PRĄDNIK PRACEIMATERIAŁYMUZEUMIM.PROF.WŁADYSŁAWASZAFERA Prądnik.PraceMuz.Szafera 15 7–138 2005

JÓZEFPARTYKA

OjcowskiParkNarodowy 32–047Ojców

ZMIANYWUŻYTKOWANIUZIEMI NAOBSZARZEOJCOWSKIEGOP ARKUNARODOWEGO WCIĄGUXIXIXXWIEKU ChangesinLandUseinOjcówNationalParkArea Duringthe19thand20thCenturies

ABSTRACT.TheauthordealswiththelandusechangesintheareaoftheOjcówNationalPark (OPN)duringlasttwocenturies,withthestresstothe1956–1996period,whenthediscussedareawas underthelegalprotection.Thosechangeswereanalysedbysomecategoriesofthelanduse,thoseof forest,agriculturallands,watersandthetechnicaluses(buildings,roads,etc.).Trendsandperiodisation ofthosechangesweredefinedandthevaluationoffactorsshapingthelandusetransformationandits scale,too. KEYWORDS:landuse,theOjcówNationalPark,activeprotection,nationalparkprotection.

SUMMARY TheobjectoftheinvestigationwastheOjcówNationalPark(OPN)covering1890haand establishedin1956.TheauthoranalyseschangesofthelandusewithintheOPNareaduring thebicentennialperiod,valuatesagentsofthosechangesanddrawsconclusionsconcerning thefurtherprotectionofthisarea.FirsthepresentsshortlythenatureofthePark,nexttheland usechangefactors–natural,politicalandsocioeconomicones. Inthispapervariousmaps,madeinthe19thand20thc.,wereused,andtheiconographic materialsfromthesameperiod,bothshowingthescopeofparticularuses.Themostvaluable sourcefortheeveofthe19thc.ismilitarycartographicplaneoftheWesternGalicia,madeinthe 1801–1804periodundertheguidanceofA.vonHeldensfeld,inthe1:28800scale.Moreover, usingtheaerialphotographsfrom1957,1982and1994,theauthoranalysedthebasiclanduse trendsduringthe40yearsoftheOPNexistence. Forestcoversactuality71.4%oftheOPNarea.Intheeveofthe10thc.theirshareamounted nearly80%,intheturnofthe19thand20thc.–over58%,andduringthe1919–39period–some 54%.Overlast30yearstheconsiderablereductionoftheforestwiththepreponderanceof coniferoustreesoccured–fromsome80%to58.2%,whilethestandsofthedecidousones weredoubled.ThosedatareferonlytotheareaoftheStateownedforestoftheOPN,but reflectthetrendobservedinthewholePark. 8 JózefPartyka

Theforestistheessentiallanduseformofthisarea.Itsshareincreasesbothduetothe silvicultureandthenaturalsuccession.Toobtaintheareaofforestfromtheeveofthepast centuryagain,isnecessarytheafforestationofsome150ha.Takingintoconsiderationthe actualrateofthisprocessinopenspaces(1.7hayearlyinaverage)andthatofthenatural succession,thereturntothepreviouslevelwillneedsome40–50years.Theforestwouldcover finallyallarablelands,especiallyontheOPNuplandzonesandtheconsiderablepartofthe permanentgrasslands,onwhichthetreesenterspontaneously. Arablelandscovernowadays175ha,i.e.9.3%ofthetotalOPNarea.Therearemainlyinits uplandpartand–partially–inthebottomofthePrądnikValley;thetinyplotsofthoseare situatedalsointheSąspowskaValley. Thehighestshare,amounting19.7%oftheOPNtotalarea,coveredthearablelandsinthe prewarperiod.Justafterthe2ndWorldWarandduringthefirstyearsoftheParkexistence, theirsharefellto18%.Sincethe70stheywerereducedinthefavouroftheforest,andthe permanentgrasslands. Permanentgrasslandsareaincreasedsincethemid19thc.totheprewarperiod.Intheeve oftheinvestigatedperiodtheycovered8%ofthetotalOPNarea,andabout1930–18%. Basidethefreshmeadowssituatedonthevalleybottoms,therealsothepasturesonthe deforestedslopesanduplands.Inthepostwarperiodtheirsharewasreducedduetothe afforestation.In1994itamounted11.9%andwasgrowing,becausethearablelandsstopped tobefarmed. Watersofstreamsandspringsweretakenforconsumptionandhealingpurposesinthe19th c.Tothe50softhe20thc.therewere15millstreamsofthetotallenghtofsome6km.Inthe post–warperiod5ofthosedisappeared(1.5km).Oftheexisting10,thatintheSąspowskais oneofthosekeptinrepair.ItsupplieswithwaterthetroutfarmpondsatOjców.Theseponds (11intotal)arealsoatypicalelementoftheOPNlandscape. Settlement.Thereisonlyonevillage,allsituatedwithintheOPNarea–thatofOjców , cinsistedof64houses,ofwhich10areabandoned.Moreover,thereweresinglehouses,being thepartsofothervillages.ThecompactsettlementisobservedonlyinthecentreofOjców, southwardoftheruinsoftheOjcówCastletothemouthoftheSąspowskaValley,i.e.along1 km.Outofthisareathesettlementisdispersed. Transport.BeforethetransitroadinthePrądnikValleybottomwasbuilt,therewereonly thelocal,soil–surfacedroads.ActuallytheroadnetworkwithintheOPNareais49.5kmlong, i.e.0.4km/km2.Thehardsurfacedpublicroadsare25.2kmlong,inthattheroadswithbitumi nouspavement–18km.Thesearethenational,voivodeshipandcommunityroads. IntheperiodofthelandusechangeswithintheOPNareaonecandistinguishsome characteristicsubperiods: –1800–1864 –1865–1920 –1921–55,withtwostages,thoseof1921–45and1946–55 –1956–96,withtwostages,thoseof1956–89and1989–96. The1800–64period,sincethepartitionoftotheJanuaryUprisingwasthatofthe extensiveuseofthediscussedarea,thustheman’sinfluenceonthenaturalenvironmentwas small.InthewesternsectoroftheOPNbeganthecuttingoftheoakandpineforests.Intheeve ofthe19thc.thetouristpenetrationoftheanalysedareawasinitiated,accordingtotheall Europeantrendofgrowinginteresttothenatureandhistory. The1865–1920period,afterthechangesoftheOjcówestateowners,wasthatofthe spoliatoryexploatationoftheforests.Thestandswerecutinmasses,thustheshareofthe arablelandsintheuplandzoneandapperedagriculturalenclaveswithintheforests.Onthe slopessheepandgoatsweregrazed.Intheturnofthe19thand20thc.theshareofforestfellto ZmianywużytkowaniuzieminaobszarzeOPNwciąguXIXiXXw. 9

