DOCSLIB.ORG

Wear Behavior Investigations of Journal Bearing of an IC Engine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wear Behavior Investigations of Journal Bearing of an IC Engine [Bhuptani , 2(8): August, 2013] ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY Wear Behavior Investigations of Journal Bearing of an I.C. Engine Small End Connecting Rod for Brass, Gunmetal & Cast Nylon K.M Bhuptani *1 ,DR. J. M. Prajapati 2 *1 PhD Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.J.T. University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India 2 Associate Prof., Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.S.U., Baroda, Gujarat, India [email protected] Abstract In this study the wear behavior of brass, gun metal and Cast Nylon based Bushing bearing in wet conditions at a speed of 900 rpm . The wear test of these bearing was performed in new wear testing machine. The wear test were carried out under different loads like 10N, 20N, 30N and fixed speed of the motor at 900 rpm. The Lubricant used for the test is SAE#) and it is used for all test. The wear characteristics were determined with respect to load, shaft speed and time. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the wear rate of different journal bearings at different loading conditions. The main objective of this experimental study was to checked and compares conventional bearing materials with respect to new bearing material name Cast Nylon. It was found that because of co-efficient of friction, the power loss due to friction was five times in Brass and 2.5 Times in Gun Metal compare to Cast Nylon, comparing at the same speed, load and lubricant. Even density of the Brass and Gun Metal is approximately seven times heavier than the Cast Nylon. Therefore, we can replace conventional bearing made either from the Brass or Gunmetal by the new material name Cast Nylon and improve the performance of the engine bearing by way of reducing power loss and less induced temperature due to lower value of co-efficient of friction. Keywords : Wear rate, Journal bearings, co-efficient of friction, power loss, engine performance, Weight loss. Introduction Friction and wear always occur at machine parts and this relative movement is in one direction or a which run together. This affects the efficiency of successive movement under the effect of the load so that machines negatively. Today, many industrial the pressure on the adjacent projections is big enough to applications use vacuum conditions. Therefore, it became make a load plastic deformation and adhesion. This essential to determine the tribological behavior of the adhesion will be at a high grade of efficiency and machine components running under these conditions. In capability in relative to the clean surfaces, and adhesion this paper, friction and wear behavior of BRONZE and will take place between a number of these projections BRASS alloy which is used commonly in the industry as whose sizes will be bigger and the area will be increased a bearing material. Nowadays, especially with the growth during movement [2]. of the plastics industry and the development of high- Wear resistance is one of the most important strength fibers, vast range combinations of materials are properties that journal bearings should possess. Several available for use in engineering fields. To take the studies and investigations have been made in order to advantages of new material developed, in this paper improve the wear resistance. The researchers investigate attempt is made to offer Cast Nylon 6 as the non metallic friction and wear behavior of materials because of the material in place of conventional material. adverse effect observed in the performance and life of Journal bearing materials are expected to have machinery components. Much of the research reported in several properties such as low friction coefficient, high the literature was carried out under the atmospheric load capacity, high heat conductivity, compatibility, high conditions. However, some tribological behaviors have wear and corrosion resistance. These properties directly been recently investigated under the vacuum conditions. affect the fatigue and wear life of the bearing [1].There Especially, as a result of some new developments in are several theories which were found to explain the aeronautic, space, electronic, material, metallurgy, phenomenon of adhesion wear, and from that the simple chemistry, coating and manufacturing industrial areas adhesion wear theory. The adhesive wear occurs when necessitate the machinery components to be investigated two surfaces are moving relatively one over the other, under the different conditions. Therefore there is great http: // www.ijesrt.com (C) International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology [2177-2186] [Bhuptani , 2(8): August, 2013] ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852 interest among the researcher to estimate to the effect of adhesion wear is affected by pressure and velocity the loads and speeds on the material’s friction and wear concerning load and movement. This p.v. value (load behavior. capacity) is important for wear analysis. If bearings are In the recent years studying the metallurgy used appropriately on p.v. values, wear quantity can be science gave to humanity an ever growing range of decreased [9]. useful alloys. Whilst many of these alloys are put to There are non – metallic materials that do not purposes of destruction, we must not forget that others exist