Procès De Jean Calas
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FREEDOM of EXPRESSION and the ENLIGHTENMENT by Alison
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT by Alison Guider A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford May 2015 Approved by _________________________________ Adviser: Professor Jeffrey Watt _________________________________ Reader: Professor Marc Lerner _________________________________ Reader: Professor Molly Pasco-Pranger ©2015 Alison Guider ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT ALISON GUIDER: Freedom of Expression and the Enlightenment (Under the direction of Jeffrey Watt) This thesis concerns Enlightenment and pre-Enlightenment views of freedom of expression, including topics such as toleration, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press. It then looks at how these views shaped some of the ideas that emerged from the American and French Revolution. The conclusions drawn here are drawn from document-based research, both primary and secondary sources. The Enlightenment, although primarily concentrated in the eighteenth century, actually had what one might call precursors in the seventeenth century, including John Locke, Benedict de Spinoza, and Pierre Bayle. These thinkers helped set the stage for Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire, Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, and Karl Friedrich Bahrdt. All of these thinkers wrote on freedom of expression, but they did not always agree on how far this freedom should be extended, which represented a division between moderate and Radical Enlightenment. Both strains of the Enlightenment, however, were read by both the American and French Revolutionaries and shaped the ideas of freedom of expression that came out of these two revolutions, including protections of free press. Although the Enlightenment does have a bit of a complicated legacy, modern day protections of freedom of expression would not exist without it; therefore, an in-depth study of the origins of these protections is worthwhile. -
History of Free Thought in Reference to the Christian Religion by Adam Storey Farrar
The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion by Adam Storey Farrar This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion Author: Adam Storey Farrar Release Date: November 19, 2009 [Ebook 30499] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF FREE THOUGHT IN REFERENCE TO THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION*** History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion Eight Lectures Preached Before The University of Oxford, in the year M.DCCC.LXII., on the Foundation of the Late Rev. John Bampton, M.A., Canon of Salisbury. By Adam Storey Farrar, M.A. Michel Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. New York: D. Appleton And Company, 443 & 445 Broadway. 1863 Contents Will of Rev. John Bampton. .2 Preface. .4 Analysis of the lectures. 34 Lecture I. On The Subject, Method, And Purpose Of The Course Of Lectures. 52 Lecture II. The Literary Opposition of Heathens Against Christianity in the Early Ages. 91 Lecture III. Free Thought During The Middle Ages, and At The Renaissance; Together With Its Rise in Modern Times. 129 Lecture IV. Deism in England Previous to A.D. 1760. 172 Lecture V. Infidelity in France in the Eighteenth Century, and Unbelief in England Subsequent to 1760. 221 Lecture VI. -
Tolerance: Voltaire and the Spirit Of
VOLTAIRE AND THE SPIRIT TOLERANCE: OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Voltaire (1694–1778) around age 24. A sharp-witted critic of authority, Voltaire saw many of his own writings banned in his lifetime. One of the leaders of the French Enlightenment, name “Monsieur de Voltaire” on the play’s title Voltaire advocated for greater freedom of speech and page, his first use of this name. the press and railed against superstition, fanaticism, He wrote constantly throughout his long career. and religious intolerance. His sheer output was amazing. With boundless en- Voltaire was born in Paris in 1694. He grew up ergy, fueled by cup after cup of coffee, he wrote at the end of the long reign of King Louis XIV, the from the time he arose to when he went out at absolute monarch who ruled France from 1643 until night. He wrote more than 20,000 letters, signed his death in 1715. “Voltaire,” to philosophers, scientists, writers, cler- Voltaire’s name at birth was François-Marie Arouet. gymen, and even kings and queens. He also wrote His father was a well-to-do lawyer and wanted his son innumerable essays, plays, novels, books and book- also to pursue a career in law. When Voltaire finished lets, poems, histories, scientific works, and pieces school, however, he announced he wanted to be a of journalism and criticism. Many of his works car- writer. His father repeatedly tried to push him into law, ried other pen names (he used almost 200 pen shuffling him off to legal jobs within and even outside names in his career) or had no name attached at all, France. -
