Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
Cosmos caudatus as a Dietary Supplement for Bagrid Catfish, Mystus nemurus
Journal: Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology
Manuscript ID SJST-2019-0460.R1 Manuscript Type:ForOriginal Review Article Only Date Submitted by the 11-Jan-2020 Author:
Complete List of Authors: RAMELI, NOR; Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science
Keyword: Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry
For Proof Read only Page 3 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 1 Original Article 5 6 7 2 8 9 3 Cosmos caudatus as a Dietary Supplement for Bagrid Catfish, Mystus nemurus 10 11 4 12 13 1,2* 1,3 1 1 14 5 Nor Maisarah Rameli , Md. Abdul Kader , Najiah Musa , Sharifah Rahmah , 15 16 6 Sandra Zainathan1, and Ong Chee Hong2 17 18 7 1Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala 19 20 Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 21 8 For Review Only 22 2 23 9 Underwater World Langkawi Sdn. Bhd., Jalan Pantai Cenang, Mukim Kedawang, 24 25 10 07000, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia. 26 27 11 3Mainstream Aquaculture Pty Ltd. 73 – 79 Lock Avenue, Werribee, VIC 3030, 28 29 30 12 Australia. 31 32 13 * Corresponding author, Email address: [email protected] 33 34 14 35 36 37 15 Abstract 38 39 16 The optimal level of Cosmos caudatus supplementation in fish formulation was 40 41 17 conducted by using Mystus nemurus fingerlings in two initial sizes (3.05±0.39 g and 42 43 4.45±0.71 g). For Experiment 1, the crude leaves incorporated was 0.00, 0.50, 1.50 and 44 18 45 46 19 2.00% with 60 days of feeding trial. For Experiment 2, the level of leaves extract was 47 48 20 0.00, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20% with an experimental duration of 90 days. Both 49 50 21 experiments showed significant differences (P<0.05) for growth performance and 51 52 53 22 condition factor. The highest weight gain for Experiments 1 and 2 were 13.28±3.07 g 54 55 23 and 18.51±4.21 g respectively. There were no significant differences in the whole body 56 57 24 content and survival rate for both experiments (P>0.05). The protein level was in the 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 4 of 29
1 2 3 4 25 range of 15.70±0.79 to 16.74±1.90% (Experiment 1) and 14.96±1.90 to 15.67±0.55% 5 6 7 26 (Experiment 2). The optimal level of crude leaves and extracts was considered at 0.50% 8 9 27 and 0.05%, respectively for M. nemurus fingerlings. 10 11 28 12 13 14 29 Keywords: Cosmos caudatus, crude leaves, leaves extract, specific growth rate, fish 15 16 30 body composition 17 18 31 19 20 1. Introduction 21 32 For Review Only 22 23 33 Many researchers have conducted studies on the application of herbs in fish feed 24 25 34 (Ardó et al., 2008; Ji et al., 2009; Harikrishnan, Balasundram & Heo, 2011; Talpur & 26 27 35 Ikhwanuddin, 2013; Acar, Kesbiç, Yilmaz, Gültepe & Türker, 2015; Gabriel et al., 28 29 30 36 2015). This is because herbs have various properties and can act as anti-stress 31 32 37 medication, growth promoters, appetite boosters, tonic, and immunostimulants for 33 34 38 aquatic animals such as shrimp and fish. The World Health Organization (WHO) also 35 36 37 39 encourages people to use medicinal herbs and plants to reduce chemical usage (Kaur & 38 39 40 Shah, 2017). The applications of these phytobiotics sometimes deemed impractical for 40 41 41 farmers because of the unavailability of sophisticated machinery to extracts herbs 42 43 44 42 compound. Moreover, the supply of herb extractions in the market is scarce except for 45 46 43 certain commercial natural products such as garlic, turmeric, clove oil and a few others. 47 48 44 Therefore, some farmers substitute the herb extracts in feed with fresh or dried herbs 49 50 51 45 because they are less expensive. 52 53 46 54 55 47 Malaysians are highly familiar with ‘ulam raja’ or Cosmos caudatus and 56 57 48 commonly include in their diet. This herb is usually eaten raw or boiled. C. caudatus 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 5 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 49 grows easily and takes only a few months to harvest. It contains high levels of calcium 5 6 7 50 which reported to be able to strengthen the bone. It has been used as an alternative 8 9 51 treatment for post-menopausal women, appetite stimulant, insect repellent, and helps in 10 11 52 blood circulation (Shui, Leong, & Wong, 2005; Andarwulan et al., 2012; Mohamed, 12 13 14 53 Sahuggi, Ramli, & Muhamad, 2013; Cheng, Nisak, Anthony, & Ismail, 2015). The 15 16 54 methanol extract of this herb has been proven to have antioxidant and antifungal activity 17 18 55 (Mohamed et al., 2013). It was proved to give positive sign in the inhibition of some 19 20 bacteria. The study of C. caudatus reviewed in various fields by Moshawih, Cheema, 21 56 For Review Only 22 23 57 Ahmad, Zakaria, and Hakim (2017), however the application of C. caudatus in fish 24 25 58 culture is not well documented. 26 27 59 28 29 30 60 Mystus nemurus has tender, whitish and firm flesh texture. In Malaysia, it is 31 32 61 known as highly priced freshwater fish (Hamid, Mahayat, & Hasim, 2011) and 33 34 62 demanding in market compared to other type of catfish. The habitat for this fish is 35 36 37 63 include rivers, lakes and damps. Mostly, the farmers culturing the fish in small scale 38 39 64 cages. The bagrid catfish require longer culture period which about 10 to 15 months to 40 41 65 achieve market size compared to tilapia and African catfish which around 3 to 6 42 43 months. This long grow-out period (Liao et al., 2008) and increasing price of feed due 44 66 45 46 67 to high protein diet requirement for fish (Miller, Davis, & Phelps, 2005; Saillant et al., 47 48 68 2013) had reduced the popularity of certain species to be cultured including M. 49 50 69 nemurus. 51 52 53 70 54 55 71 Hence, this study aims to address the issue of growth performance of M. 56 57 72 nemurus by using C. caudatus supplementation, in order to favour a shorter growth 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 6 of 29