58.2%,whiletahtoftheareablelandincreasedto35.8%.Intheandofthe19thc.Ojcówhealth resortdevelopedconsiderably.Thiswasasymptomofideasconcerningthenatureprotection inthisperiod–thespaprotectedfullythenaturewithinitsarea. The1921–56period.In1924theconcept(notrealized)ofthereservesinthevallesof PrądnikandSąspowskawaselaborated.Thehardwinterof1928/29madeconsiderableharms intheOjcówforests,inthespruceonesespecially.Intheturnofthe20sand30stheforests covered53.7%ofthetotalOPNarea,andtheagriculturallands(thedeforestedzonesin cluded)–37.7%.Thelatteroneswereafforestedwithpine,formingunispecificstands. Afterthe2 ndWorldWar,overthe1946–55years,theaf forestationwascontinued.The localfarmersusedintensivelytheirarablelandsandmeadowsinthevalleys,grazedtheir animalsonthedeforestedslopes. Duetothechangeofthesociopoliticalsystem,numberoftouristsgrewabruptly .The structureandformsofthetouristtrafficshowedthedisadvantageousevolution. The1956–96period.Thechangesoffunctionofthediscussedareawerethenconnected withthecreationoftheOjcówNationalParkin1956.In1957theforestcovered61.7%ofits area,theagriculturallands:28.6%,duetothecontinuousafforestation.Thefarmerlandswere boughtandafforested,thesuccessionoftreesandshrubsreducedtheareaofgrassandrock biocenoses,whichspeciescompositionbecamepoorer.Thelimitinganddeclineofthetradi tionalfarmingacceleratedexpansionoftreesandshrubsonthepermanentgrasslandsandon thearablelands. Beganalsothenegativeinfluenceoftheindustrialplantssituatedinthevinicityofthe OPN.Sincethe60s.theconsiderablelosseswerenotedintheforeststands,especiallyinthose situatedontheupland.Thedecayoftheconiferousspecieswasaccompaniedbytheexpan sionofthedeciduousones,especiallythebeechstandsandTilioCarpinetumforests. ThedevelopmentofthesettlementinthevinicityoftheOPN(mostlyinthecityofSkała) influencednegativelythequalityofthePrądnikwater.ThezincandleadminingintheOlkusz regionloweredtheundergroundwatertable,thusthecapacityofspringsdecreased.The politicaltransitionofPolandafter1989wasalsoreflectedinthePark.Thenumberof cars arrivingtotheOPNgrewconsiderably.ThePrądnikValleybecamecrowded,thecarsoccupy roadshouldersandotherunallowedplaces,theairismorepollutedbycombustiongas. Summinguphisconsiderations,theauthorcorroboratesthat: –thelandusechangesintheareaoftheOjcówNationalParkandtheirdynamicsoverthe researchedperiodarestronglyconnectedwiththeirnatural,politicalandsocioeconomic background, –theywerestronglyinfluencedbysociopoliticalphenomenaobservedinthe1sthalfofthe19th c.,i.e.theprotectionandthesignificanceofthisareaforthenationdeprivedofitsState, –theindustrielrevolutionandchangesoftheOjcówestateownersduringthe2ndhalfof thepastcenturymadetheconsiderableharmsintheOPNnature.Responsewasthecounter action,whichcouldguaranteetheprotectionofthenatureandthelandscapeofthearea. Thus,thiswasthecrucialperiod,afterwhichthenaturalvalueofthePrądnikValleywassafe. Thelandscapevarietyofthisareawasthenappreciated,andaftersomedecadesitbegantobe protectedlegally, –the1919–39periodwasthatofthebalance,butwasalsothepreparatoryoneforthenext stageofstrugglefortheOjcównatureprotection, –inthepostwarperiodtheconsiderabledisturbed,itwasdifficulttoprotectthelandscape andthebuildingsofthehistoricalvalue–but,ontheotherhand,thelegalprotectionwas introduced,sanctionedbytheNationalParkestablishing. TranslatedbyZ.Górka PRĄDNIK PRACEIMATERIAŁYMUZEUMIM.PROF.WŁADYSŁAWASZAFERA Prądnik.PraceMuz.Szafera 15 139–160 2005

JERZYDZIEWOLSKI

ul.Krzemionki22m.4 30–525Kraków

ZMIANYSKŁADUGA TUNKOWEGOIZASOBNOŚCI DRZEWOSTANÓW WOJCOWSKIMP ARKUNARODOWYM ChangesofSpeciesStructureandForestStandCapacity intheOjcówNationalPark

ABSTRACT. Theauthordealswiththeregenerationofforest,whichbeforetheOjcówNational Parkestablishingwasworkedoutanditsspeciesstructurechanged.Duringtheperiodofnearly70years theshareconiferousspeciesfellat32%atthefavourofthedeciduousones,andthetotalcapacitygrew at138%.Overthe30yearperiodwithinthestrictprotectionzonethepercentageofconiferoustrees decreasedat20.6%,andthecapacityincreasedat102%,whiletherespectivedataforthepartial protectionzonedo14.7%and90%.

KEYWORDS:TheOjcówNationalPark,speciesstructureoftheforeststands,capacityoftheforest stands,trendsanddynamicsofchanges.

SUMMARY

TheOjcówNationalPark(OPN)wasestablishedintheforestarea.whichwasintensively cutinthepast,andthen,duetothemanmadeafforestation,changedthenaturalspecies structureofitsforeststands.Resultsofforestinventory,madeinordertoelaborateforestry plans,lettheauthortovaluatetrendsinevolutionofthespeciesstructureandthestand capacity,occuringmostlyduetothenaturalregenerationoftheforest. Todefinetrendsandvolumeofthosechanges,theauthorusedthedatafromthefirst inventory,thatfrom1923/24,nextthosefrom1962,aftertheOPNcreation–andthosefrom 1992.ForthepartoftheOPNitwaspossiblethentofindthedynamicsofchangesoccurred during70years,andforthemostofitsarea–toshoweffectsofstrictandpartialprotection, realizedoverthe30yearperiod. 140 Jerzy Dziewolski

In1923/24ontheareaofnearly530haoftheformerOjcówdistrict,actuallyallwithinthe OPNlimits,dominatedtheconiferousspecies,withtheiraverageshareamounting92.54%, composedofthoseoffir(57.08%),pine(18.48),spruce(10.95%)andlarch(5.95%).Ofthe shareofthedeciduoustrees(7.50%only),6.43%felltobeech,and1,07%–toadmixturesof hornbeam,oak,birchandaldertree.Theforestcapacitywasestimatedat154.89m3/ha. To1962theshareoftheconiferoustreesinthediscussedareafellatthefavourofthe deciduousonesat14.48%,andthetotalcapacitygrewat48%.Inthe1962–92periodthe furtherdecreaseoftheconiferousspecies–at17.58%–wasobserved,whilethecapacity increasedat61.18%(Table4).Overthewhole1924–92periodtheshareoftheconiferous treesfeelat32%,andthestandcapacitygrewatover138%. Inthestrictprotectionzonestheshareoftheconiferoustreesamountedin196237.42% andto1992wasreducedatthefavourofthedeciduousonesat16.82%(T able12).The foreststandcapacitygrewfrom192.08m 3/hato387.50m 3/ha–atnearly102%.Similar , althoughalightlysmallerchangeswereobservedinthe30yearperiodinthezonesofthe partialprotection(Table13),inwhichtheforeststandcapacityincreasedatover90%,to 359.05%m3/hain1992. ThedescribedchangesoftheforeststandsintheOjcówNationalParkarethegood exampleoftheregenerationprocessofthedeformedforestbiocenosesandtherationalef fectofthenatureprotection,realizedinthenaturalreserves. Translated by Z.Górka PRĄDNIK PRACEIMATERIAŁYMUZEUMIM.PROF.WŁADYSŁAWASZAFERA Prądnik.PraceMuz.Szafera 15 161–190 2005

