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Native Seed Transfer Zones in Australia How Far Can Seed Go? NATIVE SEED TRANSFER ZONES IN AUSTRALIA HOW FAR CAN SEED GO? JUNE 2021 First published 2021 Project Phoenix Greening Australia (National Office) Level 3, 349 Collins Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Tel: 1300 886 589 Email: [email protected] Website: www.greeningaustralia.org.au ISBN: xxx-x-xxxxxx-xx-x (Book) xxx-x-xxxxxx-xx-x (epub) Authors: Dr Nola Hancock, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University Dr. Francisco Encinas-Viso, The Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research and CSIRO Title: Native seed transfer zones in Australia — How far can seed go? Notes: Includes bibliographical references Copyright © Project Phoenix 2021 Cover by Kerry O’Flaherty, Design Consultant Internal design by Puddingburn Publishing Services Proofread by Puddingburn Publishing Services This report is copyright. Except for private study, research, criticism or reviews, as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this report may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. Enquiries should be made to [email protected]. Project Phoenix is supported by the Australian Government’s Wildlife and Habitat Bushfire Recovery program and co-ordinated by Greening Australia. Across all of our Project Phoenix activities and actions we pay respect to the Traditional Owners and Custodians of the lands and waters on which we work. We honour the resilience and continuing connection to country, culture and community of all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people across Australia. We recognise the decisions we make today will impact the lives of generations to come. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully thank and acknowledge the assistance all interviewees gave to this project. Their participation has greatly assisted in the building of knowledge on the status of the native seed sector in Australia and internationally. In particular, we would like to thank Linda Broadhurst, CSIRO; Sarah Kulpa, U.S Fish and Wildlife Service; Greg Eckert, National Parks Service (U.S); John M. Englert, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service; R.C. Johnson, ARS Plant Genetic Resources (retired); Michelle Bozzano and Anna-Maria Farsakaglou, EUFORGEN; and Anna Bucharova, University of Munster. We would also like to thank the Project Phoenix team, particularly Rowan Wood for assisting with the identification of potential interviewees. The interview process was approved by the Macquarie University Human Research Ethics Committee (52020907322051).Greening Australia would like to acknowledge the hard work and dedication of the Project Phoenix Management Team: Samantha Craigie, Patricia Verden, Brian Ramsay, Irene Walker, Courtney Sullivan, Rowan Wood, Paul Della Libera, Kim Philliponi and Ella Campen. NATIVE SEED TRANSFER ZONES IN AUSTRALIA — HOW FAR CAN SEED GO? 1 2 NATIVE SEED TRANSFER ZONES IN AUSTRALIA — HOW FAR CAN SEED GO? CONTENTS Executive summary ....................................................................................................................... 5 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Seed supply and seed sourcing ........................................................................................ 9 1.2 Seed transfer zones ........................................................................................................ 10 1.3 Project aims .................................................................................................................... 10 2 Methods ................................................................................................................................. 11 3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Prescribed native seed movement in Australia ............................................................. 12 3.2 Prescribed native seed movement in the US ................................................................. 20 3.3 Prescribed native seed movement in Europe ................................................................ 26 3.4 Prescribed native seed movement in Latin America ..................................................... 30 3.5 Developing seed transfer zones in Australia .................................................................. 30 3.6 Generating consensus on implementation .................................................................... 37 4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 44 References ................................................................................................................................... 46 Appendix 1 — Native seed movement/seed sourcing ................................................................ 52 Practice and policies of Australian federal government departments and Landcare organisations ........................................................................................................................... 52 Appendix 2 — Native seed movement/seed sourcing ................................................................ 55 Practice and policies of Australian state and territory government departments and their agencies .......................................................................................................................... 55 Appendix 3 — Native seed movement/seed sourcing ................................................................ 72 Practice and policies of Australian knowledge providers ....................................................... 72 Appendix 4— Native seed movement/seed sourcing ................................................................. 75 Practice and policies of Australian non-government organisations (NGOs), large-scale ecological restoration service providers and mining companies ............................................ 75 Appendix 5 — References (peer-reviewed) for Appendices 1–4 ................................................ 82 Appendix 6 — US Federal agencies participating in the National Seed Strategy, 2015–2020, as part of the Plant Conservation Alliance (PCA) ............................................... 85 NATIVE SEED TRANSFER ZONES IN AUSTRALIA — HOW FAR CAN SEED GO? 3 Appendix 7 — Recently developed empirical seed transfer zones for non-tree species in the US ................................................................................................................................. 88 Appendix 8 — Native seed movement/seed sourcing ................................................................ 93 Practice and policies of US Federal Agencies .......................................................................... 93 Appendix 9 — Native seed movement/seed sourcing ................................................................ 99 Practice and policies of European governments ..................................................................... 99 Appendix 10 — References for Table 1 ..................................................................................... 103 4 NATIVE SEED TRANSFER ZONES IN AUSTRALIA — HOW FAR CAN SEED GO? EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Concerns regarding a lack of native seed supply have been raised within the Australian and global ecological restoration communities for several decades. Recent natural disasters such as the 2019–20 Black Summer bushfires in Australia exacerbate that concern. Many factors can contribute to supply shortages, including failed revegetation projects. Improved guidance on where to source native seed to reduce the possibility of maladaptation to the planting site offers one possible solution. Seed transfer zones (STZs) provide clarification on where seed can be geographically transferred with little disruption of genetic patterns or loss of local adaptation to support better restoration outcomes. The aim of this report is to identify the use of STZs and the level of prescription of seed movement in Australia and internationally, and to report on research or actions that have contributed to or is currently underway that may assist with consensus for and the development of STZs. This report found that prescribed or enforced policy on seed movement and/or the use of STZs in Australia and the United States of America (US) is rarely generated from the top levels of governments or their agencies. Instead, decision making comes from the various offices of the agencies (a bottom up approach, rather than top down) but often with guidance from the respective agency. The level of guidance and enforcement can vary within agencies. It is uncommon for policy on seed sourcing to be mandatory, instead, guidance is often provided. By contrast, in many European countries, there is a top down approach where governments provide clear seed sourcing guidelines (in some cases legislated) and there is a high level of cooperation between countries to achieve major restoration goals and improve current practices. This report is the first to qualify individual organisations’ practice and policies on prescribed native seed movements in Australia. In addition to government bodies, representatives from knowledge providers, the mining industry and other NGOs
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