the general name of The C2 to C4 fatty acid component can be acetic, pro iso-oleic acid. This acid primarily differs from pure oleic pionic or butyric acid. Acetic acid is preferred and can acid in that its chief component, i.e. elaidic acid, is in the be used in the form of its anhydride. cis or syn isomeric form, rather than in the more common 20 The thickeners of the invention are preferably pre trans or auto form of oleic acid. pared by co-neutralizing in lubricating oil, 5.0 to 100.0, Attempts to utilize elaidic acid or iso-oleic acid to preferably 5.0 to 20 mole equivalent proportion of C2 prepare simple soap greases result in compositions which to C fatty acid per mole equivalent proportion of iso are of no value because they are extremely hard and oleic acid, with alkaline earth metal base, followed by rubbery. If this grease is cut-back with additional oil, in 25 heating to temperatures of 250 to 550 F., preferably order to overcome its extreme cohesiveness and rubbery 300 to 400° F., and more preferably 320 to 350 F., characteristics, then fluid thixotropic products are formed in order to dehydrate the lubricant. Alternatively, no which have no grease structure. These diluted products external heating may be applied with the result that the are very unstable and separation of soap and oil occur in water of reaction is left in the lubricant. And in cases a relatively short time. If the iso-oleic acid is employed 30 where the lubricant is designed for low temperature use in combination with the usual grease-making acids or this is not objectionable. fats, even in small amounts, it still imparts undesirable The metal base may be an oxide, carbonate or hy cohesive and rubbery characteristics. droxide of the alkaline earth metal. Calcium hydroxide Although unsuccessful for soap greases per se, it has is preferred. been found that soaps of iso-oleic acid can be utilized in 35 If desired, preformed metal acetate and preformed combination with salt of C2 to CA fatty acids, particularly metal iso-oleate may be added to oil and heated together, acetic acid or acetic anhydride, to form highly useful preferably at temperatures of about 300 to 400 F., for lubricating greases. These new greases are superior to 0.5 to 20 hours in order to form the lubricant of the in corresponding soap-salt greases prepared with conven vention. Or preformed metal acetate can be added to the tional saturated fatty acids in regard to extreme pressure 40 oil, and the metal iso-oleate can be formed in situ by properties and lubrication life. Furthermore, soap-salt neutralizing the iso-oleic acid with metal base. compositions prepared with the iso-oleic acid do not form The soap-salt thickeners of the invention can also in hard crusts upon storage as occurs when using saturated clude alkaline earth metal salts and soaps of other acids. acids. Another advantage of the iso-oleic grease of the For example, salts of about 0.1 to 0.5 mole equivalent invention is its ability to harden under high rates of shear 45 proportions of a C6 to Cso fatty acid other than iso-oleic such as frequently occur in ball bearings. Thus, a grease acid, per mole equivalent of soap of iso-oleic acid, can of the invention made up to a Number 2 (National Lubri also be present in the finished lubricant. Minor amounts cating Grease Institute) consistency will shear harden of salts of inorganic acid such as phosphoric, nitric, hydro sufficiently to be pushed out of the ball path. By this chloric acid, etc. can also be formed during the co-neutral action a reservoir of lubricant remains for long periods 50 ization step noted above by neutralizing the acid with of excellent lubrication, but does not remain in the ball alkaline earth metal base. path where it would be churned, thereby causing excessive The finished lubricant will include greases, fluids and power loss and high temperature. Soap-salt greases pre semi-fluids comprising a major proportion of lubricating pared from iso-oleic acid are also superior to correspond oil and about 2 to 50 wt. percent, preferably 4 to 30 wt. ing soap-salt greases prepared from conventional oleic 55 percent of the thickener. To form greases, generally 10 acid (trans form) with regard