ANDRZEJKONIAS

InstytutGeografiiPomorskiejAkademiiPedagogicznej ul.Partyzantów27,76–200Słupsk

OJCOWSKI PARK NARODOWY I JEGO OTULINA NA MAPACH OD DRUGIEJ POŁOWY XVIII r. DO 1960 r.* The Ojców National Park and its Covering on Maps Since the 2nd Half of the 18th c. to 1960

ABSTRACT. TheareaoftheOjcówNationalParkwithitscoveringhasbeenpresentedonPolish, Austrian,RussianandPrussiantopographicmapssincethe2ndhalfofthe18th c.Theconsiderable historicalvalueisthatofmapsbasedondirectmilitarytopographicplanes,becauseduetothemis possibleavaluationofthegeographicalenvironmentdifferentiationanditsevolution. KEY WORDS:historyofcatrography,theOjcówNationalPark.

SUMMARY

TheauthorshowsretrospectivelytheareaoftheOjcówNationalPark(OPN)withits coveringonthegeneralanddetailedmaps,thePolish,Austrian,RussianandPrussianones. Thepaperisconsistedofnextandtheillustrativegraphicpart.Thetextisadescription ofmapsusedbytheauthor,chronologicallyordered,withtheircataloguedataandcontent elements.Inthesecondparttherearefragments(orsheets)ofreproducedmapsinoriginal scales,referringtotheOPNarea,withexplanationofsymbolsandoriginal(partially)title pagesofthosemaps. Thecartographicimageofthediscussedareaappearedformerlyonthe”Mapofthe CracowVoivodship”byPerthées(1787).AfterthethirdpartitionofPolandandtheannexa tionofthediscussedareabyAustria,themilitaryplaneby.A.Heldensfeldandfirstddetailed maps(1:28800)weremade.Politicalchangesin1815andestablishingod”PolishKing dom”(controlledbyRussia)wasthenextstageoftopographicmapdevelopment,inwhich importantwere”LogisticMapofArmedForces”(1839),”WarTopographicMapofRussia” and”NewTopographicMapofWesternRussia”,madeinthesecondhalfofthe19thc.Before theoutburstofthe1stWorldWar,PrussiaandAustriamadealsoaseriesoftopographicmaps ofPolishlands,ofwhichthemostvaluableare”MapofWesternRussia”and”SpecialMap”. InPolandafter1919theMilitaryGeographicalInstitutemadenewtopographicmaps,i.e. ”DetailedMap1:25000”and”TacticMap1:100000”.InthepostwarperiodtheOPNareawas shownonadministrativeandtouristmaps. AlldiscussedmapsletvaluatethechangesofthegeographicalenvironmentoftheOjców NationalParkareaoverbicentennialperiod. Translated by Z.Górka PRĄDNIK PRACEIMATERIAŁYMUZEUMIM.PROF.WŁADYSŁAWASZAFERA Prądnik.PraceMuz.Szafera 15 191–214 2005

ANDRZEJKONIAS

InstytutGeografiiPomorskiejAkademiiPedagogicznej ul.Partyzantów27,76–200Słupsk

OBSZARZAPOWIEDNIKAMIODOBORY(UKRAINA) NAMAPACHODDRUGIEJPOŁOWYXVIIIw. DODRUGIEJWOJNYŚWIATOWEJ*

AreaofMedoboryNatureReserve(Ukraine) onMapsSincethe2ndHalfofthe18thc.tothe2ndWorldWar

ABSTRACT.TheareaofthepresentMedoboryNatureReserve(Ukraine)waspresentedonPolish, AustrianandRussiantopographicmapsincethe2nd ofthe18thc.Fortheknowledgeontopographyofthis areathemostimportantaretheAustrianmilitarytopographicplanesfromthesecondhalfofthe18thc.and thosefromthe19thc.andthosefromthe19thc.–andPolishmilitarymaps,elaboratedinthe30s. KEYWORDS:historyofcartography,theMedoboryNatureReserve(Ukraine). PelikanG.1884.Die Forstschritte der Landesaufnahme der österr.-ungar. Monarchie in den letzten 200 Jahren.Mitt.d.Milit.Geograph.Instituts2:176–183. RegeleO.1955.Beiträge zur Geschichte der staatl. Landes-Aufnahme und Kartographie in Österreich zum J. 1918. Wien.ss.86. RoskiewiczJ.1873.Zur Geschichte der Kartographie in Oesterreich. Mitt.de.Geograph. Ges.Wien.ss.248–263i289–298. SzaflarskiJ.1965.Zarys kartografii. Warszawa.PPWK.ss.699. SzaflarskiJ.1972.Poznanie Tatr. Warszawa.Wyd.SportiTurystyka,ss.619.

SUMMARY

Theauthorpresents,fromthehistoricalpointofview ,thecartographicimageofthe MedoboryNatureReserveonoldgeneralandtopographicmaps,madebyPolish,Austrian andRussiancartographers. Thenextsectionofthepaperisthechronologicdescriptionofmaps,withtheircatalogue dataandthecontentelements.Inthesecondparttherearefragmentsorsheetsofblackand whiteorcolouredmapsinoriginalscales,referringtotheMedoboryReservearea,with explanationofsymbolsandsomeoriginaltitlepagesofthosemaps. Oneoftheimportantmapsofthediscussedareais”MapodPolandbyZannoni Jabłonowski”from1772.Afterthe1stpartitionofPolandandtheannexationofthediscussed areabyAustralia,intheperiodbetweentheendofthe18thc.andthatofthe19thc.three militarytopographicplaneshadbeenmade,whichwerenextusedintheelaborationand publicationofadministrativeandtopographicmaps.Thesewere”GeneralMap”(1:28800) and”SpecialMap”(1:75000).TheeasternsectoroftheMedoboryReserve,belongingthento Russia,wasshownontheRussiantopographicmap(1:120000). Afterthe1stWSorldWarthisarea,lyinginPoland,waselaboratedbytheMilitaryGeo graphicalInstitute,Warsaw,onthetopographicmaps–”TacticMap”(1:100000)and”Op erationalMap”(1:300000). ThecartographicimageoftheMedoboryReserve,presentedbytheauthoronmaps, showsalsothegeographicalenvironmentofthisareainseveraltimesection,makingpossi bleananalysisofitschanges. Translated by Z.Górka PRĄDNIK PRACEIMATERIAŁYMUZEUMIM.PROF.WŁADYSŁAWASZAFERA Prądnik.PraceMuz.Szafera 15 215–274 2005

CZESŁAWGUZIK InstytutGeografiiiGospodarkiPrzestrzennejUJ 30–387Kraków,ul.Gronostajowa7

PRZEMIANYWSIIROLNICTWA WSĄSIEDZTWIEGÓRSKICHPARKÓWNARODOWYCH NAPRZYKŁADZIEGMINYNOWOTARSKIEJ ChangesoftheCountryandAgricultureNearMountainNationalParks– CommunityofNowyTargExample

ABSTRACT. Theauthorshowsthepostwareconomictransitionofvillages,lyingcloseto mountainnationalparks,duetoindustrialization,abroadmigrationandtourismdevelopment.Thescopeofhis researchcontainsthecommunityofNowyTarg.Thebasicproblemistheagriculturallanduseevolutioninthe periodofchangesfromthetraditionalagriculturetothemodernone.