L'affaire Calas, Paris, Fayard, 2004
Secondaire Autour de l’affaire Calas Un parcours au musée des Augustins Un parcours dans Toulouse > Jean-Antoine Houdon (Versailles, 1741 – Paris, 1828), Voltaire Jean-Antoine Houdon, Voltaire (1685-1778) Buste en marbre, signé et daté 1778 Musée du Louvre, Paris. Prêt exceptionnel jusqu’au 25 mars 2003, du département des Sculptures du musée du Louvre, dans le cadre de l’opération 22 œuvres du Louvre pour 22 régions Le musée des Augustins a accueilli temporairement le buste de Voltaire par Jean-Antoine Houdon. Ce prêt exceptionnel du musée du Louvre rappelle qu’un des plus célèbres combats menés par Voltaire, l’affaire Calas, a directement concerné Toulouse. Cette affaire ne peut se comprendre que replacée dans le contexte d’une ville devenue, depuis le milieu du XVIe siècle, un bastion catholique et un centre de lutte contre le Protestantisme ; un certain nombre d’œuvres conservées au musée des Augustins en témoignent. Le service éducatif du musée propose un dossier présentant ces œuvres et un parcours dans Toulouse sur le thème de l’affaire Calas. © Ville de Toulouse, musée des Augustins, document realisé par le service éducatif, (Céline Roques, 2003). Secondaire Un parcours au musée des Augustins : Salon blanc > Antoine Rivalz (Toulouse, 1667 – Toulouse, 1735), Expulsion des Huguenots de Toulouse, 17 mai 1562 Antoine Rivalz, Expulsion des Huguenots de Toulouse, 17 mai 1562 1727, huile sur toile, 270 x 276 cm. Ce grand tableau presque carré a été commandé à Antoine Rivalz, peintre de l’Hôtel de Ville, par les Capitouls, pour la galerie de peinture du Capitole. Il représente le dernier épisode de la véritable guerre civile qui opposa catholiques et protestants à Toulouse en mai 1562 et qui se termina par l’expulsion et le massacre de ces derniers. -
Jean Calas in the German Public Sphere: Medial Transformations of a Legal Case
UNIWERSYTET ZIELONOGÓ RSKI IN GREMIUM, tom 6 Studia nad historią, kulturą i polityką Zielona Góra 2012 Alix Winter Uniwersytet w Poczdamie / Université de Versailles JEAN CALAS IN THE GERMAN PUBLIC SPHERE: MEDIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF A LEGAL CASE News does not stop at national borders – neither today nor two centuries ago. Cul- tures are not closed entities, but hybrid, porous, and strongly influenced by and acted upon by other cultures. This idea has been put forward by Michel Espagne and Michael Werner who have developed the concept of cultural transfer since the 1980s 1. Among the various means of identifying the nature and manners of cultural ties in recent years, that of studying media events has proved to be particularly promising 2. According to Horst Carl, media events are “concentrated nodes of pub- lic discourse” (Verdichtungsknoten öffentlicher Diskurse 3). Their key feature is their singularity, which is mediated by the representation of the event in newspapers and the so-called present media (Präsenzmedien), i.e. theater and visual representa- 1 Cf. Espagne, Michel/ Werner, Michael: Deutsch-französischer Kulturtransfer als Forschungsge- genstand. Eine Problemskizze; [in:] idem (eds.): Transferts. Les relations interculturelles dans l’espace franco–allemand (XVII e–XIX e siècle), Paris (Edition Recherches sur les Civilisations) 1988, p. 11–34. 2 On the subject of historical media events several books have been published recently, some of them in the context of the research project “Transnational Media Events from Early Modern Times to the Present” in Giessen. The most important are: Vogel, Christine et. al. (eds.): Medienereignisse im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, Munich 2009, and Lenger, Friedrich/ Nünning, Ansgar (eds.): Medienereig- nisse der Moderne, Darmstadt 2008. -
Jean Calas, the Martyr of Toulouse
' THE SOUTHERN" PRESBYTERIAN REVIEW. VOL. XXV.—NO. 3. <•» JULY, MDCOCLXXIV. TICLE I. THE MORA.LITY OF ACTIONS, VOLITIONS, DESIRES, EMOTIONS, COGNITIONS, AND DISPOSITIONS. 1. According to Paley, in his Natural Theology, the best way to introduce a large subject is to propose an individual case. We will suppose, then, thait a man takes from another, by force or by stealth, some article of food, not in order to preserve his life or health, but merely to gratify his palate. This is certainly a case of wrong doing ; and two questions arise, viz. : What is wrong, and why is it wrong ? The ancient mode of statement sounds rather scholastic, but it has the merit of being very precise. We may inquire, what is the material cause of sin, and what is its forma! cause"^? The material cause of the pen with which we are ^writing, is the steel of which it is composed ; and the formal cause is the shape into which the steel has been fashioned, and which makes it a pen instead of an amorphous lump of metal. The present article will be devoted to the former inquiry, namely. What that is in which the quality of morality inheres ? 2. It is hardly necessary to prove that sin is a quality, not a substance. Indeed,- this does not seem to admit of proof ; it is an intuitive conviction. The Gnostics and the Manichaeans, ac- cording to Hodge—Theol., Vol. II., p. 132—held that it was a substance, an eternal vlri, or matter. The same writer quotes Augustine as saying that " Manes, following other ancient here- -W :, ik .t^.: ^7'V-»>" ''.' iT??^'",^ irv;',?" I';'"'-) 1874.] Jean Calas^ the Martyr of Toulouse. -
