European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences № 4 2020 PREMIER Vienna Publishing 2020 European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Scientific journal № 4 2020 ISSN 2414-2344 Editor-in-chief Maier Erika, Germany, Doctor of Philology Lewicka Jolanta, Poland, Doctor of Psychology International editorial board Massaro Alessandro, Italy, Doctor of Philosophy Marianna A. 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All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Typeset in Berling by Ziegler Buchdruckerei, Linz, Austria. Printed by Premier Publishing s.r.o., Vienna, Austria on acid-free paper. IMPROVEMENTS OF KAZAKHSTAN’ MEDIEVAL CITIES ON THE GREAT SILK ROAD ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH (ILI VALLEY) Section 1. Archeology https://doi.org/10.29013/EJHSS-20-4-3-9 Savelieva Tamara Vladimirovna, Doctor of Historical Sciences Chief Researcher, Institute of Archeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, Ministry of Education and Science, the Republic of Kazakhstan E-mail: [email protected] Kamaldinov Ilyar Ramilevich, Master, Researcher, Institute of Archeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, Ministry of Education and Science, the Republic of Kazakhstan E-mail: [email protected] IMPROVEMENTS OF KAZAKHSTAN’ MEDIEVAL CITIES ON THE GREAT SILK ROAD ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH (ILI VALLEY) Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the improvement of the Ili Valley region’ medieval cities located on the Great Silk Road. These cities are fairly well known from written sources. Long- term archaeological research has allowed obtaining materials about the structure of these cities – ur- ban planning, layout, features of manor buildings, dwellings. Ways of heating homes and equipping with amenities – water supply and sewage. To comply with hygiene, according to the cult and domes- tic regulations of Islam, separate sanitary-hygienic premises with special equipment were allocated. Public and private baths were built to create a comfortable life for citizens, streets were paved, accompa- nied by pedestrian walkways. Particular attention was paid to the arrangement of intersections – they were equipped with “hanging stones” like on the streets of ancient Pompeii. Keywords: Great Silk Road, Ili Valley, the Middle Ages, landscaping, paved pavements, baths, water supply, sewage. Introduction. Since the late 60s of the last cen- conference “The Interaction of Nomadic and Settled tury, the growth of scientific interest in the subject of Cultures on the Great Silk Road” [5]. the city, in the problems of the ancient and medieval Long-term large-scale archaeological research of urbanization of Central Asia and Kazakhstan has in- medieval cities on the territory of Kazakhstan, lo- tensified in science [1; 2; 3; 4]. cated on the routes of the Great Silk Road, coupled An important problem of the interaction of the with information from written sources, led to the city and the steppe was devoted to the international conclusion that in the Middle Ages, Kazakhstan was symposium held in 1987 in Alma-Ata, the UNESCO not only a country of nomads, but also a country of 3 Section 1. Archeology cities. The names of many of them are widely known, tral part of the settlement – the citadel, surrounded their role in the history of states and peoples on the by a rampart – the remains of the fortress walls, has territory of Kazakhstan – the West Turkic, Turgesh, survived without modern buildings. A deep moat Karluk Khanates, the state of Karakhanids, the Kyp- girdled the shaft on three sides, except for the west- chak and Kimek khanates, the state of the Oguz yab- ern one, which the city adjoined to the steep bank of gu, Akorda and Mogulistan, the Kazakh khanate is the river. The size of the citadel is 298 × 302 m or an revealed. These are Otrar and Turkestan, Sauran and area of 9 ha. The height of the shaft reaches 6–7 m Sygnak, Yangikent and Jend, Taraz and Ispidzhab, with a base width of 15–17 m. At the corners and Talgar and Kayalyk, and many others. They were perimeter, the fortress wall is fortified with round major political, commercial, economic and cultural protruding towers. centers of Eurasia, associated with other cities and The entrances were opposite each other in the countries along the Silk Road. They were famous middle of the walls. The city was divided by direct for their architectural ensembles, fortification, and streets into quarters, consisting of 12–14 manor layout. To date, there are more than 40 of them local- houses, interconnected by small intra-quarter streets. ized in Kazakhstan [6]. The manors of the city had a characteristic fea- In 2014, 33 archaeological sites located on the ture: the presence of a residential part, the house routes of the Great Silk Road, including 8 monu- itself, and a courtyard, the size of which depended ments of Kazakhstan, were included in the UNESCO on the prosperity of the owner, since urban land was World Heritage List as part of a serial transnational always expensive. The estate consisted of two parts: nomination together with the People’s Republic of the smaller – residential, large – farm and livestock China and the Kyrgyz Republic. Among them are yards. The buildings were built from local material: such major medieval cities of the Ili Valley as Talhir, raw bricks and cobblestones. The lower part of the Kayalyk, Karamergen and the city of Ilanbalyk re- wall – the foundation – was laid out from boulders cently localized and identified with Ucharal settle- and deepened into the ground to maintain heat ment [7, 4; 8, 15]. in the winter season. Masonry was approximately One of the largest regions of the spread of settled 1/3 of the height – this significantly increased the and urban life in the Middle Ages was Northeast- strength of the wall, which was necessary during ern Zhetysu (Northeastern Semirechye, Ili Valley). earthquakes. The binder of the masonry was a clay From ancient times, it was a contact zone where two solution. In addition, in the masonry of the walls, cultural traditions coexisted and interacted – agricul- logs of the Tien Shan spruce were used as seismic tural, cattle breeding, urban, and steppe. belts (its wood impregnated with resin does not rot). Urban improvement studies. Moreover, what Raw bricks were made from clay with the addi- did the cities look like, what was the development tion of organics, from which walls were erected. The like, what improvements could the townspeople use roof was gable, because in the foothills there is a lot for a comfortable life for the townspeople? The an- of rainfall. swers to these questions