KEYWORDS:Landusetransformation,agriculture,economicmigration,nationalparks.

SUMMARY

Changesofthecountryandagricultureareoftendealtwithgeographers.Theyusually returntothisthemeduringperiodsoftheradicalchangesofthepoliticalsystemandthe relatedeconomicone.Thisisalsothematterofthediscussionsbetweenthegenerations,led bythose,whosearchtheirrootsinthecountryandwanttoknowtheconditionsofthe developmentofthesocialenvironment,fromwhichtheyoriginate.Theseproblemsarealso consideredbytheself–governmentalbodiesforwhichtheknowledgeofthepastisnecessary inthechoiceorientationofthefurtherdevelopment.Thenewmotivationforthesediscussion istheturnofcenturies(alsothatofthemillennia)–theperiodofsynthesesandvaluations.The deeptransformationofthecountryandagricultureisalsodealtinPolandinthecontextofthe hopedintegrationofherwiththeEuropeanUnion. Toknowthecourseofthetransitionprocess,wemustusethecrediblestatisticaldataand documents,toanalysethepublications–andtoturntothewitnessesofthepast. TheInstituteofGeographyandSpatialEconomy,JagellonianUniversity,hasmadefor manyyearstheinvestigationsintheCarpathians–theseonthegeographical–agricultural problems(i.e.thelanduseevolution)included.Manymasterthesesonthoseproblemswere madebythestudentsguidedbyprofessors.Themostvaluablearethethesesmadebythe studentsintheareasoftheirorigin.Duetothefullknowledgeoflocalconditionsandthe easycontactwiththeinhabitantstheresultsofthoseworksareverycredible. 216 CzesławGuzik

IntheNowyTargcommunitysuchtheinvestigationsweremadebyJ.Leśnickiinthe villageofGronków(1965)andM.Pranicaatvillage(1995).Theformerwork concernedtheproblemsofthecountryandagricultureinthePodhaleregioninthep ost– warindustrialisationeve,thelatteroneshowedtheresultsofthepoliticalandeconomic transition,realisedinPolandintheturnofthe80sand90s. Theauthorofthispapermadehisresearchmoregeneral,consideringtheeconomictransi tionofthewholePodhaleregion,usingasthebaselanduseevolutionintheNowyTargrural community. ThePodhaleBasin,togetherwiththeT atraMts.andthecityofZakopane(theso–called “wintercapital”ofPoland)isthefamousregionofthetourismandrecreation.Thetouristattrac tivenessofthediscussedregionisenhancedbyitssiteclosetoNationalParks,thoseofT atra Mts.,GorceMts.,PieninyMts.,andMt.BabiaGóra.TheNowyT argcommunityliesnearthe GorceNationalPark–asmallpartoftheŁopusznavillageentersintotheParkarea,andthe neighbouringvillages,situatedontheleftbankoftheDunajecRiver,formitsouter,bufferzone. ThedenivelationswithintheNowyT argcommunityvaryfrom525a.s.l.atDębnoto some1310matand(Mt.TurbaczintheGorceMts.). TheNowyTargBasinisseparatedfromMts.GorcebytheDunajecRiver.Manyofthe villages,createdinthepresentcommunityareainthe14th.c.,underthereignofthelast kingsofthePiastdynasty(andevenearlier)stillkeeptheirlongitudinalpattern.Establishing theirvillageinthezonebetweentheplainandthemountains,thepioneerswantedtohavean accesstoforests,coveringtheslopesnearby.ThewoodwasalwaysappreciatedinthePod haleregion.Formerlythesettlementzonesweresituatedinthelowerpartsoftheparticular villages,ononesideoftheDunajec–oronbothitsbanks.Butlater,asthedeforestationof thesouthernslopesoftheGorceMts.wascontinued,thesettlementappeareddeeplyinthe mountains,formingisolatedclustersontheglades. Untilthe50sthePodhaleagricultureshowedmanytraditionalfeaturesandwasnearly theself–sufficientone.Thesuccessivegenerationsofhighlanderskepttheprinciplesofthe workelaboratedbytheirancestors,whohadcomefromlowlands.Inthepastthebasicsector ofagriculturewasthefarmingofthearablelands.Suchtheprinciplewasveryinadequate underthemountainnaturalconditions. ThedominationofthearableorientationinthePodhaleagriculture,typicaltillnow,can beshownontheGronkówvillageexample.Thisvillageliesonthealtitudes600–700m,has thevegetationalperiodshorteratover30daysincomparisonwiththatintheCracowregion, thetemperaturesarelower ,thespringlightfrostslastlongerandtheautumnonesbegin earlier,thustheperiodfreefromthosefrostsisconsiderablyshort.Ifweaddtothisthe greaterquantityoftheprecipitation,thepoorsoilsexposedtotheerosiononthesteepslopes –weshallunderstand,whyonlysomecropscanbeplantedinthisregion.Nevertheless, accordingtothestatisticaldatafromthemid–19th.c.,thearablelandcover84%ofthe Gronkówarea,andthetotalshareoftheagriculturallandsdidnearly95%.Itseemsthatsuch thegreatshareisfullypossible,as2/3ofthisvillagecovertheflatbottomoftheNowyTarg Basin,wheretheslopesinclinedover100arescarce.Butanotherbarrieristhatofclimateand soils.ItmakesimpossibletheagriculturesimilartothatfromtheenvironsofKraków,Miechów orTarnów,keptbytheancestorsoftheactualPodhaleinhabitants. CopyingofthoseinadequatepatternsinthePodhaleregionwasstrange,asinthemoun tainagriculturetheanimalproductionhadalwayspriority.Accordingtohighlanders’opin ion,therespectablefarmerwasthatwhokeptanimals–cattle,sheep,or(therichones)–the horse.Tothenewmarriedusually1–2cowsweregivenbytheirparents.Itwasuneasyto livewithoutanimalsonthepoormountainsoils.Thecropscouldnotbesoldandallthe surpluseshadtobetransformedintotheanimalproducts. Przemianywsiirolnictwawsąsiedztwiegórskichparkównarodowych 217