to thickening power, and to 30 wit. percent will be soap-salt, while 2 to 10 wit. hardening under shear in ball bearings. percent can be used to form fluid and semi-fluid lubricants. The iso-oleic acid may be 100% oleic acid in the cis The lubricating oil may be either a mineral oil or a form, i.e. elaidic acid. However, commercial iso-oleic synthetic oil or a mixture thereof. Such synthetic oils acid generally constitutes mixtures of a major amount of 60 include diesters, complex esters, polysilicones, formals, elaidic acid with minor amounts of oleic acid (i.e.9-octa carbonates, etc. deceneoic acid) and other related acids such as 12-octa Various conventional additives may be added to the deceneoic, linoleic, linolic, stearic, palmitic, etc. compositions including oxidation inhibitors such as phenyl A commercial iso-oleic acid, available under the trade o-naphthylamine; rust preventives such as sodium nitrite; 3,098,822 3. 4 other thickeners such as polyethylene, polypropylene, Example II carbon black, metal soaps, etc. A grease composition was prepared in the same general GREASE A manner as that of Example I except that a slightly Smaller To demonstrate the inability of the iso-oleic acid by proportion of lubricating oil was used. itself to form a useable grease, a simple calcium Soap Example III grease was prepared using the iso-oleic acid as the sole thickening agent. This grease was prepared as follows, Another grease was prepared in the same general man wherein all parts are by weight: ner of Example I, but utilizing a molar ratio of acetic 15 parts of iso-oleic acid (Emery 3286-S acid) and anhydride to iso-oleic acid of 20:1. 2.2 parts of hydrated lime were added to 81.8 parts of a O mineral lubricating oil of 55 SUS viscosity at 210 F. GREASE B in a steam-jacketed kettle. The mixture was stirred while A comparison grease was prepared in the same general heating to a temperature of 300 F. until the grease was manner as the grease of Example III, except that a molar dehydrated. The grease was then allowed to cool to ratio of 2:1 was used in place of the 20:1 ratio of 210 F. where 1 part of water was added to form a grease Example III. structure. (NoTE-Addition of minor amounts of water GREASE C to a simple calcium soap grease is conventional and nec essary in order to form a greast structure.) The result A comparison grease was prepared in the general man ing grease was very cohesive and rubbery. On attempt 20 ner of Example I, but using oleic acid (i.e. the trans ing to use it for lubrication, it tended to ball up and pull form) in a molar ratio of acetic anhydride to oleic acid away from the moving parts. On further attempted of 9 to 1. lubrication use, it began to entrap air and finally became A ball bearing temperature rise test was carried out fluid with large oil separation. on several of the preceding grease compositions. This To illustrate the invention, the following examples were test consists of packing a 204 ball bearing with the test carried out, wherein all parts are by weight. grease and carrying out the AFBMA-NLGI spindle test for lubrication life operating at 10,000 rp.m. The tem Example I perature rise above ambient room temperature is re 67 parts of mineral lubricating oil and 10 parts of corded (no other heat is applied other than that generated hydrated lime were intimately mixed in a steam-jacketed in the operating bearing). The length of time that the kettle. Next, 11 parts of iso-oleic acid was added and 30 bearing remains at the elevated temperature is also re the mixture stirred for 10 minutes in order to insure com corded.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Statement Position Statement on Fat Consumption And