1 2 3 4 73 span. In this study, two different herb preparations were applied; crude dried leaves and 5 6 7 74 crude extract. It is necessary to determine the growth effect of fish using different 8 9 75 preparing methods of C. caudatus supplementation in feed so that we can provide 10 11 76 guidelines for farmers and fish nutritionist. Besides that, we can determine the 12 13 14 77 nutritional potential of this herb to be used in aquafeed in future. 15 16 78 17 18 79 2. Materials and Methods 19 20 Herb preparation. C. caudatus leaves were bought from the local market. The 21 80 For Review Only 22 23 81 herb samples were cleaned and dried in an oven for 2-3 days at 35-40˚C until they 24 25 82 reached a stable weight. The samples were then weighed and ground to a powder form 26 27 83 (size about 0.70 mm) before incorporated in diet or extracted. For Experiment 1, the 28 29 30 84 dried crude herb was directly incorporated into the diet. In Experiment 2, extraction of 31 32 85 C. caudatus leaves was prepared using a rotary evaporator (Buchi, Switzerland) and 33 34 86 then freeze dried into powder form. Both crude leaves and extract were stored at -20˚C 35 36 37 87 until used. This herb preparation was done by referring to Mediani, Abas, Ping, Khatib 38 39 88 and Lajis (2012). 40 41 89 42 43 Diet preparation. Ten experimental diets were used in the two different 44 90 45 46 91 experiments. For Experiment 1 (crude leaves), the levels were 0.00%, 0.50%, 1.00%, 47 48 92 1.50% and 2.00%. Meanwhile for Experiment 2 (leaves extract), the levels were 0.00%, 49 50 93 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20%. These diets were formulated in dry matter basis as 51 52 53 94 described in Table 1. The C. caudatus was incorporated in the diets by replacing the α- 54 55 95 cellulose. Firstly, the C. caudatus was mixed with the binder, then added with the dry 56 57 96 ingredients. Lastly, the liquid ingredients were added and mixed well. After the mixture 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 7 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 97 became homogeneous, they were pressed through die using a pelleting machine. The 5 6 7 98 prepared pellets were dried in a drying cabinet for 24 hours at 40˚C or until the moisture 8 9 99 dropped to approximately 10%. The pellets were stored in sterile plastic bags at -20˚C 10 11 100 until used. 12 13 14 101 15 16 102 Table 1 17 18 103 Feed composition for juvenile bagrid catfish, M. nemurus based on dry matter 19 20 basis (%) 21 104 For Review Only 22 23 105 24 25 106 Fish and feeding trial. Juvenile catfish in two size groups were used. 26 27 107 Experiment 1 used catfish in 2-3 inches long while Experiment 2 used catfish 3-4 in 28 29 30 108 inches long. The fish were obtained from a supplier in northern Peninsular Malaysia and 31 32 109 then transferred to Underwater World Langkawi (UWL). For acclimatization, the fish 33 34 110 were placed in 24 hours aerated tank (150 L) for a few weeks. Initially fish were fed 35 36 37 111 with commercial feed, then introduced with control diet (40% crude protein, 12% lipid) 38 39 112 for 2 weeks before the experiment commenced. The initial average weight of fish were 40 41 113 3.05±0.39 and 4.45±0.71 g in experiment 1 and 2 respectively. 42 43 44 114 45 46 115 To increase the precision of the result among treatments, the fish were stocked 47 48 116 in quadruplicate per treatment with 25 fish per tank. Every treatment tank shared a 49 50 117 simple filter system which consisted of bio-balls and a filter. Dechlorinated tap water 51 52 53 118 was used, with continuous aeration supplied into the tanks. Water temperature was 54 55 119 maintained at 28.5±0.04˚C with a photoperiod of 12 hours light and 12 hours dark. 56 57 120 Every alternate day, 50% water was exchanged. The fish were fed ad libitum in twice a 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 8 of 29
1 2 3 4 121 day for 60 days (Experiment 1) and 90 days (Experiment 2). Bulk sampling was 5 6 7 122 conducted every fortnight to adjust their daily feed. Water quality such as temperature 8 9 123 and dissolved oxygen were monitored throughout the experiment and maintained at 10 11 124 28.5±0.04˚C and 5.90±0,24 mg L-1. 12 13 14 125 15 16 126 Sampling and data collection. Fish samples were collected from each treatment 17 18 127 and control group at the end of the experiment. The fish was weighed to determine their 19 20 growth by using the following equations (Kader, Koshio, Ishikawa, Yokoyama, & 21 128 For Review Only 22 23 129 Bulbul, 2010): 24 25 130 a) Weight gain (%) = [final fish weight (g) - initial fish weight (g)] x 100 26 27 131 b) Specific growth rate (SGR %, day-1) = [ln final fish weight (g) - ln initial 28 29 30 132 fish weight (g)]/duration (60 - 90 days) x 100 31 32 133 c) Survival (%) = 100 x (final no. of fish/initial number of fish) 33 34 134 d) Feed intake (g fish-1 60 - 90 days) = (dry diet given - dry remaining diet 35 36 37 135 recovered)/no. of fish 38 39 136 e) Feed efficiency ratio (FER) = live weight gain (g)/dry feed intake (g) 40 41 137 f) Condition factor (CF) = Weight (g)/Length (cm)3 x 100 42 43 g) Hepatosomatic index (HSI, %) = weight of liver/weight of fish x 100 44 138 45 46 139 h) Survival rate (SR, %) = (final total number of fish/initial total number of 47 48 140 fish) 49 50 141 51 52 53 142 Sample collection and composition analysis of feed and fish. Before each 54 55 143 sampling, fish were starved for one day to empty their stomach content. During 56 57 144 stocking, 25 fish was taken as initial sample. At the final sampling, 5 fish were taken 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 9 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 145 from each replicate as whole body sample and kept at -80˚C for the analysis of whole 5 6 7 146 body proximate composition. The crude protein for both feed and fish samples were 8 9 147 determined through the Kjedahl procedure, moisture by drying method, total lipid by 10 11 148 Soxtec extraction method and ash by ashing method. The proximate analysis was 12 13 14 149 conducted by following the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1990) 15 16 150 standard methods. 17 18 151 19 20 Statistical analysis. All the data were expressed as mean±standard deviation, 21 152 For Review Only 22 23 153 presented from quadruplicate values (n=4) for feeding trial samples. Data were analysed 24 25 154 using one-way analysis of variance using SPSS ver. 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). 26 27 155 Significance differences between means (P<0.05) were evaluated by Duncan’s New 28 29 30 156 Multiple Range Test. 31 32 157 33 34 158 3. Results and Discussion 35 36 37 159 Nutritional composition in diets. Tables 2 and 3 summarise the proximate 38 39 160 composition of the diets supplemented with crude leaves and extract, respectively. 40 41 161 Based on the results, both experimental diets were formulated nearly isonitrogenous and 42 43 isolipidic. There were no changes in crude ash with the increase of C. caudatus level in 44 162 45 46 163 each diet. 47 48 164 49 50 165 Table 2 51 52 53 166 Proximate composition of diet using crude leaves (Experiment 1) based on dry 54 55 167 matter basis (%) 56 57 168 58 59 169 Table 3 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 10 of 29
1 2 3 4 170 Proximate composition of diet using crude extract (Experiment 2) based on dry 5 6 7 171 matter basis (%) 8 9 172 10 11 173 The present study showed two applications of C. caudatus incorporated into diets in 12 13 14 174 the form of crude leaves or leaves extract. From the result, there were no significant 15 16 175 changes of feed composition in both experiments (Experiments 1 and 2). Therefore, the 17 18 176 type of herb did not influence the nutritional value of the feed. This is probably due to 19 20 the small amount of C. caudatus used for both experiments. As a result, the nutrient 21 177 For Review Only 22 23 178 contents of the formulated feed were similar or only differed slightly especially for 24 25 179 crude ash. 26 27 180 28 29 30 181 Growth, feed intake and survival parameters. Tables 4 and 5 below illustrate the 31 32 182 data on the growth performance, feed intake and survival of juvenile M. nemurus. In 33 34 183 both experiments, there were significant differences recorded for final weight, weight 35 36 37 184 gained and specific growth rate between the treatment groups (P < 0.05). Generally, fish 38 39 185 fed the diets supplemented with C. caudatus crude leaves or extract showed higher 40 41 186 weight gains compared to the control. Significantly higher weight gains (WG%) were 42 43 found at level 0.50% of herb leaves and 0.05% of leaves extract. However, the values 44 187 45 46 188 decreased beyond this level. 47 48 189 49 50 190 The survival rate was not significantly different among the treatment groups 51 52 53 191 (P>0.05) for both experiments. The survival rate for Experiment 1 was about 90 to 95% 54 55 192 and around 71 to 77% in Experiment 2. While for feed intake, it was significantly 56 57 193 different (P<0.05) among the treatments supplemented with crude leaves (Experiment 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 11 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 194 1). However no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed for treatment groups 5 6 7 195 using herb extract (Experiment 2). Therefore, it is evident that supplementation of C. 8 9 196 caudatus either in crude leaves or extract form helps to improve the growth 10 11 197 performance of juvenile bagrid catfish, M. nemurus without affecting their survival. 12 13 14 198 15 16 199 Table 4 17 18 200 Growth, feed intake and survival parameters in juvenile bagrid catfish fed with C. 19 20 caudatus leaves supplemented diets for 60 days. 21 201 For Review Only 22 23 202 24 25 203 Table 5 26 27 204 Growth, feed intake and survival parameters in juvenile bagrid catfish fed with C. 28 29 205 caudatus extract at different levels for 90 days 30 31 32 206 33 34 207 These results are aligned with other studies using herb inclusion as a supplement in 35 36 37 208 fish feed either in extract or crude herb form (Shalaby, Khattab, & Abdel Rahman, 38 39 209 2006; Harikrishnan et al., 2011; Putra, Santoso, Lee, & Nan, 2013; Talpur & 40 41 210 Ikhwanuddin, 2013). The patterns of growth performance and survival in this study are 42 43 similar to those reported by Gabriel et al. (2015) who supplemented Aloe vera in tilapia 44 211 45 46 212 (GIFT). Furthermore, the survival range of M. nemurus in the current study is higher 47 48 213 (90-95% for crude leaves and 71-77% for leaves extract) than the survival recorded by 49 50 214 Islam et al. (2014) for Thai pangas using a commercial growth promoter (65-90%). 51 52 53 215 54 55 216 Since C. caudatus contains active components or phytobiotics such as phenolic 56 57 217 compounds, vitamins and minerals (Citarasu, 2010; Dian-Nashiela, Noriham, Noorain, 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 12 of 29