in nature, although they are manufactured from have contributed to the material progress of mankind and natural substances such as oil, coal and clay. They to his domestic comfort. This understanding of the combine good corrosion resistance with ease of materials resources and nature enable the engineers to manufacture by molding to shape and relatively low cost. select the most appropriate materials and to use them Synthetic adhesives are also being used for the joining of with greatest efficiency in minimum quantities whilst metallic. Journal bearing materials are expected to have causing minimum pollution in their extraction, several properties such as low friction coefficient, high refinement and manufacture. In the past few years, wood, load capacity, high heat conductivity, compatibility, high iron and skin have been used as journal bearing wear and corrosion resistance. These properties directly materials. Later, brass, bronze and white metal have also affect the fatigue and wear life [10,11–12]. Wear and found some applications. Currently, in addition to these wear mechanisms depend on a lot of factors at journal bearing materials, aluminum and zinc based materials are bearings. These factors and their effects can be examined used as journal bearing materials. With technological in a tribological system. These factor include base improvements, self-lubricated sintered bearings and friction element, opposite friction element, interim plastic materials are used where continuous lubricating is matter, ecology, loading and movement [13]. Of these impossible. Therefore, it is essential that the bearing wear mechanisms, adhesion wear is affected by pressure material be chosen depending upon area of application. and velocity concerning load and movement. This p.v. Wear resistance is one of the most important properties value (load capacity) is important for wear analysis. If that journal bearings should possess. Copper based bearings are used appropriately on p.v. values, wear materials are widely used as bearing materials because quantity can be decreased [14].Natural cast nylon has the they have high thermal and electrical conductivity, self- ability to operate effectively without the need for lubrication property, good corrosion and wear resistance lubricants and has an increased resistance to wear of over [3].The effect of tin on wear in copper based materials is 5 times that for plain bearings manufactured from non- important. Copper based tin bronzes are used as bearing ferrous metals. As is the case with virtually all nylons it materials to have a high wear resistance [4]. Friction and is easy to machine, pleasant to work with and relatively wear properties of these materials can be improved by light weight - one eighth that of brass - making the adding tin [5] Tin bronze (90% Cu and 10% Sn) is the handling and fitting of large components manufactured most suitable bearing material under corrosive in cast nylon a relatively easy matter.[15] conditions, at high temperatures and high loads. Lead and tin based white metal alloys are used Wear Theories due to their antifriction property as bearing materials. The adhesive wear occurs when two surfaces These alloys are produced by casting and spray are moving relatively one over the other, and this relative deposition method. These casting alloys contain inter movement is in one direction or a successive movement metallic phase. The process variables during spray under the effect of the load so that the pressure on the forming of Babbitt bearing metal alloy strongly influence adjacent projections is big enough to make a load plastic the microstructure and porosity of the spray deposits. deformation and adhesion. This adhesion mechanism is The wear rate of the spray-formed alloy is lower than shown in the FIGURE 1 and will be at a high grade of that of the as-cast alloy. Wear properties of the spray- efficiency and capability in relative to the clean surfaces, formed alloy are attributed to the decreased inter metallic and adhesion will take place between a number of these phases and modification in the microstructure of the projections whose sizes will be bigger and the area will eutectic phases [6]. SnPbCuSb (white metal) alloys
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aluminium Bronze Alloys Corrosion Resistance Guide
    Copper Development Association Archive for Research Purposes Aluminium Bronze Alloys Corrosion Resistance Guide Publication No 80, 1981 Aluminium Bronze Alloys Corrosion Resistance Guide Publication No 80 July 1981 Acknowledgements CDA gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Technology Centre, Wantage, and in particular, Mr H S Campbell, in the preparation of this Guide on behalf of the CDA Aluminium Bronze Committee. Copper Development Association Copper Development Association is a non-trading organisation sponsored by the copper producers and fabricators to encourage the use of copper and copper alloys and to promote their correct and efficient application. Its services, which include the provision of technical advice and information, are available to those interested in the utilisation of copper in all its aspects. The Association also provides a link between research and user industries and maintains close contact with other copper development associations throughout the world. Website: www.cda.org.uk Email: [email protected] Copyright: All information in this document is the copyright of Copper Development Association Disclaimer: Whilst this document has been prepared with care, Copper Development Association can give no warranty regarding the contents and shall not be liable for any direct, indirect or consequential loss arising out of its use Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Soldering and Brazing of Copper and Copper Alloys Contents