    Posicionamento sobre o Consumo de Gorduras e Saúde Cardiovascular – 2021 Izar et al. Posicionamento Posicionamento sobre o Consumo de Gorduras e Saúde Cardiovascular – 2021 Position Statement on Fat Consumption and Cardiovascular Health – 2020 Realização: Departamento de Aterosclerose (DA) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) Conselho de Normatizações e Diretrizes (2020-2021): Brivaldo Markman Filho, Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Correa Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira Coordenador de Normatizações e Diretrizes (2020-2021): Brivaldo Markman Filho Autores do Posicionamento: Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar,1 Ana Maria Lottenberg,2,3 Viviane Zorzanelli Rocha Giraldez,4 Raul Dias dos Santos Filho,4 Roberta Marcondes Machado,3 Adriana Bertolami,5 Marcelo Heitor Vieira Assad,6 José Francisco Kerr Saraiva,7 André Arpad Faludi,5 Annie Seixas Bello Moreira,8 Bruno Geloneze,9 Carlos Daniel Magnoni,5 Carlos Scherr,10 Cristiane Kovacs Amaral,5 Daniel Branco de Araújo,5 Dennys Esper Corrêa Cintra,9 Edna Regina Nakandakare,11 Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca,1 Isabela Cardoso Pimentel Mota,5 José Ernesto dos Santos,11 Juliana Tieko Kato,1 Lis Mie Masuzawa Beda,3 Lis Proença Vieira,12 Marcelo Chiara Bertolami,5 Marcelo Macedo Rogero,11 Maria Silvia Ferrari Lavrador,13 Miyoko Nakasato,4 Nagila Raquel Teixeira Damasceno,11 Renato Jorge Alves,14 Roberta Soares Lara,15 Rosana Perim Costa,16 Valéria Arruda Machado1 Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP),1 São Paulo, SP – Brasil Hospital
    [Show full text]
  • Trans Fatty Acids
    Copyright! Reproduction and dissemination – also partial – applicable to all media only with written permission of Umschau Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden. Science & Research | Overview Peer-reviewed | Manuscript received: April 09, 2018 | Revision accepted: : July 09, 2018 Trans fatty acids Origin, metabolism, health risks Maria Pfeuffer, Gerhard Jahreis the 1960s partially hydrogenated Abstract fats were a preferred alternative for Trans fatty acids (TFA) are generated both during partial industrial hydrogenation saturated fats in the food industry. of oils and by incomplete microbial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids A high TFA content improves the in the rumen. Elaidic acid (t9-18:1), the trans isomer of oleic acid, is the major functionality of a fat, i.e. texture isomer in industrial sources of TFA. Some trans isomers of linoleic acid and of and structure, thermal and oxi- α-linolenic acid may also arise, depending on the vegetable oil used for hydro- dation stability and extends shelf genation and processing conditions. Vaccenic acid (t11-18:1) is the major trans life. There are also natural sources isomer in ruminant fats. Elaidic acid and vaccenic acid differ in various biochemi- of TFA in fat from ruminants, i.e. cal activities. TFA show adverse effects on blood lipids, inflammation parameters milk fat and meat and products and endothelial function. Epidemiological studies observed an increased risk of made from them, as enzymes of the coronary heart diseases and total mortality with increasing intake of industrially rumen bacteria incompletely hydro- generated TFA. Particularly fats for baking, roasting and deep-frying have or had genate polyunsaturated fatty acids a high content of TFA.
    [Show full text]
  • TARGETED METABOLOMICS and LIPIDOMICS This Notebook Is an Excerpt from the Larger Waters’ Application Notebook on Metabolomics and Lipidomics #720005245EN
    [ APPLICATION NOTEBOOK ] TARGETED METABOLOMICS AND LIPIDOMICS This notebook is an excerpt from the larger Waters’ Application Notebook on Metabolomics and Lipidomics #720005245EN TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 Introduction 4 A Validated Assay for the Quantification of Amino Acids in Mammalian Urine 12 Targeted Metabolomics Using the UPLC/MS-based AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit 20 Targeted Lipidomics of Oxylipins (oxygenated fatty acids) 31 Profiling and Quantitation of Metabolomic “Signatures” for Breast Cancer Cell Progression 40 A Definitive Lipidomics Workflow for Human Plasma Utilizing Off-line Enrichment and Class Specific Separation of Phospholipids 46 Rapid and Simultaneous Analysis of Plasma Catecholamines and Metanephrines Using Mixed-Mode SPE and Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC) for Clinical Research 53 The Application of UPLC/MSE for the Analysis of Bile Acids in Biological Fluids 59 Targeted Lipidomics Using the ionKey/MS System 63 Multiplexed Analysis of Steroid Hormones Using ionKey/MS 67 Fast and Simple Free Fatty Acids Analysis