Accordingtothedatafrom1935,theconsiderableshareoftheagriculturallandswasob servedatGronków(95,1%)andintheremainingvillagesoftheNowyTargcommunity.The shareofthearablelandamountedatGronków87,8%,whilethoseofmeadowsandpastures did5,7%and5,6%respectively.Forestscoveredsome1%only,theotheruses–3,9%. Theholdingswerestillself–sufficient.InNowyTargonlyeggsweresoldinorderto buysugarandsalt.Thiswasthefoodboughtinthecity.Theearnedmoneywasneededfor taxes. Keepingcows,thefarmerfamilyhadthenecessaryquantityofmilk,butterandcheese. Thepartofanimalyieldwasslaughtered,butthebasicfoodwaspotatoes.Whentheyfailed, peoplehungeredbeforethenewharvest.Eachholdingplantedalsotheleguminouscultures –mostlypeaandhorsebean–whichwereresistibleforthelightfrosts.Anotherimportant cropwascabbage,eatenusuallywithpeaorbean. Sheepskinswereusedforfurs,thecattleonesforshoes.Thosealsoweretheproductsof thefamilyholding,likewoolandflax,althoughtheuseofthelatteroneswasverylabour– consuming.Flaxwasprocessedmainlybywomen,whoprepareditsincetheharvestendto thelateautumn,andspinned–inwinter.Oftheclothbedandtablelinenweresewed,also richlydecoratedtable–clothes,napkins–andembroideredregionaldresses.Nearlyall thoseproducts,usedbythehighlanderfamilyandhousehold,weremadeoffflaxlinen. Inmanyholdinggeesewerekept–several,sometimestenormore–inordertoget feathers.Suchtheappreciatedproductwasusedinpillowsandfeather–beds.Thefeather hadthedefinitecommercialvalue–thusitwasanimportantpartofthegirl’sdowerandthe sellofseveralyearsreservecouldcoverthecostofthenewhouse.Evenintheendofthe 40s,accordingtothewitnessesopinion,themoneyobtainedforthecowandthefeathers coveredthecostofthehouse–itisdifficulttotell,ifthefeathersweresoexpensive–orthe buildingofthehousewascheap. Theabovediscussedself–sufficiencyofthehighlanderholdingswasaresultofthepoor demandfortheirproducts.Thereforeitwasnecessary–inordertomaintainthefamily–the labour–consumingprocessingofallwhatwasproducedinthespot,i.e.bytheholding.Itis obvious,thatsimilarweretheproblemsofthefarmersfromthecentralPoland–buttheir scalewassmaller. SuchthemodelofthelandusewaskeptinthePodhaleregionuntilthemid50s.Nextthe economictransformationbegan.Thegrowingdemandforthefoodcausedchangesinthe landuse–thearablelandwaschangedintomeadows,inordertofittheproductiontothe needsoftheanimalone,whichhadpriorityinthisregion.Thefirstwhomadeitwerethe ownersofthegreaterholdings,thenthisprocesswascontinuedbyothers,encouragedby theirneighbourssuccess. Thesodformationisquickinthemountains(Fig.1and2)duetothehighprecipitations. Eventhestubblefieldintwoyearssincethelastharvesthasbecomethemeadow .Ifthe manuringispoorer,therewillbetheconsiderableshareofvaluablegrassspecies. Thegreatestdynamicsofthemeadowareagrowthhasbeenobservedsincethemid50sto mid–60s.Duringthisdecademanyholdingschangeddramaticallytheirorientation.The meadows,whichformerlycoveredonlythewaterlogged,poorpartsoftheholdingsandhad given–withoutfertilizeruse–thelowquantityofthepoorhay–becamethebasicelement ofthelanduse,coveringalsothebettersites.Inthevillagesshowingconsiderabledenivela tion,themeadowsenteredformerlythesteepestslopes,limitingthusthesoilerosion. Havingmoremeadows,theholdingscouldproducemorehay,thustheanimalfeedingwas better.Thevaluablehayandthegreenfodderfromthemeadowsreplacedthedrystraw.Due tomoremilk,theeconomicefficiencyoftheholdingsameliorated.Thegreaterdemandformilk 218 CzesławGuzik encouragedthefarmerstoenlargecownumber.Thereforethemilkbecameoneofthebasic factorofthepost–wartransformationofthePodhalevillages,possibleduetotraditionalland usestructureevolutionsincethemid–50s. Intheendof1994theNowyTargcommunityhad20,247inhabitants–97per1km2.The latterindexisspatiallydifferentiated–from31person/km 2atObidowa,41–atHarklowa and47–atDługopole,to138atWaksmundandeven212atLudźmierz,thevillageneigh bouringtothecityofNowyT arg.Thediscussedcommunity ,althoughthemountainone, showtheconsiderabledemographicaldynamics.Duringlast50years,wheninmanyAlpine areasthepopulationnumberfell,thatofthePodhaleregiongrewat50%.Butinparticular villagesthisincreasewasunequal,accordingtothevillagefunctionandthedistancefrom thecity.ThevillagestheclosesttoNowyTarg–likeLudźmierzandWaksmund–doubled theirpopulation,whileinthesameperiod(1950–94)thegrowthratewasweakerinthe peripheralvillagesandinthosehavingmoredifficultnaturalconditions,likeObidowa,Hark lowa,–andeventhatDębno(Tab.4,Fig.7–9). Amongthebasicfactorsofthepost–wareconomicdevelopmentoftheNowyT arg communityonemustmentiontheabroadmigration,whichtraditionisdatedbacktothemid 19thc.Theagrarianoverpopulationforcedthehighlanderstosearchfortheadditionalin comesource.Theyieldswerelowanduncertain,thefoodlacked–thiswasthepeculiar formofthe“GalicianPoverty”. Butitisdifficulttotell,whethertheemigrantswerethepeoplemorehelpful,courageous andenterprisingthantheothers–orwereforcedtoemigrationbythepooreconomicsitua tion.Accordingnumerousspecialists,themostenterprisingpeoplelefttheircountry.They hopedtolivebettersomewhereelse. Theresultsofthe1993–95investigationsshowthattheroleofagriculture inthedis cussedcommunityisreducedconsiderably.If20–30yearsagotheshareofagriculturein thetotalincomeoftheruralpopulationprevailedthoseoftheremainingsectors,actuallyit isbelow1/3,andevenlessatWaksmund,Ostrowsko,Łopuszna,KlikuszowaandLudźmi erz.Inthelatterlocalitiesprevailthesmallholdings,thustheiroutputissmallandthelow leveloftheincomefromtheagriculturemadethepopulationtolookforotheropportunities toearnmoney. Accordingtostatisticaldata,correctedbytheresultsoftheauthor ’squestionnairere search,thegreatestholdingsareintheNowyTargBasin,inthevillagesofGronków,Długopole andNowaBiała.Thosevillages(e speciallythefirsttwo)aretheemigrationvillages,for whichtypicalaretheholdingsof5–10hasize,althoughtherearesomeover10ha,forming the10%shareofthetotalnumber(inthewholecommunitytheirshareamountedseveral %).Itisnecessarytoexplainthatthemeansizewascalculated,dividingthetotalareaofthe registeredagriculturallandbythenumberofholdingsreallymanagedholdings.Theemi grantsdonotcultivatetheirland–theyleaseditorlenttofamilymembers,ortoneighbours. Thesamesolutionchosethosewhoarepresentinthevillage,but–fromvariousreasons– ceasedtheiragriculturalwork.Boththecasescanbetreatedastheliquidationoftheholding, andtheuseoftheabandonedlandbyotherfarmersisthespecialformofthelandconcentra tion(Tab.7,Fig.12). ThemechanisationlevelintheparticularvillagesoftheNowyTargcommunityisvery differentiated.Themodernmachineryisexpensive,thusthepurchasingofitisefficientonly forthegreatholding,especiallyinthose,wheretheman–powerlacks.Buttheuseofma chinesinthemountains(especiallytheheavyones)islimitedbythereliefandthedimen sionsandqualityofthefieldroads. Thereforethemechanisationisthemostadvancedinthevillages,wheretheholdingsare great,thenaturalconditionsproper–andthefundssufficient–i.e.atDługopoleandGronków, thetraditionalmigratoryvillages,whichpopulationisbackedbytheinflowoftheUSdol lars.ThesimilarmechanisationlevelisobservedatNowaBiałaand. Przemianywsiirolnictwawsąsiedztwiegórskichparkównarodowych 219