    Soldering and brazing of copper and copper alloys Contents 1. Introduction 4 5. Quality assurance 47 2. Material engineering fundamentals 9 6. Case studies 48 2.1. Fundamentals of copper and copper alloys 9 6.1 Hot-air solder levelling of printed circuit boards 48 2.2 Filler materials 10 6.2 Strip tinning 49 2.2.1 Soft solder 11 6.3 Fabricating heat exchangers from copper 49 2.2.2 Brazing filler metals 13 6.4 Manufacture of compact high-performance 2.3 Soldering or brazing pure copper 16 radiators from copper 49 2.4 Soldering / brazing copper alloys 18 2.4.1 Low-alloyed copper alloys 18 7. Terminology 50 2.4.2. High-alloyed copper alloys 22 8. Appendix 51 3. Design suitability for soldering/brazing 26 References 57 4. Soldering and brazing methods 29 Index of figures 58 4.1 The soldering/brazing principle 29 4.2 Surface preparation 30 Index of tables 59 4.3 Surface activation 32 4.3.1 Fluxes 33 4.3.2 Protective atmosphere / Shielding gases 35 4.4 Applying the solder or brazing filler metal 36 4.5. Soldering and brazing techniques 37 4.5.1 Soldering with soldering iron 38 4.5.2 Dip bath soldering or brazing 38 4.5.3 Flame soldering or brazing 40 4.5.4 Furnace soldering or brazing 40 4.5.5 Electric resistance soldering or brazing 43 4.5.6 Induction soldering or brazing 44 4.5.7 Electron beam brazing 45 4.5.8 Arc brazing 45 4.5.9 Laser beam soldering or brazing 46 2 | KUPFERINSTITUT.DE List of abbreviations Abbreviations Nd:YAG laser Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser SMD Surface-mounted device PVD Physical vapour deposition RoHS
    [Show full text]
  • Friction and Wear Behaviour Analysis of Different Journal Bearing Materials
    k. M Bhuptani1, Dr. J. M. Prajapati / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2141-2146 Friction and Wear Behaviour Analysis of Different Journal Bearing Materials k. M Bhuptani1, Dr. J. M. Prajapati2 1 PhD Scholar, Mech. Engg, J.J.T. University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan 2 Associate Prof., Mech. Engg.Dept., M.S.U., BARODA, GUJARAT ABSTRACT It is well known fact that connecting rod Journal bearing materials are expected to have is the important intermediate member between several properties such as low friction coefficient, the piston and the Crankshaft. Its primary high load capacity, high heat conductivity, function is to transmit the push and pull from the compatibility, high wear and corrosion resistance. piston pin to the crank pin, thus converting the These properties directly affect the fatigue and wear reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary life of the bearing [1]. motion of the crank. Existing Bearing of There are several theories which were found connecting rod is manufactured by using non to explain the phenomenon of adhesion wear, and ferrous materials like Gunmetal, Phosphor from that the simple adhesion wear theory. The Bronze etc.. This paper describes the tribological adhesive wear occurs when two surfaces are moving behavior analysis for the conventional materials relatively one over the other, and this relative i.e. Brass and Gunmetal as well as New non movement is in one direction or a successive metallic material Cast Nylon. Friction and Wear movement under the effect of the load so that the are the most important parameters to decide the pressure on the adjacent projections is big enough to performance of any bearing.
    [Show full text]
  • Brass & Bronze
    The Care and Preservation of Historical Brass and Bronze By Clara Deck, Conservator Revisions by Cuong T. Nguyen, Conservator, The Henry Ford INTRODUCTION Historical brass and bronze can be maintained for years of use and enjoyment provided that some basic care and attention is given to its preservation. The conservation staff at The Henry Ford has compiled the information in this fact sheet to help individuals care for their objects and collections. The first step in the care of collections is to understand and minimize or eliminate conditions that can cause damage. The second step is to follow basic guidelines for care, handling and cleaning. NOTE: This Information Sheet will present a brief overview of the care of brass and bronze objects, stressing appropriate storage and handling as the best means of preservation. It does not address the serious problem of preserving archaeological metals excavated from land or marine sites. People who collect un-conserved archaeological artifacts should be aware that they might be unstable if they do not receive appropriate conservation treatment. It is not within the scope of this document to address all the problems associated with outdoor bronze sculptures. This information sheet may provide some useful information for the care of these objects, but we encourage consultation with a professional conservator on such complicated artifacts. IDENTIFYING BRASS AND BRONZE ARTIFACTS Brass and bronze are alloys of copper. (Two or more metals are combined to form an alloy. Alloys generally have a different appearance or working properties that is dependent on their percent composition.) There are other alloys of copper include gunmetal (red brass), bell metal, and German silver, also called Nickel silver and "paktong".