Using UPC2/MS 80 Bile Acid Profiling Using UltraPerformance Convergence Chromatography (UPC2) Coupled to ESI-MS/MS 82 Method Development for the Analysis of Endogenous Steroids using Convergence Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection 92 Enantiomeric and Diastereomeric Separations of Fragrance and Essential Oil Components Using the ACQUITY UPC2 System with ACQUITY UPC2 Trefoil Columns 2 [ METABOLOMICS AND LIPIDOMICS APPLICATIONS ] TARGETED METABOLOMICS AND LIPIDOMICS Targeted metabolomics and lipidomics are hypothesis-driven approaches that focus on analyzing a selected group of metabolites or lipids. Such approaches are generally used either for validation of initial discoveries or routine analysis for clinical research. The specific metabolites/lipids that will undergo analysis are selected according to the questions asked, and ad hoc analytical methods are developed for their quantification.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of Animal Science
    Endang Sulistyowati et al. Diet with Concentrate Containing Durio zibethinus Murr Seed Meal Buletin Peternakan 43 (4): 218-224, November 2019 Bulletin of Animal Science ISSN-0126-4400/E-ISSN-2407-876X Accredited: 36a/E/KPT/2016 http://buletinpeternakan.fapet.ugm.ac.id/ Doi: 10.21059/buletinpeternak.v43i4.44606 Diet with Concentrate Containing Durio zibethinus Murr Seed Meal: Nutrient Contents, Fatty Acid Profiles, In Vitro Characteristics, and Nutrient Digestibility in Dairy Cows Endang Sulistyowati1*, Irma Badarina1, Sigit Mujiharjo2, Tamrin Simbolon1, and Idop Rohani Purba1 1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu, 38371, Indonesia 2Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu, 38371, Indonesia ABSTRACT This research was to evaluate concentrate diet containing Durio zibethinus seed meal (DSM) on nutrient contents, fatty acid profiles, in vitro characteristics, and nutrients digestibility in dairy cows. The experiment was arranged in Latin Square 4 x 4 design with 4 lactating dairy cows in 4 periods in 2 weeks for each period. The treatments were diets with concentrate containing ratios of rice bran and DSM, DC 35/12.5 (35% of Rice bran+ 12.5% of DSM), DC 27.5/20 (27.5% of Rice bran+ 20% of DSM), DC 20/27.5 (20% of Rice bran+ 27.5% of DSM) and DC 12.5/35 (12.5% of Rice Article history bran+ 35% of DSM). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (Anova), if any Submitted: 29 March 2019 significant difference among treatment means were found, will be further analyzed Accepted: 4 October 2019 using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
    [Show full text]
  • Interpretive Guide for Fatty Acids
    Interpretive Guide for Fatty Acids Name Potential Responses Metabolic Association Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Alpha Linolenic L Add flax and/or fish oil Essential fatty acid Eicosapentaenoic L Eicosanoid substrate Docosapentaenoic L Add fish oil Nerve membrane function Docosahexaenoic L Neurological development Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Linoleic L Add corn or black currant oil Essential fatty acid Gamma Linolenic L Add evening primrose oil Eicosanoid precursor Eicosadienoic Dihomogamma Linolenic L Add black currant oil Eicosanoid substrate Arachidonic H Reduce red meats Eicosanoid substrate Docosadienoic Docosatetraenoic H Weight control Increase in adipose tissue Omega-9 Polyunsaturated Mead (plasma only) H Add corn or black Essential fatty acid status Monounsaturated Myristoleic Palmitoleic Vaccenic Oleic H See comments Membrane fluidity 11-Eicosenoic Erucic L Add peanut oils Nerve membrane function Nervonic L Add fish or canola oil Neurological development Saturated Even-Numbered Capric Acid H Assure B3 adequacy Lauric H Peroxisomal oxidation Myristic H Palmitic H Reduce sat. fats; add niacin Cholesterogenic Stearic H Reduce sat. fats; add niacin Elevated triglycerides Arachidic H Check eicosanoid ratios Behenic H Δ6 desaturase inhibition Lignoceric H Consider rape or mustard seed oils Nerve membrane function Hexacosanoic H Saturated Odd-Numbered Pentadecanoic H Heptadecanoic H Nonadecanoic H Add B12 and/or carnitine Propionate accumulation Heneicosanoic H Omega oxidation Tricosanoic H Trans Isomers from Hydrogenated Oils Palmitelaidic H Eicosanoid interference Eliminate hydrogenated oils Total C18 Trans Isomers H Calculated Ratios LA/DGLA H Add black currant oil Δ6 desaturase, Zn deficiency EPA/DGLA H Add black currant oil L Add fish oil Eicosanoid imbalance AA/EPA (Omega-6/Omega-3) H Add fish oil Stearic/Oleic (RBC only) L See Comments Cancer Marker Triene/Tetraene Ratio (plasma only) H Add corn or black currant oil Essential fatty acid status ©2007 Metametrix, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • JCE0997 P1030 Trans Fatty Acids