1 2 3 4 218 & Azizah, 2015; Moshawih et al., 2017), it could enhance the growth performance of 5 6 7 219 M. nemurus in this study. Even though the mechanisms of phytobiotic in C. caudatus 8 9 220 are not yet clear in affecting growth performance of this fish, the final body weight and 10 11 221 weight gained was better compared to the control groups. Therefore, supplementation of 12 13 14 222 C. caudatus may helped M. nemurus growth in this study. 15 16 223 17 18 224 Interesting findings of two optimum levels of C. caudatus were revealed during this 19 20 study. By using crude leaves, the highest weight gain of M. nemurus fingerlings 21 225 For Review Only 22 23 226 recorded from 0.50% treatment groups. Meanwhile, for leaves extract, the highest 24 25 227 weight gain was recorded by fish in 0.05% treatment groups. The body weight of fish 26 27 228 was reduced beyond these levels. So that, we suggest the optimum level of crude leaves 28 29 30 229 and leaves extract of C. caudatus in fish supplementation to be 0.50% and 0.05% 31 32 230 respectively. 33 34 231 35 36 37 232 According to Amna, Nooraain, Noriham, Azizah, and Husna (2013), C. caudatus is 38 39 233 listed in Class Five, the lowest toxicity class based on the Organisation for Economic 40 41 234 Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Moreover, an acute toxicity test 42 43 found that C. caudatus ethanolic extract at levels of 2g/kg and 5g/kg were safe in rats. 44 235 45 46 236 However, we still need to determine the favourable level of this herb in feed because 47 48 237 most medicinal herbs may be toxic for certain animals when high concentrations are 49 50 238 applied and finally may affect their growth and survival for certain durations. Properly 51 52 53 239 tested feed additives are vital, so a safe dosage can be applied in feed nutrition and the 54 55 240 farmers can get maximum benefit from their investment (Islam et al., 2014). 56 57 241 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 13 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 242 In aquaculture, herbs used for fish feed are varied and depend on the response of the 5 6 7 243 fish (Reverter, Bontemps, Lecchini, Banaigs, & Sasal, 2014). For example, Punitha et 8 9 244 al. (2008) suggested 400ppm (0.04%) of herbal mixture extract was optimal to increase 10 11 245 the survival, growth and immune responses of Ephinephelus tauvine. However, 12 13 14 246 Harikrishnan et al. (2011) studied green tea extracts and found that 0.01% and 0.1% 15 16 247 concentrations in 100g of feed enhanced non-specific humoral, cellular immunity and 17 18 248 disease resistance in E. brunues. Putra et al. (2013) suggested a 1% supplementation of 19 20 Sauropus androgynous extract improved the appetite, growth and food utilisation of E. 21 249 For Review Only 22 23 250 coioides. The levels of 2.5% and 5% of this herb reduced the growth performance. 24 25 251 Therefore, these different levels applied to groupers showed a specific dosage of herbs 26 27 252 application in diet. 28 29 30 253 31 32 254 Whole body proximate analysis and biometric indices. The whole body proximate 33 34 255 composition of fish from two experiments are shown in Table 6 and 7. It was found that 35 36 37 256 fish fed with C. caudatus crude leaves (Experiment 1) had a higher protein content than 38 39 257 the control groups. Increasing and decreasing levels of each parameter was seen among 40 41 258 the treatments. In Experiment 2 using C. caudatus leaves extract, the protein content 42 43 was higher than the control for the treatment at 0.05% and 0.10%. However, there were 44 259 45 46 260 no significant differences (P>0.05) among the treatments for whole body analyses in 47 48 261 both experiments. 49 50 262 51 52 53 263 The results of the dietary treatments using crude leaves or leaves extract had no 54 55 264 significant influence on the whole body proximate composition of M. nemurus 56 57 265 fingerlings. Although the lipid content in Experiment 2 (leaves extract) was different 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 14 of 29
1 2 3 4 266 among the treatment groups, the differences were not significant. In contrast, the 5 6 7 267 condition factor (CF) data showed significant differences (P<0.05) among the treatment 8 9 268 groups for both Experiments 1 and 2. 10 11 269 12 13 270 Table 6 14 15 Whole body analysis of bagrid catfish fed with different diets for 60 days based on 16 271 17 18 272 dry matter basis 19 20 273 21 For Review Only 22 274 Table 7 23 24 25 275 Whole body analysis of bagrid catfish fed with different diets for 90 days based on 26 27 276 dry matter basis 28 29 277 30 31 278 Proximate analyses of whole body samples showed no significant differences 32 33 34 279 (P>0.05) among the treatments for fish treated with C. caudatus crude leaves. The same 35 36 280 result was also obtained for fish treated with C. caudatus extract. The dietary treatments 37 38 281 using crude leaves or leaves extract had no significant influence on the whole body 39 40 41 282 proximate composition of M. nemurus fingerlings. Even though the amount of protein 42 43 283 was reported to be 4.22±0.12g per fresh kg weight of C. caudatus (Andarwulan et al., 44 45 284 2012), only a small amount of herb was used in the feed formulation thus the protein 46 47 48 285 content in the fish was not affected. However, according to Ji et al. (2009), high protein 49 50 286 retention was observed when a herbal mixture was used for red sea bream feed. Besides 51 52 287 that, the lower plasma triglyceride and high plasma HDL-CHO (high density lipoprotein 53 54 288 cholesterol) levels in herbal mixture diets improves fatty acid utilisation (Ji et al., 2007). 