    [Show full text]
  • Copper and Copper Alloy Castings
    Copper Development Association Copper & Copper Alloy Castings Properties & Applications Publication TN42, 1991 Copper & Copper Alloy Castings – Properties & Applications TN42 December 1991 Members as at 1st January 1991 – Thomas Bolton Ltd BP Minerals International Ltd Brandeis Ltd The British Non-Ferrous Metals Federation Chile Copper Ltd CIPEC (The Interngovenmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries) Columbia Metals Ltd Falconbridge Ltd Gecamines Commerciale Highland Valley Copper IMI plc Inco Europe Ltd McKechnie plc Minpeco (UK) Ltd Noranda Sales Corporation of Canada Ltd Palabora Mining Co Ltd RTZ Ltd Southern Peru Copper Corporation Wednesbury Tube Acknowledgements The major work in the preparation of this publication has been carried out by Mr E C Mantle. The Cop Development Association would also like to acknowledge useful help, comments and the provision illustrations by many British foundries. Funding for printing this publication has been provided by Code Chile. Copper Development Association Copper Development Association is a non-trading organisation sponsored by the copper producers fabricators to encourage the use of copper and copper alloys and to promote their correct and effic application. Its services, which include the provision of technical advice and information, are availabl those interested in the utilisation of copper in all its aspects. The Association also provides a link betw research and user industries and maintains close contact with other copper development associat throughout the world. Website: www.cda.org.uk Email: [email protected] Copyright: All information in this document is the copyright of Copper Development Association Disclaimer: Whilst this document has been prepared with care, Copper Development Association can giv warranty regarding the contents and shall not be liable for any direct, indirect or consequential loss arising of its use Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Materials Analysis of Traditional Chinese Copper Halls Using XRF and GIS: Kunming Copper Hall As a Case Study
    Frontiers of Architectural Research (2013) 2,74–84 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/foar RESEARCH ARTICLE Materials analysis of traditional Chinese copper halls using XRF and GIS: Kunming Copper Hall as a case study Jianwei ZhangÃ, Wei Chen School of Architecture, Key Laboratory of Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China Received 15 October 2012; accepted 12 November 2012 KEYWORDS Abstract Chinese traditional This paper presents the framework and results of analysis of the building materials used in architecture; traditional Chinese copper halls. The analysis of the Kunming copper hall (KCH) is presented as Copper hall; a typical example. First, the historical building structure of the KCH is investigated. Results of X-ray fluorescence; X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry are presented and analyzed according to the units of Geographic informa- each building component. The results indicate that the different components in the same tion system; building were cast out of different alloys such as bronze, brass, and red copper. Furthermore, Architectural history the XRF results are loaded into the geographic information system (GIS) to examine the relations between the building components and their materials. The GIS analysis indicates that the different alloys were deliberately chosen according to the function of each piece in the structure. Finally, the reason and significance of this phenomenon is discussed from the perspective of architectural history and the history of science and technology. & 2013. Higher Education Press Limited Company. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. 1. Introduction Copper hall is a special type of traditional building in Chinese architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Utilisation of Non-Ferrous Scrap
    UTILISATION OF NON-FERROUS SCRAP Every year in New Zealand significant quantities of scrap metal are produced both as industrial off-cuts and when metal products wear out. As there are no economically viable sources of essential metals in New Zealand, it is often more sensible to recycle this metal than to import fresh stock. This is especially true of non-ferrous metal as it is more expensive than iron to buy, and thus recycling is usually a cheaper option. Collection The metal is collected by waste products dealers directly from industries, from tips and from roadside collections. It is then transported to metal refineries for sorting. Sorting The scrap is sorted into different pure metals, including copper, aluminium, nickel and zinc, and a variety of alloys. The metal is sorted primarily by hand by people trained to recognise the different substances, but for some alloys chemical tests are done to ascertain their exact composition. Precision is important because many of the final products require a specific mixture in the alloy for reliable function. Uses Once the metal has been sorted it is combined into a variety of alloys and cast into ingots prior to sale to various metal industries. These include the copper-based alloys of brass (zinc in copper), bronze (tin in copper) and gunmetal (zinc, tin and lead in copper) as well as some pure metals. INTRODUCTION New Zealand uses significant quantites of non-ferrous metal every year and as yet no economically workable deposits of base metal ores have been locally found. This means that all our requirements of such vital base metals as copper, zinc, tin, lead and nickel have to be imported.
