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For Review Only 22 2 23 9 Underwater World Langkawi Sdn Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Cosmos caudatus as a Dietary Supplement for Bagrid Catfish, Mystus nemurus Journal: Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology Manuscript ID SJST-2019-0460.R1 Manuscript Type:ForOriginal Review Article Only Date Submitted by the 11-Jan-2020 Author: Complete List of Authors: RAMELI, NOR; Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science Keyword: Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry For Proof Read only Page 3 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI 1 2 3 4 1 Original Article 5 6 7 2 8 9 3 Cosmos caudatus as a Dietary Supplement for Bagrid Catfish, Mystus nemurus 10 11 4 12 13 1,2* 1,3 1 1 14 5 Nor Maisarah Rameli , Md. Abdul Kader , Najiah Musa , Sharifah Rahmah , 15 16 6 Sandra Zainathan1, and Ong Chee Hong2 17 18 7 1Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala 19 20 Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 21 8 For Review Only 22 2 23 9 Underwater World Langkawi Sdn. Bhd., Jalan Pantai Cenang, Mukim Kedawang, 24 25 10 07000, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia. 26 27 11 3Mainstream Aquaculture Pty Ltd. 73 – 79 Lock Avenue, Werribee, VIC 3030, 28 29 30 12 Australia. 31 32 13 * Corresponding author, Email address: [email protected] 33 34 14 35 36 37 15 Abstract 38 39 16 The optimal level of Cosmos caudatus supplementation in fish formulation was 40 41 17 conducted by using Mystus nemurus fingerlings in two initial sizes (3.05±0.39 g and 42 43 4.45±0.71 g). For Experiment 1, the crude leaves incorporated was 0.00, 0.50, 1.50 and 44 18 45 46 19 2.00% with 60 days of feeding trial. For Experiment 2, the level of leaves extract was 47 48 20 0.00, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20% with an experimental duration of 90 days. Both 49 50 21 experiments showed significant differences (P<0.05) for growth performance and 51 52 53 22 condition factor. The highest weight gain for Experiments 1 and 2 were 13.28±3.07 g 54 55 23 and 18.51±4.21 g respectively. There were no significant differences in the whole body 56 57 24 content and survival rate for both experiments (P>0.05). The protein level was in the 58 59 60 For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 4 of 29 1 2 3 4 25 range of 15.70±0.79 to 16.74±1.90% (Experiment 1) and 14.96±1.90 to 15.67±0.55% 5 6 7 26 (Experiment 2). The optimal level of crude leaves and extracts was considered at 0.50% 8 9 27 and 0.05%, respectively for M. nemurus fingerlings. 10 11 28 12 13 14 29 Keywords: Cosmos caudatus, crude leaves, leaves extract, specific growth rate, fish 15 16 30 body composition 17 18 31 19 20 1. Introduction 21 32 For Review Only 22 23 33 Many researchers have conducted studies on the application of herbs in fish feed 24 25 34 (Ardó et al., 2008; Ji et al., 2009; Harikrishnan, Balasundram & Heo, 2011; Talpur & 26 27 35 Ikhwanuddin, 2013; Acar, Kesbiç, Yilmaz, Gültepe & Türker, 2015; Gabriel et al., 28 29 30 36 2015). This is because herbs have various properties and can act as anti-stress 31 32 37 medication, growth promoters, appetite boosters, tonic, and immunostimulants for 33 34 38 aquatic animals such as shrimp and fish. The World Health Organization (WHO) also 35 36 37 39 encourages people to use medicinal herbs and plants to reduce chemical usage (Kaur & 38 39 40 Shah, 2017). The applications of these phytobiotics sometimes deemed impractical for 40 41 41 farmers because of the unavailability of sophisticated machinery to extracts herbs 42 43 44 42 compound. Moreover, the supply of herb extractions in the market is scarce except for 45 46 43 certain commercial natural products such as garlic, turmeric, clove oil and a few others. 47 48 44 Therefore, some farmers substitute the herb extracts in feed with fresh or dried herbs 49 50 51 45 because they are less expensive. 