55 56 57 289 A study by Turan, Ganpolat, and Aygen (2016) on African catfish feed supplementation 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 15 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 290 with Laurus noblis (Bay Laurel) also resulted in a significantly higher protein 5 6 7 291 concentration compared to the control. 8 9 292 10 11 293 From this study, the condition factor (CF) showed plateau data, but there were 12 13 14 294 significant differences among the treatment groups in Experiments 1 and 2. This is 15 16 295 probably due to the significantly higher weight and length observed in fish treated with 17 18 296 C. caudatus either by crude leaves or extract. This is also may be due to the calcium and 19 20 anti-oxidant content in this herb which affected the fish condition factor in this study. 21 297 For Review Only 22 23 298 As mentioned by Cheng et al. (2015), their study on ovariectomised rats as a model for 24 25 299 postmenopausal osteoporosis also produced a positive result for groups supplemented 26 27 300 with 500mg/kg C. caudatus aqueous extract. They found that C. caudatus helped to 28 29 30 301 restore the bone structural parameter to a normal level. 31 32 302 33 34 303 4. Conclusions 35 36 37 304 Supplementation of C. caudatus enhanced growth performance of M. nemurus 38 39 305 in this study. The level of the herb leaves to be incorporated in feed formulation is 40 41 306 dependent on its form. For crude leaves, 0.50% of herb inclusion was found effective to 42 43 stimulate bagrid catfish growth while for leaves extract, the level was 0.05%. The 44 307 45 46 308 condition factors for both experiments were significantly different among their 47 48 309 treatment groups. No significant differences were observed for whole body analyses of 49 50 310 fish supplemented with crude leaves or crude extract and supplementation also did not 51 52 53 311 affect the fish survival. From the result obtained, we can suggest C. caudatus as a 54 55 312 growth promoter for M. nemurus fingerlings. However, further analysis and tests should 56 57 313 be conducted for the physiological study of the fish. 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 16 of 29
1 2 3 4 314 5 6 7 315 Acknowledgments 8 9 316 We would like to thank Underwater World Langkawi Sdn. Bhd. (UWL), 10 11 317 Malaysia for the facilities for this study. Not to forget, our appreciation goes to the staff 12 13 14 318 at Curatorial Department, UWL and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) for their 15 16 319 support and cooperation given. This work was supported by the management grant of 17 18 320 Dr. Md. Abdul Kader. 19 20 21 321 For Review Only 22 23 322 References 24 25 323 Acar, Ü., Kesbiç, O.S., Yilmaz, S., Gültepe, N., & Türker, A. (2015). Evaluation of the 26 27 324 effects of essential oil extracted from sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) on 28 29 30 325 growth rate of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and possible disease 31 32 326 resistance against Streptococcus iniae. Aquaculture, 437, 282-286. 33 34 327 doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.015 35 36 37 328 Amna, O. F., Nooraain, H., Noriham, A., Azizah, A. H., & Husna, N. R. (2013). Acute 38 39 329 and oral subacute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of Cosmos caudatus leaf in 40 41 330 Sprague dawley rats. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and 42 43 Bioinformatics, 3(4), 301-305. doi:10.7763/IJBBB.2013.V3.218 44 331 45 46 332 Andarwulan, N., Kurniasih, D., Apriady, R. S., Rahmat, H., Roto, A. V. & Bolling, B. 47 48 333 W. (2012). Polyphenols, caratenoids and ascorbic acid in underutilized 49 50 334 medicinal vegetables. Functional Foods, 4, 339-347. 51 52 53 335 doi:10.1016/j.jff.2012.01.003 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 17 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 336 Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis of 5 6 7 337 the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th Edition. Association of 8 9 338 Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA. 10 11 339 Ardó, L., Yin, G., Xu, P., Váradi, L., Szigeti, G., Jeney, Z., & Jeney, G. (2008). Chinese 12 13 14 340 herbs (Astragalus membranaceus and Lonicera japonica) and boron enhance 15 16 341 the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 17 18 342 resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 275(1-4), 26-33. 19 20 doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.12.022 21 343 For Review Only 22 23 344 Cheng, S. H., Nisak, M. Y. B., Anthony, J. & Ismail, A. (2015). Potential medicinal 24 25 345 benefits of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja): A scoping review. Journal of 26 27 346 Medical Sciences, 20(10), 1000-1006. doi:10.4103/1735-1995.172796 28 29 30 347 Citarasu, T. (2010). Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. 31 32 348 Aquaculture International, 18, 403–414. doi: 10.1007/s10499-009-9253-7 33 34 349 Dian-Nashiela, F., Noriham, A., Noorain, H., & Azizah, A. H. (2015). Antioxidant 35 36 37 350 activity of herbal tea prepared from Cosmos caudatus leaves at different 38 39 351 maturity stages. International Food Research Journal, 22(3), 1189-1194. 