    Chemical Education Today Chemistry behind the News Trans Fatty Acids by Ellin Doyle Fats and their various fatty acid components seem to cis-∆9,trans-∆11-C18:2. Unlike other trans fatty acids, CLA be a perennial concern of nutritionists and persons con- has a wide range of beneficial effects [4]). cerned with healthful diets. Advice on the consumption of The predominant source of dietary trans fatty acids is saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and total fat the partially hydrogenated vegetable oil used in producing bombards us from magazines and newspapers. One of the cooking fats and margarines. Hydrogenation involves use of newer players in this field is the group of trans fatty acids high temperatures, pressure, and a catalyst (usually nickel). found predominantly in partially hydrogenated fats such as Unsaturated fatty acids in the vegetable oil bind to the sur- margarines and cooking fats. The controversy concerning di- face of the catalyst and a double bond is opened. Addition etary trans fatty acids was recently addressed in an Ameri- of hydrogen at this site saturates the bond. However, bind- can Heart Association (AHA) science advisory (1) and in a ing to the catalyst is not stable, and if the fatty acid is re- position paper from the American Society of Clinical Nutri- leased before saturation the double bond may be regener- tion/American Institute of Nutrition (ASCN/AIN) (2). Both ated in either the cis or trans configuration. Since forma- reports emphasize that the best preventive strategy for re- tion of the trans isomer is favored energetically, this struc- ducing risk for cardiovascular disease and some types of ture tends to dominate.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Marine Omega-3 Supplementation on Fatty Acids and Bioactive Lipids and Associations with Risk Of
    Key Summary of Conference Abstract Effects of Marine Omega-3 Supplementation on Fatty Acids and Bioactive Lipids and Associations With Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Secondary Analysis From the Randomized Vitamin D And Omega-3 Trial (VITAL) Background Poster presentation at the Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3) may reduce the risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. American Heart Association A better understanding of n-3 metabolism may provide clues to the Scientific Sessions mechanisms involved in preventing CVD. VITAL was a study in which n-3 supplementation was compared to Authors placebo for the prevention of CVD; although n-3 did not lower the Olga V Demler,1 Yanyan Liu,2 Jeramie incidence of major CVD events in the overall study population, a 2 3 Watrous, Heike Gibson, Kim subpopulation analysis suggested a potential CVD benefit among certain 3 1,3,4 1 Lagerborg, Hesam Dashti, Carlos A patient groups. 3 6 Camargo, William Harris, Jay G Objective: The investigators of this VITAL substudy (VITAL200) 7 2 Wohlgemuth, Mahan Najhawan, Khoi examined the effect of n-3 supplementation on fatty acid (FA) and 2 7 7 Dao, James Prentice, Julia A Larsen, bioactive lipid (BL) levels, and the association of FAs and BLs with CVD 5 1 Olivia Okereke, Karen Costenbader, outcomes. 1 8 Julie E Buring, Vasan S Ramachandran, JoAnn E Manson,1 Susan Cheng,9 Mohit Methods Jain,2 Samia Mora1 Patients (n=200) from VITAL were balanced by demographic Affiliations characteristics and randomized to treatment with a placebo or daily 1 Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 840 mg n-3 supplement (460 mg eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] + 380 mg Brookline, MA docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]).