    [Show full text]
  • Galvanic Corrosion and Dissimilar Metals
    TECHNICAL INTRODUCTION TECHNICAL INTRODUCTION Factors Affecting incompatible materials or incorrect a consistent and effective protection Galvanic Corrosion procedures are used. Fasteners are always of the structure, the anodes should be Galvanic Corrosion and There are a number of factors that much smaller in surface area than the placed at appropriate intervals. determine the occurrence and severity structures they are used for, so a fastener of galvanic corrosion. Some couples that is anodic to a structural metal Environmental Considerations will cause corrosion more quickly will corrode rapidly under corrosive As with all types of corrosion, the Dissimilar Metals than others depending on the conditions. AS/NZS 2312 recommends environment of a metallic couple is materials that are coupled, the that “fasteners should always be of very influential. The galvanic action Introduction ions will flow from the more active a solid component or as a coating such environment and the design. the same metal as the structure or be of the metals shown in Table 2 One of the challenges in designing steel material (which becomes an anode) to as with electroplate or galvanizing. All cathodic to the structure.” below is indicative of measurements structures or any metallic article is the the less active material (that becomes of these common building materials The further apart the coupled considering immersion in seawater (as problem of galvanic corrosion. Basically, a cathode). This is then known as a can be used in a structure and their materials are on the galvanic series, Related to the surface area and the use the electrolyte) so it can be considered this is the risk of dissimilar metals being metallic couple.
    [Show full text]
  • Copper-Nickel FABRICATION
    Copper-nickel FABRICATION Handling I Welding I Properties Resistance to corrosion and biofouling Important applications NiDI CDA Nickel Development Institute Copper Development Association Copper Development Association Inc Introduction Copper-nickel alloys have a remarkable combination of good resistance to both corrosion and biofouling in seawater. As they are also readily welded and fabricated, they are an obvious choice for pipe systems, heat exchangers, boat hulls and other structures engineered for marine use. Copper-nickels have been specified for seawater use for over 50 years; they are the materials of first choice for seawater pipework and condenser service for many of the world's navies and merchant ships. They are used in desalination, power plants and offshore fire water systems, and for the sheathed protection of oil and gas platform legs and risers. In all such applications, their durability is proven. Fabrication of copper-nickels is not difficult, although a higher degree of cleanliness is required than for steel. They are ductile and easily formed. Their machinability is similar to that of aluminium bronzes, phosphor bronzes and other copper alloys that do not have special free-cutting additions. Copper-nickels can be welded by most standard processes. The core of this book is welding and fabrication. General engineering properties, corrosion and biofouling resistance and applications are included only where they influence decisions on fabrication. It provides an informed understanding of the two primary copper-nickel alloys, to allow good fabrication and operation. 1999 The material presented in this publication has been prepared for the general information of the reader and should not be used or relied on for specific applications without first securing competent advice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vital Metal
    Copper Development Association Copper – The Vital Metal CDA Publication 121, 1998 Copper – The Vital Metal CDA Publication 121 April 1998 (This book replaces CDA Book 1 ‘Introduction to Copper’, 1988) Members as at 1st January 1998 ASARCO Inc Boliden MKM Ltd Thomas Bolton Ltd The British Non-Ferrous Metals Federation Chile Copper Ltd Gecamines IMI plc Inco Europe Ltd Noranda Sales Corporation of Canada Ltd Rio Tinto London Ltd Southern Peru Copper Corporation Acknowledgements This publication is financed by the members of Copper Development Association, European Copper Institute, British Non-Ferrous Metals Federation and Aalco. CDA is glad to acknowledge with thanks the provision of illustrations where noted. Copper Development Association Copper Development Association is a non-trading