40 41 352 Retrieved from: http://agris.upm.edu.my:8080/dspace/handle/0/12581 42 43 Gabriel, N. N., Qiang, J., He, J., Ma, X. Y., Kpundeh, M. D., & Xu, P. (2015). Dietary 44 353 45 46 354 Aloe vera supplementation on growth performance, some haemato-biochemical 47 48 355 parameters and disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae in tilapia (GIFT). 49 50 356 Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 44, 504-514. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.002 51 52 53 357 Hamid, N. K. A., Mahayat, M., & Hashim, R. (2011). Utilization of different 54 55 358 carbohydrate sources and starch forms by bagrid catfish (Mystus nemurus) 56 57 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 18 of 29
1 2 3 4 359 (Cuv & Val). Aquaculture Nutrition, 17, 10-18. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 5 6 7 360 2095.2009.00713.x 8 9 361 Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M. (2011). Influence of diet enriched with 10 11 362 green tea on innate humoral and cellular immune response of kelp grouper 12 13 14 363 (Epinephelus bruneus) to Vibrio carchariae infections. Fish and Shellfish 15 16 364 Immunology, 30, 972-979. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.01.029 17 18 365 Islam, M. D., Mandal, A. S. M. S., Reza, M. S., Alamgir, M., Rahman, M. K., Kamal 19 20 M., & Chakraborty, S. C. (2014). Safety dose of three commercially used 21 366 For Review Only 22 23 367 growth promoters: nuricell-aqua, hepaprotect-aqua and rapid-grow on growth 24 25 368 and survival of Thai pangas (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Journal of 26 27 369 Coastal Life Medicine, 2(2), 925-930. doi:10.12980/JCLM.2.2014JCLM-2014- 28 29 30 370 0047 31 32 371 Ji, S. C., Takaoka, O., Jeong, G. S., Lee, S., Ishimaru, K., Seoka, M., & Takii, K. 33 34 372 (2007). Dietary medicinal herbs improve growth and some non-specific 35 36 37 373 immunity of red sea bream, Pagrus major. Fisheries Science, 73, 63-69. 38 39 374 doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01302.x 40 41 375 Ji, S. C., Takaoka, O., Lee, S. W., Hwang, J. H., Kim, Y. S., Ishimaru, K., . . . Takii, K. 42 43 (2009). Effect of dietary medicinal herbs on lipid metabolism and stress 44 376 45 46 377 recovery in red sea bream, Pagrus major. Fisheries Science, 75, 665-672. 47 48 378 doi:10.1007/s12562-009-0058-4 49 50 379 Kader, M.A., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M., Yokoyama, S., & Bulbul, M. (2010). 51 52 53 380 Supplemental effects of some crude ingredients in improving nutritive values 54 55 381 of low fishmeal diets for red sea bream, Pangrus major. Aquaculture, 308, 56 57 382 136-144. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.037 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 19 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 383 Kaur, R., & Shah, T. K. (2017). A review on role of plant waste products on fish 5 6 7 384 growth, health and production. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8 9 385 5(3), 583-589. Retrieved from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A- 10 11 386 review-on-role-of-plant-waste-products-on-fish-Kaur- 12 13 14 387 Shah/fd70b1d179fd1b45d3e3d055bb65c83ccf7ee5be 15 16 388 Liao, W., Lu, H., Huang, S., Wu, J., Huang, J., & Lin, E. (2008). Study of growth and 17 18 389 body composition of red snapper Lutjanus erythropterus fed diets containing 19 20 Escherichia coli expressing recombinant tilapia insulin-like growth factor-I. 21 390 For Review Only 22 23 391 Fisheries Science, 74, 354-361. doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2008.01533.x 24 25 392 Mediani, A., Abas, F., Ping, T. C., Khatib, A., & Lajis, N. H. (2012). Influence of 26 27 393 growth stage and season on the antioxidant constituents of Cosmos caudatus. 28 29 30 394 Plant Food for Human Nutrition, 67, 344-350. doi:10.1007/s11130-012-0317-x 31 32 395 Miller, C. L., Davis, D. A., & Phelps, R. P. (2005). The effect of dietary protein and 33 34 396 lipid on growth and body composition of juvenile and sub-adult red snapper, 35 36 37 397 Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860). Aquaculture Research, 36, 52-60. 38 39 398 doi:1365-2109.2004.01183.x 40 41 399 Mohamed, N., Sahuggi, Z., Ramli, E. S. M., & Muhamad, N. (2013). The effects of 42 43 Cosmos caudatus (ulam raja) on dynamic and cellular bone histomorphometry 44 400 45 46 401 in ovariectomized rats. BioMedical Central Research Notes, 6, 239. 47 48 402 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-239 49 50 403 Moshawih, S., Cheema, M. S., Ahmad, Z., Zakaria, Z. A., & Hakim, M. N. (2017). A 51 52 53 404 comprehensive review on Cosmos caudatus (ulam raja): pharmacology, 54 55 405 ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. International Research Journal of 56 57 406 Education and Sciences, 1(1), 14-31. ISSN 2550-2158 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 20 of 29