Biased Judges Condemned Jean Calas
Voltaire cont. from page 29 None of Voltaire’s cor- Biased Judges respondents was able to tion to a person released from custody on Condemned Jean Calas settle the question of the basis of innocence. That 1766 statute Jean Calas’s guilt, but stated in part, “If a person ... has been re- By Matthew Surridge Voltaire learned that leased from custody, and in the course of one of Calas’s surviving time his complete innocence is established, sons, Donat Calas, was he shall have not only complete costs re- rancois-Marie Arouet was an eigh- in Geneva, and he decid- stored to him, but also a sum of money as Fteenth-century French intellectual who ed to speak to the boy. just indemnity, according to the circum- wrote under the pen name “Voltaire.” He Jean Calas stances of the case, ... so that the innocent became internationally famous for his works Although Donat had not been present on the person may be compensated for the injuries of poetry, drama, and philosophy that re- night of the supposed murder, the descrip- he has suffered.” 7 flected his hatred of injustice and intoler- tion he gave of his father and his family ance, especially religious intolerance, and convinced Voltaire that Jean Calas had not One of Voltaire’s lasting legacies was dem- his belief in the improvement of humanity killed Marc-Antoine. onstrating the power of public opinion to through the development of reason. Voltaire move public officials (even in a monarchi- was a strong-willed man whose unconven- Convinced that the Parlement de Toulouse — cal society) to act in a way they otherwise tional beliefs, cutting wit, and argumenta- made up of several dozen Catholic magis- would not. -
Toleration in Enlightenment Europe
Toleration in Enlightenment Europe Edited by Ole Peter Grell and Roy Porter PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http://www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Cambridge University Press 2000 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2000 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeset in Times 10/12 pt. [WV] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Toleration in Enlightenment Europe/edited by Ole Peter Grell and Roy Porter. p. cm. ISBN 0 521 65196 4 (hardback) 1. Religious tolerance–Europe–History–18th century. 2. Toleration–Europe–History– 18th century. 3. Enlightenment. I. Grell, Ole Peter. II. Porter, Roy. BR735.T66 1999 323.44′2′09409033–dc21 99–22488 CIP ISBN 0 521 65196 4 hardback Contents List of contributors page vii Preface ix 1 Toleration in Enlightenment Europe OLE PETER GRELL AND ROY PORTER 1 2 Toleration and the Enlightenment Movement MARTIN FITZPATRICK 23 3 Multiculturalism and Ethnic Cleansing in the Enlightenment ROBERT WOKLER 69 4 Intolerance, the Virtue of Princes and Radicals SYLVANA TOMASELLI 86 5 Spinoza, Locke and the Enlightenment Battle for Toleration JONATHAN I. -
Huguenot Refugees
FRENCH PROTESTANTS “OF LITTLE WORTH” “With the sole exception of a little band of French Huguenot refugees ... none but English immigrants were admitted to the [Massachusetts Bay] colony; even the Huguenots were here for half a century before they were naturalized.” — Tourtellot, Arthur Bernon, THE CHARLES NY: Farrar & Rinehart, 1941, page 294 QUESTION: What did Henry David Thoreau have in common with Paul Revere? I am, it appears, not the 1st to hypothesize that the terrible history of the Huguenot diaspora1 must have had a marked impact upon the Thoreau family of Concord’s general concept of the world. Horace Rice Hosmer’s Huguenot hypothesis was that John Thoreau, Sr. was “a terribly cautious and secretive man,” and he was that way because he had been made so, by “the religious persecution of his Huguenot ancestors”: I have tried to understand and describe a true French Gentleman of the middle class in the person of John Thoreau Sen. He was French from the shrug of his shoulders to his snuff box. I never saw a Yankee hair on his head. He was not alone in Concord and vicinity. A Frenchman [Chevally] married my grandmother’s sister [Sarah Hosmer] and he was a Huguenot. John Le Gross lived in Concord with John Thoreau. The first Le Gross was an Aide to Lafayette. John Le Grosse would say more quaint, original things during a conversation, than any man I have ever seen. Lewis Rouillard is another French name. The Surettes of Concord [for whom Henry Thoreau surveyed] are of French origen [sic] and are brainy fellows. -