Inthepostwarperiodtheyieldsgrewconsiderably.Ifinthe60sthoseofhaywereslightly over40q/ha(oscillatingat20–30%,accordingtothesoilandweather),actuallythoseyields amount50–80q/ha.Thustheproductivityoflandandfarmerwasdoubled. Thisproductivityshouldbemeasuredmainlybythatofpermanentgrasslands.Thehay yields,estimatedat60q/hainaverage,considerablyrecompensethepooryieldsofcereals. Itisworthtoadd,thatinthecommunitiesneighbouringthecityofCracowthediscussed yieldsscarcelyexceed50q/ha.Themountainhayismuchmorevaluableasthefodder–if driedproperly,itcankeepmore(evenat1/3)thenutritivecomponents. Grazingofthesheeponthemountainmeadows–sopopularinthepast–actuallylostits economicsignificance.Ifbackedfinancially,thisformofagriculturecanstayinthemoun tains,astheelementoffolkcultureimportantfortouristfunctionoftheregion. IntheNowyTargcommunitytherearethreeorientationsoftheagriculturalproduc tion–milk,milk–fatteningandthemixedones(Tab.9,Fig.14).Thebasicbranchisdair ying,asat12villagesmilkgives65–90%ofthetotalproductionvalue.Thisbranchisalso crucialforthemarketproduction.Thecattlemilk–fatteningorientationistheproductionin whichthevaluesofboththebranchesaresimilar.Themixedorientationshowsthesimilar sharesofsomebranches,withsmallsurplusessold. Thedairyingdominatesintheeasternpartofdiscussedcommunity(atGronków , NowaBiała,Krempachy ,Waksmund,Ostrowsko,Łopuszna,Harklowa,Szlembarkand Knurów)andatsomevillageslyingwestofNowyTarg(,Pyzówka,Ludźmierz andLasek).Themilk–fatteningorientationisdevelopedatRogoźnik,DługopoleandKlikus zowa,whilethemixedone–at,Dębnoand. Theholdingspecializedinthemilkproductionsellthemilkonthespot(inthefarm yard)orprocessitintocheese.Thecheeseisthetypicalproductofthevillagesalongthe DunajecRiver.Itisproducedbytheownersofthesmallholdings,processingthesmall quantitiesofmilkintothesmokedcheese. Inthepolyfunctionaleconomicstructureofthediscussedvillagesimportantisalso theroleofcraft.ThissectorofthePodhaleeconomyisactuallyinthestageofthedeep transformation.Thetraditionalbranches(i.e.homework)arefalling,replacedbythenew ones,neededbythemoderneconomy. TheNowyTargcommunityhasbeenknownsincemanyyearsasthetouristarea.But theroleofthetourismisdifferentintheparticularvillages–thetouristcentresaremainly ŁopusznaandPyzówka,alsothatofObidowa. ThePodhalecountryshouldkeepitspolyfunctionalcharacter .Buttheproportion betweenthebasicsourcesoftheruralfamiliesincome–thoseofagriculture,craftandtour ism–willbe,nodoubt,differentwithintheNowyTargcommunity. Translated by Z. Górka PRĄDNIK PRACEIMATERIAŁYMUZEUMIM.PROF.WŁADYSŁAWASZAFERA Prądnik.PraceMuz.Szafera 15 275–281 2005

ŁUKASZMOSZKOWICZ

InstytutBotanikiUJ ul.Lubicz46,31–512Kraków

POCHODZENIE I WIEK LASÓW OJCOWSKIEGO PARKU NARODOWEGO Origin and age of woodlands in the Ojców National Park

ABSTRACT:ThispapercontainmapofwoodlandsageintheOjcówNationalPark.Ittakesinto considerationmethodology,purposeofpreparingthismapandashorthistoryofwoodlandsinOjców. KEY WORDS:ancientwoodlands,recentwoodlands,OjcówNationalPark.

SUMMARY

AtpresentinlandscapesofcentralandwesternEuropeancientforestsofnaturaloriginoccur oftenonsmallisolatedareasorincomplexeswithrecentwoodlandsofdifferentorigin.An examplearewoodlandsintheOjcówNationalPark.Resultsofdifferentinvestigationsshowthat ancientforestsareconsiderablyricherinforestherbsspeciesthanrecentwoodlands.Alotofthis thosespeciesareindicatorsofancientforests.Comparativeinvestigationsontherangeof colonizationofrecentwoodlandsandregenerationofforestcommunitiescouldbeledwhen rangesofforestpartsindifferentageareexactlyknown,aswellasitispossibletoqualifytheirs origin.MapofdistributionwoodsofdifferentoriginandageintheOjcówNationalParkwas madeforthisreason.Itisbasedonthehistoricalmapsanddata.Ageofwoodlandisregardedas aperiodofexistingofforestcommunityingivenplace,withoutitstransformationsintoanyform ofagriculturaluse.Onthemap,woodlandsolderthan216yearswereincludedtoancientwoods category.Largepartofthosewoodsaresituateditthestrictreserveanditispossibletosay,that theyareremnantsofnaturalwoodlands.Theyrepresentmainlyassociation:Dentario glandulose- Fagetum.AncientwoodlandssituatednearPieskowaSkałabecamestronglytransformedin resultofforesteconomy.Inspiteofchangestheyarerichinforestherbspeciesandmostly representassociationsTilio-CarpinetumandPino-Quercetum.Recentwoodlandsweredivided intosevenclassesofage. Translated by the author PRĄDNIK PRACEIMATERIAŁYMUZEUMIM.PROF.WŁADYSŁAWASZAFERA Prądnik.PraceMuz.Szafera 15 283–310 2005

ANNAKLASA 1, ANDRZEJPALACZYK 2

1OjcowskiParkNarodowy ,32–047Ojców 2InstytutSystematykiiEwolucjiZwierzątP AN,ul.św .Sebastiana9,31–047Kraków

ZAPISKI DIPTEROLOGICZNE Z OJCOWSKIEGO PARKU NARODOWEGO Dipterological notes from Ojców National Park

Abstract. Thepaperpresentsalistof300speciesbelongingto33familiesofflies( Diptera)from OjcówNationalPark.Thisnumberincludes256speciesreportedfromtheParkforthefirsttimeand 6speciesarenewtothefaunaofPoland: Hercostomus brevicornis(STAEGER,1842)( Dolichopodidae); Agathomyia collini VERRALL,1901and A. vernalis SHATALKIN,1981( Platypezidae);Lyciella subpallidiventrisPAPP,1978 (Lauxaniidae);Cephalops ultimus( BECKER,1900)( Pipunculidae); Amaurosoma minutumBECKER,1894( Scathophagidae). Key words:Diptera,OjcówNationalPark,newrecordsforPoland.