1 2 3 4 407 Punitha, S.M.J., Babu, M.M., Sivaram, V., Shankar, V.S., Dhas, S.A., Mahesh, T.C., . . . 5 6 7 408 Citarasu, T. (2008). Immunostimulating influence of herbal biomedicines on 8 9 409 nonspecific immunity in grouper Epinephelus tauvina juvenile against Vibrio 10 11 410 harveyi infection. Aquaculture International, 16, 511-523. 12 13 14 411 doi:10.1007/s10499-007-9162-6 15 16 412 Putra, A., Santoso, U., Lee, M. C., & Nan, F. H. (2013). Effects of dietary katuk leaf 17 18 413 extract on growth performance, feeding behavior and water quality of grouper 19 20 Epinephelus coioides. Aceh International Journal of Science Technology, 2, 21 414 For Review Only 22 23 415 17-25. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.011 24 25 416 Reverter, M., Bontemps, N., Lecchini, D., Banaigs, B., & Sasal, P. (2014). Use of plant 26 27 417 extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: Current status 28 29 30 418 and future perspectives. Aquaculture, 433, 50-61. 31 32 419 doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.05.048 33 34 420 Saillant, E. A., Leclercq, E., Bardon-Albaret, A., Sarkisian, B., Apeitos, A., Brown- 35 36 37 421 Peterson, N. J., . . . Gatlin III, D. M. (2013). Development of aquaculture of the 38 39 422 red snapper Lutjanus campechanus: Research on larval nutrition. Proceedings 40 41 423 of the 65th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Santa Marta, Columbia. pp 42 43 352-355. Retrieved from: 44 424 45 46 425 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/776f/c97ab52b9b1823c78bc2a778a0ff8b432f0 47 48 426 c.pdf 49 50 427 Shalaby, A. M., Khattab, Y. A., & Abdel Rahman, A. M. (2006). Effects of garlic 51 52 53 428 (Allium sativum) and chloramphenicol on growth performance, physiological 54 55 429 parameters and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Venemous 56 57 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 21 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 430 Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 12(2), 172-201. 5 6 7 431 doi:10.1590/S1678-91992006000200003 8 9 432 Shui, G., Leong, L. P., & Wong, S. P. (2005). Rapid screening and characterization of 10 11 433 antioxidants of Cosmos caudatus using liquid chromatography coupled with 12 13 14 434 mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, 827, 127-138. 15 16 435 doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.029 17 18 436 Talpur, A. D., & Ikhwanuddin, M. (2013). Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf dietary 19 20 effects on the immunity response and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates 21 437 For Review Only 22 23 438 calcarifer challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 34, 24 25 439 254-264. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.003 26 27 440 Turan, F., Ganpolat, E., & Aygen, U. (2016). Effect of Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis) 28 29 30 441 extract on growth of the African catfish, Clarias gariepunus (Burchell, 1822). 31 32 442 Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 48(2), 489-492. doi:0030-9923/2016/0002-0489 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 22 of 29
1 2 3 4 1 Table 1 5 6 7 2 Feed composition for juvenile bagrid catfish, M. nemurus based on dry matter basis (%) 8 9 3 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 For Review Only 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 23 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 Experiment 1 Experiment 2 5 Control 6 Ingredients Crude leaves-CL Crude extract-CE 7 8 0.00%CL/CE 0.50%CL 1.00%CL 1.50%CL 2.00%CL 0.05%CE 0.10%CE 0.15%CE 0.20%CE 9 10 Fish Meal1 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 11 1 12 Soybean meal 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 13 2 14 Shrimp meal 3 For3 Review3 3 Only3 3 3 3 3 15 3 16 Wheat flour 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 17 1 18 Fish oil 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 19 Soybean 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 21 lecithin1 22 23 Vitamin 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 24 4 25 Mixture 26 Mineral 27 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 28 Mixture5 29 30 Vitamin C1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 31 6 32 CMC 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 33 7 34 C. caudatus 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 35 1 36 α-Cellulose 6.8 6.3 5.8 5.3 4.8 6.75 6.7 6.65 6.6 37 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 38 39 40 41 42 43 For Proof Read only 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 24 of 29
1 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 1Sri Purta Trading, Alor Setar, Kedah. 7
8 2 9 7 Local market, dried, grounded and sieved in laboratory. 10 3 11 8 Local market. 12 4 13 9 Rovithai, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd. Scotland; composition (IU/g/mg per kg): vitamin A 14 15 10 50 IU, vitamin D3 10 IU, vitamin E1 30 g, vitamin B1 10 g, vitamin B2 25g, vitamin B6 16 g, 16 17 11 vitamin B12 100mg, biotin 500 mg, panthothenic acid 56 g, folic acid 8 g, niacin 200 g, anticake 18
19 12 20 g, antioxidant 0.2 g and vitamin K3 10g. 20 21 13 5Rovithai, DSM NutritionalFor Products Review Ltd. Scotland; composition Only (g per kg): copper 7.50 g, iron 22 23 14 125.0 g, manganese 25.0 g, zinc 125.0 g, cobalt 0.50 g, iodine 0.175 g, selenium 0.300 g and 24 25 15 anticake 10.0 g. 26 27 6CMC: carboxymethyl cellulose from Sri Purta Trading, Alor Setar, Kedah. 28 16 29 7 30 17 C. caudatus leaves from local market, dried, grounded, sieved and with or without extraction. 31 32 18 33 34 19 Table 2 35 36 20 37 38 39 21 Proximate composition of diet using crude leaves (Experiment 1) based on dry matter 40 41 22 basis (%) 42 43 23 44 45 46 Diet group (Crude leave) 47 Parameter 48 0.00%CL 0.50%CL 1.00%CL 1.50%CL 2.00%CL 49 50 Moisture 7.98 7.28 7.31 7.01 6.67 51 52 53 Crude protein 39.23 38.16 38.67 39.43 39.70 54 55 Crude lipid 11.78 13.56 13.07 11.52 12.77 56 57 Crude ash 11.60 12.25 12.02 11.28 11.64 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 25 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 24 5 6 7 25 Table 3 8 9 26 10 11 27 Proximate composition of diet using crude extract (Experiment 2) based on dry matter 12 13 14 28 basis (%) 15 16 29 17 18 Diet groups (Crude extract) 19 Parameter 20 21 For0%CE Review0.01%CE Only0.05%CE 0.10%CE 0.20%CE 22 23 Moisture 10.89 10.98 9.15 9.22 10.08 24 25 Crude protein 38.79 38.86 39.6 39.8 39.47 26 27 28 Crude lipid 8.72 8.89 9.31 9.61 9.33 29 30 Crude ash 10.98 11.08 11.25 11.28 10.98 31 32 30 33 34 31 35 36 37 32 38 39 33 40 41 34 42 43 44 35 45 46 36 47 48 37 49 50 51 38 52 53 39 54 55 40 56 57 41 58 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 26 of 29