Memorials of the Huguenots in America
' I I I fi 'll i' I r IBTAPLETON J': lit''-'' , -, > 111 f' m f 1 ' 'i; fit ^j'i '^ ; , I' 'i .'.! Pl 'K I '!, i I ,1 i"'.'i I , I , h ,1,, '.'Kifl .•A >' / \0 . K3S73 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF The Willers Family Date Due Mk'i i: ::4 iia r—*^ MAD 3jL««?lST llUMiiii**'— ^mjE w^/^/' i\IQ\L*aB gggj'Tf 1" y =^-^ S^ !rffi — ' , , .-, -^ J Cornell University Library F 160H8 S79 America Memorials of the Huguenots in 3 1924 028 864 457 olin Date Due SEP "l^_ :-i35-5ii^y \ The original of tiiis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924028864457 THE MORNING DAWNS. HUGUENOT DESCENDANTS-DAUGHTERS OF THE AUTHOR. , WitK -SjDecia) !^efer^K(^e to tl\elr En\igratior\ to Pel^^^ylVa^ia, -BY- Rev. A. Stapleton. A. M., M. S. Life Member of the Pennsylvania Historical Society—Member of the Pennsylvania German Society, —Author of "Natural History of the Bible,"— Compend of Church History,"—and "Evangelical Annals." " Sir, it is the part of the Church of God to endure blows and not to deal them; but your Majesty will please remember that it is an anvil which has already worn out many a hammer." Tkto. <fe Beta to the Kint of Navarre. HnGUENOT PUBLISHING COMPANY, CARLISI^E, PA. 1901 '(, D 160 Entered according to the Act of Congress in the year 1901, BY REV. A. STAPLETON, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. -
Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London (1885-1985) Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1986-2012)
Contents of: Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London (1885-1985) Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1986-2012) Vol I 1885-1886 By-Laws 1 Session of 1885 INAUGURAL MEETING, 15 April 1885 8 SECOND, ORDINARY MEETING, 13 May 1885 16 THE REGISTERS OF THE FRENCH AND WALLOON CHURCHES ESTABLISHED IN ENGLAND, and other sources of Huguenot knowledge, with some suggestions for the editing and publication of the same. BY W J C MOENS, Member of Council. 17 FIRST ANNUAL MEETING, 10 June, 1885. 60 Session of 1885-6 FIRST ORDINARY MEETING, 11 Nov., 1885. 69 Report of the Council on the CELEBRATIONS AT BETHNAL GREEN CHURCH, AND AT THE FRENCH PROTESTANT HOSPITAL, OF THE BI-CENTENARY OF THE REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES. 72 JEHOVAH-JIREH - THE LORD WILL PROVIDE; a sermon preached by the REV. JOHN GRAVES, MA. 73 THE BEARING OF THE REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES ON THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION OF 1688. By the HON. and REV. CANON FREMANTLE. 79 THE FLIGHT OF THE HUGUENOTS. By EDWARD ERNEST STRIDE, Member of Council 83 A HUGUENOT RELIC : A description of an ivory box, bearing on its lid the arms of Charles de Nocé and Marguerite de Rambouillet. By LIEUT.-GENERAL F. P. LAYARD, Member of Council 92 LES EGLISES FRANCAISES DE LONDRES APRES LA REVOCATION. By M. le BARON FERNAND DE SCHICKLER, President de la Societe de l'histoire du Protestantisme Français. 95 SECOND ORDINARY MEETING, 13 Jan, 1886. 116 GENEVA, THE PROTESTANT CITY OF REFUGE. By William Westall 117 REFUGEE INSCRIPTIONS IN THE CATHEDRAL AND CHURCHES OF CANTERBURY. -
Voltaire Et L'affaire Calas Au Théâtre : Une Vraie Cause Au Service Des Mythologies Révolutionnaires »
Article « Voltaire et l'Affaire Calas au théâtre : une vraie cause au service des mythologies révolutionnaires » Michèle Sajous D’Oria Philosophiques, vol. 21, n° 1, 1994, p. 107-123. Pour citer cet article, utiliser l'information suivante : URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/027252ar DOI: 10.7202/027252ar Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir. Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter à l'URI https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'Université de Montréal, l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Pour communiquer avec les responsables d'Érudit : [email protected] Document téléchargé le 11 février 2017 07:25 PHILOSOPHIQUES, VOL. XXI1 NUMÉRO 1, PRINTEMPS 1994,P. 107-123 VOLTAIRE ET L'AFFAIRE CALAS AU THÉÂTRE : UNE VRAIE CAUSE AU SERVICE DES MYTHOLOGIES RÉVOLUTIONNAIRES par Michèle Sajous D9OHa RÉSUMÉ : Le théâtre, au lendemain même de la prise de la Bastille, s'était affirmé comme tribune révolutionnaire et « école du citoyen ». La décision, de la part des assem blées révolutionnaires, de transporter les cendres de Vol taire au Panthéon, ne pouvait manquer d'être une occasion pour célébrer le philosophe au théâtre et cinq piè ces , toutes sur V Affaire Calas, furent représentées entre le 17 décembre 1790 et le 31 juillet 1791.