organisation sponsored by the copper producers and fabricators to encourage the use of copper and copper alloys and to promote their correct and efficient application. Its services, which include the provision of technical advice and information, are available to those interested in the utilisation of copper in all its aspects. The Association also provides a link between research and user industries and maintains close contact with other copper development associations throughout the world. Website: www.cda.org.uk Email: [email protected] Copyright: All information in this document is the copyright of Copper Development Association Disclaimer: Whilst this document has been prepared with care, Copper Development Association can give no warranty regarding
    [Show full text]
  • Gunmetal Casting LG2 Alloys
    www.conexbronze.com Gunmetal casting LG2 Alloys Gunmetal Casting LG2 Alloys Gunmetal, AKA red brass is a type of Bronze – an alloy of Copper, Tin, and Zinc. ASTM B62 (or UNS C83600) alloy is a leaded red brass copper casting (gunmetal) alloy. Gunmetal alloys are useful for many applications because of their combination of high strength in tension and compression, hardness, ductility and high resistance to impact. It has very good castability and this allows for consistent thin sections which makes the alloy also suitable for intricate parts. This gunmetal also has very good thermal and electrical conductivity. Machinability of B62 is also excellent as the high lead content gives fine turnings with a light cutting load and very good machining characteristics. Gunmetal casts and machines well and is resistant to corrosion from steam and salt water, and is used to make steam and hydraulic castings, turned parts, Bushings, Plugs, Threaded connectors, Tank Connectors, Water tank DZR Brass fittings, valves, pump parts and gears, and also statues and various small objects, e.g. buttons. A material with excellent machining characteristics, good casting qualities and moderate strength. Particularly suitable where pressure tightness is required. It has a tensile strength of 221 to 310 MPa, a specific gravity of 8.7, a density 8,719 kg/m3, and a Brinell hardness of 65 to 74.Main alloys used in Gunmetal castings are -LG2, LG3, LG4, PB, LPB, HTB. Chemical Composition of LG2 Gunmetal Copper (Cu) 84 – 86% Tin (Sn) 4 – 6% Zinc (Zn) 4 – 6% Lead (Pb) 4 – 6% Phosphorus (P) 0.05% max Aluminium (Al) 0.005% max Related Specifications: AS 1565-1985 C83600 ASTM B505 & B271 836 SAE 40 UNS C83600 LG2 Leaded Gunmetal Bronze, offering excellent machinability, excellent wear resistance at normal lubrication, high resistance to seizure and good corrosion resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance on Selection
    Antimicrobial Copper Alloys Guidance on Selection CDA Publication 214 2013 Antimicrobial Copper Alloys Guidance on Selection CDA Publication 214 May 2013 Copper Development Association is a non-trading organisation that promotes and supports the use of copper based on its superior technical performance and its contribution to a higher quality of life. Its services, which include the provision of technical advice and information, are available to those interested in the utilisation of copper and copper alloys in all their aspects. The Association also provides a link between research and the user industries and is part of an international network of trade associations, the Copper Alliance™. Disclaimer: Whilst this document has been prepared with care, we can give no warranty regarding the contents and shall not be liable for any direct, incidental or consequential damage arising out of its use. For complete information on any material, the appropriate standard should be consulted. Contents 1. Introduction . 1 Antimicrobial Copper . 1 2. Antimicrobial Copper Applications . 1 Touch Surfaces . 1 Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning . 2 Food Processing and Preparation . 2 3. Copper and Copper Alloys . 2 What is an Alloy? . 2 Engineering Grade Copper . 3 Electrical Grade Copper . 3 Brasses . 3 Tin Bronzes and Phosphor Bronzes . 3 Aluminium Bronzes. 4 Copper-nickels . 4 Colour Stability . 4 4. Product Form, Availability and Colour . 8 Product Form and Availability . 8 Standards. 8 European Standards . American Standards . Grades or Designations in EN Standards . Representation of Properties in EN Standards . 5.Cu+ Certification Mark. 9 6. Antimicrobial Testing . 9 7. Alloy Selection Criteria. 10 8. Cost-effectiveness .
    [Show full text]