1 2 3 4 42 Table 4 5 6 7 43 8 9 44 Growth, feed intake and survival parameters in juvenile bagrid catfish fed with C. 10 11 45 caudatus leaves supplemented diets for 60 days. 12 13 14 46 15 16 Diet groups (Crude leave) 17 Parameters 18 0%CL 0.50%CL 1.00%CL 1.50%CL 2.00%CL 19 20 1 21 In wt 3.05±0.39For3.05±0.39 Review3.05±0.39 Only3.05±0.39 3.05±0.39 22 23 Fn wt2 14.51±2.51a 16.33±3.07c 15.50±2.47bc 14.95±2.26ab 14.93±2.59ab 24 25 WG3 11.46±2.51a 13.28±3.07c 12.45±2.47bc 11.90±2.26ab 11.88±2.59ab 26 27 4 a c bc ab ab 28 SGR 2.57±0.29 2.76±0.32 2.68±0.27 2.62±0.26 2.61±0.29 29 30 FI5 11.58±0.41a 13.66±0.76c 12.99±0.40bc 12.18±0.43ab 12.18±0.51ab 31 32 SR6 93.62±4.53 94.44±3.70 93.52±1.85 94.67±1.96 89.81±8.21 33 34 47 35 36 Abbreviations used: 1In wt: initial weight (g), 2Fn wt: final weight (g), 3WG: percent weight 37 48 38 4 -1 5 -1 39 49 gain (%), SGR: specific growth rate (%day ), FI: feed intake (g dry diet fish for 60 days), 40 6 41 50 SR : Survival rate (%). 42 43 51 44 45 52 *Values are means of quadruplicate groups±SD. Within a row, means with different 46 47 53 superscripts indicates significant different (P<0.05). The absence of letters indicates no 48 49 54 significant difference between treatments. 50 51 55 52 53 56 54 55 57 56 57 58 58 59 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 27 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 60 Table 5 5 6 7 61 8 9 62 Growth, feed intake and survival parameters in juvenile bagrid catfish fed with C. 10 11 63 caudatus extract at different levels for 90 days 12 13 14 64 15 16 Diet groups (Crude extract) 17 Parameters 18 0.00%CE 0.01%CE 0.05%CE 0.10%CE 0.20%CE 19 20 1 21 In wt 4.45±0.71For 4.45±0.71Review4.45±0.71 Only4.45±0.71 4.45±0.71 22 23 Fn wt2 16.66±2.15a 18.93±3.98b 22.96±4.21c 22.83±4.28c 19.87±3.89b 24 25 WG3 12.25±2.15a 14.50±3.98b 18.51±4.21c 18.38±4.28c 15.42±3.89b 26 27 4 a b c c b 28 SGR 2.81±0.22 3.00±0.34 3.33±0.31 3.32±0.32 3.08±0.33 29 30 FI5 9.53±0.98 10.47±1.00 10.80±0.80 10.38±0.95 9.61±0.71 31 32 SR6 74.00±5.16 71.00±5.03 77.00±6.83 76.00±11.78 77.00±6.83 33 34 65 35 36 Abbreviations used: 1In wt: initial weight (g), 2Fn wt: final weight (g), 3WG: percent weight 37 66 38 4 -1 5 -1 39 67 gain (%), SGR: specific growth rate (%day ), FI: feed intake (g dry diet fish for 60 days), 40 6 41 68 SR : Survival rate (%). 42 43 69 44 45 70 *Values are means of quadruplicate groups±SD. Within a row, means with different 46 47 71 superscripts indicates significant different (P<0.05). The absence of letters indicates no 48 49 72 significant difference between treatments. 50 51 73 52 53 54 74 55 56 75 57 58 76 59 60
For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 28 of 29
1 2 3 4 77 Table 6 5 6 7 78 8 9 79 Whole body analysis of bagrid catfish fed with different diets for 60 days based on dry 10 11 80 matter basis 12 13 14 81 15 16 Diet groups (Crude leave) 17 Parameter 18 0.00%CL 0.50%CL 1.00%CL 1.50%CL 2.00%CL 19 20 21 Moisture 71.94±0.58For Review71.70±0.19 72.00±0.30 Only 71.81±0.45 72.00±0.50 22 23 Crude protein 15.70±0.79 16.47±1.56 16.74±1.90 15.90±2.74 15.83±1.77 24 25 Crude lipid 7.24±0.94 7.00±0.96 7.77±0.67 8.12±1.05 7.22±0.35 26 27 28 Crude ash 3.68±0.89 3.86±0.17 3.78±0.12 3.80±0.26 3.81±0.12 29 30 CF1 0.68±0.05b 0.64±0.05a 0.69±0.05b 0.69±0.05b 0.71±0.06c 31 32 HSI2 1.12±0.10 1.15±0.09 1.18±0.12 1.11±0.07 1.13±0.14 33 34 82 35 36 83 1CF: condition factor (%) 37 38 84 2HSI: hepatosomatic index 39 40 41 85 42 43 86 *Values are means of quadruplicate groups±SD. Within a row, means with different 44 45 87 superscripts indicates significant different (P<0.05). The absence of letters indicates no 46 47 88 significant difference between treatments. 48 49 89 50 51 90 52 53 54 91 55 56 92 57 58 93 59 60
For Proof Read only Page 29 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI
1 2 3 4 94 Table 7 5 6 7 95 8 9 96 Whole body analysis of bagrid catfish fed with different diets for 90 days based on dry 10 11 97 matter basis 12 13 14 98 15 16 Diet groups (Crude extract) 17 Parameters 18 0%CE 0.01%CE 0.05%CE 0.10%CE 0.20%CE 19 20 21 Moisture 72.85±1.22For72.94±1.66 Review71.96±1.95 Only70.74±1.80 72.52±1.80 22 23 Protein 15.18±0.65 15.12±0.67 15.57±0.48 15.67±0.55 14.96±0.19 24 25 Lipid 6.48±0.23a 7.00±0.29ab 7.80±1.47b 7.18±0.85ab 7.93±0.38b 26 27 28 Ash 4.09±0.17 4.08±0.06 4.03±0.10 4.03±0.33 3.79±0.30 29 30 CF1 0.65±0.08b 0.65±0.07b 0.59±0.07a 0.61±0.08a 0.64±0.08b 31 32 HSI2 1.08±0.11 0.98±0.21 0.93±0.16 1.26±0.20 0.96±0.12 33 34 99 35 36 100 1CF: condition factor (%) 37 38 101 2HSI: hepatosomatic index 39 40 41 102 42 43 103 *Values are means of quadruplicate groups±SD. Within a row, means with different 44 45 104 superscripts indicates significant different (P<0.05). The absence of letters indicates no 46 47 105 significant difference between treatments. 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
For Proof Read only