    [Show full text]
  • Naturally Occurring and Process-Induced Trans Fatty Acids and Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Butter
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(21), pp. 3333-3340, 22 May, 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB12.307 ISSN 1684-5315 ©2013 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Effect of heat processing on the profiles of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in butter oil Madiha Dhibi*, Amira Mnari, Faten Brahmi, Beligh Mechri, Imed Cheraeif, Noureddine Gazzah and Mohamed Hammami Laboratory of Biochemistry, UR03/ES08 “Human Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders” Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Tunisia. Accepted 26 October, 2012 Sman or traditional butter oil (TBO) is known to be rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA). Meanwhile, published information about trans fatty acids (TFAs) content in TBO remains unexplored. Therefore, a comparison of the fatty acid (FA) composition of traditional butter (TB) and (TBO) with emphasis on geometric and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers was undertaken. Both TB and TBO accounted for a high level of SFA with significant high content in TBO (p < 0.05). Total TFAs in TBO were more than twice the content in TB (8.23% vs. 3.85%, respectively, p < 0.01). An increase by 1.81 and 2.9 times was observed for trans monounsaturated FAs and trans polyunsaturated FAs in TBO compared to TB, respectively. Vaccenic acid (VA), the predominant TFA in both TB and TBO, was increased by 100% in TBO (p < 0.001). Trans-linoleic acid isomers were 1.84-fold higher in TBO than in TB. The contribution that CLA made to the total FA was increased by 1.48-fold for TBO.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Palatability of Dietary Fatty Acids Correlates with the Intracellular Calcium Ion Levels Induced by the Fatty Acids in GPR120-Expressing Cells
    Biomedical Research (Tokyo) 35 (6) 357-367, 2014 Behavioral palatability of dietary fatty acids correlates with the intracellular calcium ion levels induced by the fatty acids in GPR120-expressing cells Shin-ichi ADACHI, Ai EGUCHI, Kazuhiro SAKAMOTO, Hiroki ASANO, Yasuko MANABE, Shigenobu MATSUMURA, Satoshi TSUZUKI, Kazuo INOUE, and Tohru FUSHIKI Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (Received 29 August 2014; and accepted 10 September 2014) ABSTRACT We recently reported that G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) is expressed on taste buds, and that rodents showed preference for long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) at a low concentration. We also showed that the LCFA (1% linoleic acid) increased the extracellular dopamine (DA) level in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which participates in reward behavior. However, the mechanism underlying the involvement of the GPR120-agonistic activity of LCFA in the palatability of di- etary fat remains elusive. Therefore, we examined the association between the GPR120-agonistic activity and palatability of LCFA. First, we measured Ca2+ signaling in HEK293 cells stably ex- pressing GPR120 under stimulation by various LCFAs. We then assessed the palatability of the various LCFAs by testing the licking behavior in mice and measured the changes in the NAc-DA level by in vivo microdialysis. Consequently, 14- to 22-carbon unsaturated LCFAs showed strong GPR120-agonistic activity. Additionally, mice displayed high licking response to unsaturated 16- and 18-carbon LCFAs, and unsaturated 18-carbon LCFA significantly increased the DA level. The licking rate and the LCFA-dependent increase in DA level also correlated well with the GPR120- agonistic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • High Information Content Technologies in Support of Read-Across in Chemical Risk Assessment
    High information content technologies in support of read-across in chemical risk assessment Technical Report No. 109 Brussels, December 2010 ISSN-0773-8072-109 (print) ISSN-2079-1526-109 (online) High information content technologies in support of read-across in chemical risk assessment ECETOC TECHNICAL REPORT No. 109 © Copyright – ECETOC AISBL European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals 4 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse (Bte 6), B-1160 Brussels, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Applications to reproduce, store, copy or translate should be made to the Secretary General. ECETOC welcomes such applications. Reference to the document, its title and summary may be copied or abstracted in data retrieval systems without subsequent reference. The content of this document has been prepared and reviewed by experts on behalf of ECETOC with all possible care and from the available scientific information. It is provided for information only. ECETOC cannot accept any responsibility or liability and does not provide a warranty for any use or interpretation of the material contained in the publication. ECETOC TR No. 109 High information content technologies in support of read-across in chemical risk assessment High information content technologies in support of read-across in chemical risk assessment CONTENTS SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 Terms of reference 3 2. READ-ACROSS APPROACHES 5 3. DEVELOPING AND TESTING HYPOTHESES BASED ON ANALOGUE SEARCHES 6 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolomic Characterizations of Liver Injury Caused by Acute Arsenic Toxicity in Zebrafish