52 53 46 54 55 47 Malaysians are highly familiar with ‘ulam raja’ or Cosmos caudatus and 56 57 48 commonly include in their diet. This herb is usually eaten raw or boiled. C. caudatus 58 59 60 For Proof Read only Page 5 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI 1 2 3 4 49 grows easily and takes only a few months to harvest. It contains high levels of calcium 5 6 7 50 which reported to be able to strengthen the bone. It has been used as an alternative 8 9 51 treatment for post-menopausal women, appetite stimulant, insect repellent, and helps in 10 11 52 blood circulation (Shui, Leong, & Wong, 2005; Andarwulan et al., 2012; Mohamed, 12 13 14 53 Sahuggi, Ramli, & Muhamad, 2013; Cheng, Nisak, Anthony, & Ismail, 2015). The 15 16 54 methanol extract of this herb has been proven to have antioxidant and antifungal activity 17 18 55 (Mohamed et al., 2013). It was proved to give positive sign in the inhibition of some 19 20 bacteria. The study of C. caudatus reviewed in various fields by Moshawih, Cheema, 21 56 For Review Only 22 23 57 Ahmad, Zakaria, and Hakim (2017), however the application of C. caudatus in fish 24 25 58 culture is not well documented. 26 27 59 28 29 30 60 Mystus nemurus has tender, whitish and firm flesh texture. In Malaysia, it is 31 32 61 known as highly priced freshwater fish (Hamid, Mahayat, & Hasim, 2011) and 33 34 62 demanding in market compared to other type of catfish. The habitat for this fish is 35 36 37 63 include rivers, lakes and damps. Mostly, the farmers culturing the fish in small scale 38 39 64 cages. The bagrid catfish require longer culture period which about 10 to 15 months to 40 41 65 achieve market size compared to tilapia and African catfish which around 3 to 6 42 43 months. This long grow-out period (Liao et al., 2008) and increasing price of feed due 44 66 45 46 67 to high protein diet requirement for fish (Miller, Davis, & Phelps, 2005; Saillant et al., 47 48 68 2013) had reduced the popularity of certain species to be cultured including M. 49 50 69 nemurus. 51 52 53 70 54 55 71 Hence, this study aims to address the issue of growth performance of M. 56 57 72 nemurus by using C. caudatus supplementation, in order to favour a shorter growth 58 59 60 For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI Page 6 of 29 1 2 3 4 73 span. In this study, two different herb preparations were applied; crude dried leaves and 5 6 7 74 crude extract. It is necessary to determine the growth effect of fish using different 8 9 75 preparing methods of C. caudatus supplementation in feed so that we can provide 10 11 76 guidelines for farmers and fish nutritionist. Besides that, we can determine the 12 13 14 77 nutritional potential of this herb to be used in aquafeed in future. 15 16 78 17 18 79 2. Materials and Methods 19 20 Herb preparation. C. caudatus leaves were bought from the local market. The 21 80 For Review Only 22 23 81 herb samples were cleaned and dried in an oven for 2-3 days at 35-40˚C until they 24 25 82 reached a stable weight. The samples were then weighed and ground to a powder form 26 27 83 (size about 0.70 mm) before incorporated in diet or extracted. For Experiment 1, the 28 29 30 84 dried crude herb was directly incorporated into the diet. In Experiment 2, extraction of 31 32 85 C. caudatus leaves was prepared using a rotary evaporator (Buchi, Switzerland) and 33 34 86 then freeze dried into powder form. Both crude leaves and extract were stored at -20˚C 35 36 37 87 until used. This herb preparation was done by referring to Mediani, Abas, Ping, Khatib 38 39 88 and Lajis (2012). 40 41 89 42 43 Diet preparation. Ten experimental diets were used in the two different 44 90 45 46 91 experiments. For Experiment 1 (crude leaves), the levels were 0.00%, 0.50%, 1.00%, 47 48 92 1.50% and 2.00%. Meanwhile for Experiment 2 (leaves extract), the levels were 0.00%, 49 50 93 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20%. These diets were formulated in dry matter basis as 51 52 53 94 described in Table 1. The C. caudatus was incorporated in the diets by replacing the α- 54 55 95 cellulose. Firstly, the C. caudatus was mixed with the binder, then added with the dry 56 57 96 ingredients. Lastly, the liquid ingredients were added and mixed well. After the mixture 58 59 60 For Proof Read only Page 7 of 29 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0460.R1 RAMELI 1 2 3 4 97 became homogeneous, they were pressed through die using a pelleting machine. The 5 6 7 98 prepared pellets were dried in a drying cabinet for 24 hours at 40˚C or until the moisture 8 9 99 dropped to approximately 10%.
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