SUMMARY

Theflies( Diptera)areapoorlyknowngroupofinsectsinOjcówNationalPark.The majorityoffamilieshaveneverbeenthesubjectofstudies,despitea150yearlongresearch tradition,aconvenientlocationintheimmediatevicinityofKraców’ sresearchcentreand thecreationofnationalpark.DatacontainingremarksontheDiptera faunaofOjcówNational Parkareveryfragmentaryanddispersed.Inlargepartoftheycomefrom19thcentury(Waga 1857,Sznabl1881)andconcernfew ,gatheredaccidentallyspecies.Dataonmanygroups arecompletelylacking.Theaimofthepresentstudyistopartlyreducethisgap.Thelistof speciesiscompiledonthebasisofthecollectionoffliesgatheredinthecourseofthe investigationofTephritoideaandstoredintheMuseumofOjcówNationalPark. Thepapercontainsdataon300speciesofDipterabelongingto33familiesthatoccurin thePark.Amongthemthereare256speciesreportedfromtheParkforthefirsttimeand6 speciesnewtothefaunaofPoland Hercostomus brevicornis(STAEG.);Agathomyia collini VERRALL;A. vernalis SHAT.;Lyciella subpallidiventrisPAPP;Cephalops ultimus(BECK.); Amaurosoma minutumBECK.). Translated by A. Krukierek PRĄDNIK PRACEIMATERIAŁYMUZEUMIM.PROF.WŁADYSŁAWASZAFERA Prądnik.PraceMuz.Szafera 15 311–338 2005

BOGDANWIŚNIOWSKI

OjcowskiParkNarodowy,32–047Ojców email:[email protected]

ŻĄDŁÓWKIZRODZINTIPHIIDAE, SAPYGIDAE, MUTILLIDAE, POMPILIDAE,EUMENIDAE, VESPIDAE I SPHECIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: ACULEATA)OJCOWSKIEGOPARKU NARODOWEGO.CZ.II.ANALIZAZGRUPOWAŃ Tiphiidae, Sapygidae, Mutillidae, Pompilidae,Eumenidae, Vespidae andSpheci- dae (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)ofOjcówNationalPark. Part2.Analysisofaculeateassemblages

ABSTRACT.The paper presents results of investigations on aculeate assemblages in the main plant communities and biotopes of Ojców National Park (southern Poland). The studies were carried out during 1990–2000 and included: boundary strips and fallows, wooden buildings, beech forest (Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum), ecotones, meadows (Arrhenatheretum medioeuropaeum), pastures (Lolio- Cynosuretum), wet meadows (Cirsietum rivularis), tall herb communities with Urtica dioica, mixed forest (Pino-Quercetum), escarpments and abrupt slopes, mixed deciduous forests (Tilio-Carpinetum) and xerothermic grasslands (Origano-Brachypodietum and Festucetum pallentis). During the studies 191 species from the families Tiphiidae, Sapygidae, Mutillidae, Pompilidae, Eumenidae, Vespidae and Sphecidae (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) were collected in the area (near 50% of species known from Poland). The most diverse aculeate assemblage was found in ecotones, with as many as 119 species. The second rich one inhabited xerothermic grasslands (106 species), and the third was found on wooden buildings (95 species). Beach forests had the least diverse aculeate community with only 21 species. The species composition of each aculeate assemblage in the Park is described and the species are gruoped into five sets: characteristic exclusive, characteristic, distinguishing, accompanying, and accidental species. The similarities between the assemblages were calculated.

KEY WORDS: Tiphiidae, Sapygidae, Mutillidae, Pompilidae, Eumenidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, insect communities, Ojców National Park, Poland

SUMMARY

Investigationsonaculeatecommunitiesinthemainplantcommunitiesandbiotopesof OjcówNationalPark(southernPoland)werecarriedoutduring1990–2000.Thestudies included:boundarystripsandfallows,woodenbuildings,beechforest(Dentario glandulosae- Fagetum),ecotones,meadows( Arrhenatheretum medioeuropaeum),pastures( Lolio- Cynosuretum),wetmeadows( Cirsietum rivularis),tallherbcommunitieswith Urtica dioica, 312 Bogdan Wiśniowski mixedforest(Pino-Quercetum),escarpmentsandabruptslopes,mixeddeciduousforests(Tilio- Carpinetum)andxerothermicgrasslands( Origano-Brachypodietum andFestucetum pallentis). Duringthestudies181speciesfromthefamiliesTiphiidae, Sapygidae, Mutillidae, Pompilidae, Eumenidae, Vespidae andSphecidae (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)werecollectedinthearea(near 50%ofspeciesknownfromPoland). Asfarasspeciesrichnessisconcerned,themostdiverseaculeatecommunitywasfound inecotones,withasmanyas1 19species.Thesecondrichaculeatecommunityinhabited xerothermicgrasslands(106species),andthethirdwasfoundonwoodenbuildings(95 species).Beachforestshadtheleastdiverseaculeatecommunitywithonly21species. Twospecieswerecollectedinallofthestudiedbiotopes:Vespula vulgaris(Vespidae)and Trypoxylon minus (Sphecidae).Otherubiquitousspecies,thatwerecollectedinallbutone biotopes(bothinforestandnonforestones)were: Auplopus carbonarius (Pompilidae), Ancistrocerus gazella,A. nigricornis,A. trifasciatus,Symmorphus debilitatus,S. gracilis(Eumenidae), Dolichovespula saxonica, D. sylvestris,Vespula rufa (Vespidae),Passaloecus singularis, Stigmus pendulus,Crossocerus cetratus, C. congenerandC. quadrimaculatus (Sphecidae).96specieswere collectedinnonforestcommunitiesexclusively,and11outofthemwerefoundinallofthe nonforestbiotopes:Priocnemis fennica,Evagetes crassicornis,Anoplius nigerrimus,A. viaticus (Pompilidae), Dolichovespula media,Polistes biglumis bimaculatus,P. dominulus (Vespidae), Mimumesa unicolor,Oxybelus uniglumis,Entomognathus brevisandCrabro cribrarius (Sphecidae). Thefollowingspecieswererecordedexclusivelyinforestcommunitiesandonwooden buildings:Pemphredon lugubris,P. montana,P. rugifera,Passaloecus eremita,Spilomena curruca, Nitela spinolae,Trypoxylon clavicerum,Ectemnius lituratus andE. ruficornis (Sphecidae). Thehighestnumberofcharacteristicspecieswasfoundinxerothermicgrasslands.12of themwerediscoveredintheParkexclusivelyinthesebiotopes,amongthemmany xerothermophilous:Priocnemis minuta,Arachnospila ausa,Aporus pollux(Pompilidae),Spilomena mocsaryi,S. punctatissima,Ammoplanus marathroicus,A. pragensisandA. perrisi (Sphecidae). Theaculeatecommunityfoundonwoodenbuildingswasalsowelldeveloped,with5spe ciesoccurringexclusivelyinthisbiotope.Themostinterestingspeciestherewere:Discoelius zonalis,Microdynerus timidus (Eumenidae),Passaloecus vandeli,Polemistus abnormis,Trypoxylon kolazyiandRhopalum austriacum(Sphecidae). PRĄDNIK PRACEIMATERIAŁYMUZEUMIM.PROF.WŁADYSŁAWASZAFERA Prądnik.PraceMuz.Szafera 15 339–356 2005