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Metabolomic Characterizations of Liver Injury Caused by Acute Arsenic Toxicity in Zebrafish Caixia Li1, Ping Li1, Yee Min Tan3, Siew Hong Lam1,2, Eric C. Y. Chan3, Zhiyuan Gong1,2* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, 2 NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, 3 Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore * [email protected] Abstract Arsenic is one of the most common metalloid contaminants in groundwater and it has both acute and chronic toxicity affecting multiple organs. Details of the mechanism of arsenic tox- icity are still lacking and profile studies at metabolic level are very limited. Using gas chro- OPEN ACCESS matography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), we first generated metabolomic Citation: Li C, Li P, Tan YM, Lam SH, Chan ECY, profiles from the livers of arsenic-treated zebrafish and identified 34 significantly altered Gong Z (2016) Metabolomic Characterizations of metabolite peaks as potential markers, including four prominent ones: cholic acid, glycylgly- Liver Injury Caused by Acute Arsenic Toxicity in cine, glycine and hypotaurine. Combined results from GC/MS, histological examination and Zebrafish. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151225. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0151225 pathway analyses suggested a series of alterations, including apoptosis, glycogenolysis, changes in amino acid metabolism and fatty acid composition, accumulation of bile acids Editor: Zhan Yin, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA and fats, and disturbance in glycolysis related energy metabolism. The alterations in glycol- ysis partially resemble Warburg effect commonly observed in many cancer cells. However, Received: October 19, 2015 cellular damages were not reflected in two conventional liver function tests performed, Bili- Accepted: February 23, 2016 rubin assay and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) assay, probably because the short arse- Published: March 11, 2016 nate exposure was insufficient to induce detectable damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Protocol Laboratory Procedure Manual
    TRANS FATTY ACIDS IN HUMAN SERUM OR PLASMA Page 1 of 49 LABORATORY PROTOCOL LABORATORY PROCEDURE MANUAL Analytes: Fatty Acids Matrix: Plasma and Serum Method: Analysis of trans fatty acids in plasma and serum by GC-NCI-MS Analytes: trans-Vaccenic acid C18:1n-7t Elaidic acid C18:1n-9t Palmitelaidic acid C16:1n-7t Linoelaidic acid C18:2n-6t,9t Myristic acid C14:0 Myristoleic acid C14:1n-5c Palmitic acid C16:0 Palmitoleic acid C16:1n-7c Stearic acid C18:0 Oleic acid C18:1n-9c cis-Vaccenic acid C18:1n-7c Linoleic acid C18:2n-6c,9c y-Linolenic acid C18:3n-6c, 9c,12c a-Linolenic acid C18:3n-3c,6c,9c Arachidic acid C20:0 Gondoic acid C20:1n-9c Eicosadienoic acid C20:2n-6c,9c Dihomo-y-Linolenic acid C20:3n-6c,9c,12c Behenic acid C22:0 Arachidonic acid C20:4n-6c,9c,12c,15c Eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5n-3c,6c,9c,12c,15c Lignoceric acid C24:0 Docosatetraenoic acid C22:4n-6c,9c,12c,15c Nervonic acid C24:1n-9c Docosapentaenoic acid 6 C22:5n-6c,9c,12c,15c,18c Docosapentaenoic acid 3 C22:5n-3c,6c,9c,12c,15c Docosahexaenoic acid C22:6n-3c,6c,9c,12c,15c,18c Matrix: Plasma and Serum Method: Analysis of trans fatty acids in plasma and serum by GC-NCI-MS TRANS FATTY ACIDS IN HUMAN SERUM OR PLASMA Page 2 of 49 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 1 Summary of Test Principle and Clinical Relevance 4 1.1 Clinical and Public HealtH Relevance 4 1.2 Test Principle 5 1.3 Scope 6 2 Safety Precautions 6 2.1 General Safety 6 2.2 Chemical Hazards 7 2.3 MecHanical Hazards 8 2.4 Waste Disposal 8 2.5 Training 8 3 Computerization AND Data-System Management 9 3.1 Software and Knowledge Requirements 9 3.2 Sample Information 9 3.3 Data Maintenance 9 3.4 Information Security 9 4 Procedure for Collecting, Storing, And Handling Specimens; Criteria For Specimen Rejection 10 4.1 General Specimen Requirements 10 4.2 Specimen Storage 10 4.3 Unacceptable Specimens 10 5 Preparation For Reagents, Calibration Materials, Control Materials, And All OtHer Materials; Equipment And Instrumentation.
    [Show full text]