BOGDANWIŚNIOWSKI

OjcowskiParkNarodowy,32–047Ojców email:[email protected]

ŻĄDŁÓWKIZRODZINTIPHIIDAE, SAPYGIDAE, MUTILLIDAE, POMPILIDAE,EUMENIDAE, VESPIDAE I SPHECIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: ACULEATA) OJCOWSKIEGOPARKUNARODOWEGO. CZ.III.WALORYZACJAISTANPOZNANIAWPOLSCE Tiphiidae, Sapygidae, Mutillidae, Pompilidae,Eumenidae, Vespidae andSphecidae (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)ofOjcówNationalPark. Part3.EvaluationandstateofknowledgeinPoland

ABSTRACT.Thepaperpresentsanattempttoelaborateasimpleandef fectivemethodofthreelevel evaluationforthepurposesofnatureprotection.Thefirstlevelofevaluationdealswithaculeatespeciesfrom selectedfamilies( Hymenoptera:Tiphiidae,Sapygidae,Mutillidae,Pompilidae,Eumenidae,Vespidaeand Sphecidae)recordedintheOjcówNationalParkduringtheresearchcarriedoutin1990–2002.Thesecond levelusesthevaluesofeachandeveryaculeatespeciestoevaluatetheplantcommunitiesandbiotopesinthe NationalPark.Thethirdevaluation,againusingthevaluesoftheAculeata,pointsthemostvaluablelocalities inthePark.ThestateofknowledgeofthestudiedaculeatefamiliesinPolandispresented.Thecomparison betweenthefaunaoftheOjcówNationalParkandotherareasinPolandisgiven.

KEYWORDS:Poland, Hymenoptera,Tiphiidae,Sapygidae ,Mutillidae ,Pompilidae, Eumenidae, Vespidae,Sphecidae,OjcówNationalPark,evaluation,natureprotection,stateofknowledge

SUMMARY

Thepaperpresentsanattempttoelaborateasimpleandeffectivemethodofqualityscor ing(evaluation)forthepurposesofnatureprotection.Thefirstevaluationdealswithaculeate speciesfromselectedfamilies( Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae, Sapygidae, Mutillidae,Pompilidae, Eumenidae,Vespidae,andSphecidae)recordedintheOjcówNationalParkduringaresearch carriedoutin19902000. Thecriteriaofevaluationofthespeciesareasfollows: a. numberofrecordsfromPoland(practically–thenumberof10x10kmUTMsquares: fromverycommonwiththescoring‘1’tothespeciesknowninPolandexclusivelyfromthe areaofOjcówNationalParkwiththescoring‘4’), b. zoogeographicalcharacter(fromwidelydistributedwiththescoring‘0’torelicspe cieswiththescoring‘3’), 340 BogdanWiśniowski

c. environmentalrequirements(fromeurytopicspecieswiththescoring‘0’tostenotopic oneswiththescoring‘2’). TakingintoconsiderationtheabovecriteriathemostvaluablespeciesoftheAculeataare: Passaloecus vandeli (with9points),Aporus pollux,Microdynerus exilis,Pemphredon flavistigma, Spilomena mocsaryi,Ammoplanus handlirschi,A. pragensis,A. wesmaeli,Trypoxylon kolazyi,and Rhopalum ausriacum —allofthemreceivedthescore‘8’.Allthespeciesmaybecalled‘the primaryfaunisticvalue’.T othenextgroup,with7pointsbelongthefollowingspecies: Priocnemis fennica,Pseudomicrodynerus parvulus,Passaloecus borealis,Spilomena punctatissima, Crossocerus cinxius,andGorytes fallax.Togetherwiththespecieswhichhavegot‘6’pointsin thescoringtheymaybecalled‘thesecondaryfaunisticvalue’. ThesecondlevelofevaluationdealswithplantcommunitiesandbiotopesintheOjców NationalPark,anditisproposedwiththeuseoftheresultsofthefirstscoring:foreachand everyplantcommunityandbiotopethepointsofallthespeciesrecordedaresummarized. Theresultareasfollows:themostvaluableareecotonebiotopes(withthehighestscoringof 313points),andxerothermicgrasslands(with300points). ThethirdlevelofevaluationdealswiththelocalitiesinthePark:foreachandevery localitythepointsofallthethespeciesrecordedaresummarized.Theresultareasfollows: themostvaluablelocalityisGrodzisko—withxerothermicgrasslandsandthehighestnumber ofAculeata specieswiththehighestnumberofthespecieswhichbelongto‘theprimary faunisticvalue’. ComparisonofthenumberofspeciesknownfromtheParkwithotherregionsinPoland shows,thatits Aculeata isknownquitewell,whatisaresultoftherecentresearch.There werealmost50%ofthespeciesrecordedintheParkoutof389speciesrepresentingthe familiesmentionedaboveinPoland.ThespeciesknowninPolandexclusivelyfromthePark are:Pemphredon mortifera,Passaloecus vandeli,Ammoplanus pagensis,andRhopalum austriacum. PRĄDNIK PRACEIMATERIAŁYMUZEUMIM.PROF.WŁADYSŁAWASZAFERA Prądnik.PraceMuz.Szafera 15 357–365 2005

ROBERTROZWAŁKA

InstytutBiologiiiNaukoZiemiUMCS, ZakładZoologii,ul.Akademicka19,20033Lublin email: [email protected]

MATERIAŁYDOZNAJOMOŚCIP AJĄKÓW(ARANEAE) OJCOWSKIEGOPARKUNARODOWEGO Acontributiontotheknowledgeofspiders( Araneae) oftheOjcówNationalPark

ABSTRACT.Amongthe104speciesofspidersindicatedinthispublication—79ofthemwere notlistedfromtheOjcówNationalPark.Thepresenceofveryrarexerothermophilousspecies,suchas: Pardosa bifasciata, Cheiracanthium montanum, Trachyzelotes pedestris, Xysticus robustussuggests thatthexerothermicenvironmentsofOPNarewellmaintained.Basedonthisinformation,itis necessarytocontinuethecurrentenvironmentalaction.Itisalsonecessarytostartresearchasquickly aspossibleinordertocompletetheknowledgewehaveofspiders (Araneae)whichinhabittheOjców NationalPark.

KEYWORDS:Araneae,OjcówNationalPark,Poland

SUMMARY

MaterialusedinthisresearchhasbeencollectedintheOjcówNationalPark(Southern Poland).Amongthe104speciesofspidersfound—79ofthemhadnotbeenpreviously listedfromtheParkarea.Rarexerothermophilousspeciessuchas: Pardosa bifasciata, Cheiracanthium montanum,Zodarion germanicum,Trachyzelotes pedestris, Xysticus robustus werefound.Findingthesespeciesofspidersinthesmallamountofmaterialavailableto createthispublicationsuggeststhatthexerothermicenvironmentsofOPNarewellmain tained.Itisalsoanindicationthatitisnecessarytocontinuethecurrentenvironmental actiondealingwithprotectingxerothermicenvironments.Itwouldbeagoodideatodomore researchasquicklyaspossibleonspidersthatinhabitOPN,asthecurrentstateofresearch dealingwiththisgroupofinvertebratesisnotsatisfactory.