DOCSLIB.ORG

Forest Health Conditions in Nova Scotia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forest Health Conditions in Nova Scotia FOREST HEALTH CONDITIONS IN NOVA SCOTIA 2010 Annual Report Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Fleet and Forest Protection Division Risk Services Section Report FOR 2017-7 Forest Health Conditions in Nova Scotia 2010 Annual Report Compiled by: Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Division Risk Services Section Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources PO Box 130 23 Creighton Road Shubenacadie, NS B0N 2H0 Telephone: (902)-758-7226 Fax: (902)-758-3210 http://novascotia.ca/natr/forestprotection/publications.asp Report FOR 2017-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Forest Health Staff………………………………………………………………………………5 Editing and Administrative Support.…………………………………….……………………..5 Regional Services Pest Detection Officers…………………………………………………...5 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………. …….6 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in This Report…………………………………..6 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 7 List of Tables ................................................................................................................... 9 List of Figures ................................................................................................................ 11 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 13 Status of Forest Pests ................................................................................................... 14 Insect Pests of Softwoods ............................................................................................. 14 Spruce Budworm - Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) ............................................... 14 Pheromone Trap Survey ........................................................................................ 14 Overwintering Larva (L2) Survey ............................................................................ 16 Jack Pine Budworm - Choristoneura pinus pinus (Free.) ........................................... 16 Pheromone Trap Survey ........................................................................................ 17 Overwintering Larva (L2) Survey ............................................................................ 18 Hemlock Looper - Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Gn.) ............................................. 19 Pheromone Trap Survey ........................................................................................ 19 Overwintering Egg Survey...................................................................................... 20 Spruce Beetle - Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) ....................................................... 21 Permanent Research Plots .................................................................................... 22 Forest Health Conditions in Nova Scotia 2010 Annual Report 2 Whitemarked Tussock Moth - Orgyia leucostigma (J.E. Smith) ................................. 23 Overwintering Egg Mass Survey ............................................................................ 23 Eastern Blackheaded Budworm - Acleris variana (Fernald) ...................................... 25 Overwintering Egg Survey...................................................................................... 25 Balsam Fir Sawfly - Neodiprion abietis (Harr.) ........................................................... 26 Overwintering Egg Survey...................................................................................... 26 Balsam Woolly Adelgid - Adelges picea (Ratz.) ........................................................ 27 Overwintering Nymph and Damage Surveys.......................................................... 27 Permanent Monitoring Plots ................................................................................... 29 Balsam Twig Aphid – Mindarus abietinus (Koch)....................................................... 31 Balsam Gall Midge – Paradiplosis tumifex (Gagné) ................................................... 33 Insect Pests of Hardwoods…………………………………………………………..............35 Gypsy Moth - Lymantria dispar (L.) ............................................................................ 35 Pheromone Trap Survey ........................................................................................ 35 Invasive Pests ............................................................................................................... 39 Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle - Tetropium fuscum (Fabr.) ..................................... 39 Pheromone Trap Survey ........................................................................................ 40 Pine Shoot Beetle - Tomicus piniperda (L.) ............................................................... 41 Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae (Annand)) ................................................ 41 Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire)) ................................................. 42 Arthropods of Importance to Human Health .................................................................. 44 West Nile Virus ........................................................................................................ 44 Tick Survey .............................................................................................................. 44 Forest Health Conditions in Nova Scotia 2010 Annual Report 3 Pest Identification Service ............................................................................................. 45 Communications ........................................................................................................... 45 Newsletter: Insectary Notes ..................................................................................... 45 Website .................................................................................................................... 46 Extension and Outreach .......................................................................................... 46 APPENDIX I – GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... 47 Forest Health Conditions in Nova Scotia 2010 Annual Report 4 Forest Health Staff Matthew Campbell Jeff Ogden Jacqui Gordon Jim Rudderham Mike LeBlanc Terry White Keith Moore Andrew Young Editing and Administrative Support Wanda Dahr John Ross Walter Fanning Suzette Thibodeau Regional Services Pest Detection Officers Eastern Region Central Region Western Region Derek Hart Allan Bland Jamie Brown Michael Hill Glen Boutilier Brian Comeau Greg Keizer Allan Jackson Bill DesChamp Dolores MacDonald Mike Kew William Grover Greg Murphy Eric Leighton Kim Huskins David O’Connor Matthew O’Connor Kevin Totten John Ongo Adrian Samson Alan White Forest Health Conditions in Nova Scotia 2010 Annual Report 5 Acknowledgements To assemble, analyze, and present the information contained within this report requires a great deal of effort from many individuals. Without their efforts to gather information and data, this report would not be possible. Thanks to the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources (NSDNR) regional staff, especially the Pest Detection Officers (PDO’s), who are the backbone of many provincial surveys. These surveys would be impossible without the support of the PDO’s and their Area Supervisors. Appreciation is extended to the staff of the Canadian Forest Service (CFS) for their cooperation. Their research in Nova Scotia as well as the information and expertise they share relating to forest pests and forest conditions continues to be a valuable resource. Thanks are also given to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) for their assistance and information exchange during the invasive insect surv List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in This Report CFIA Canadian Food Inspection Agency CFS Canadian Forest Service ha Hectares NSDNR Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources PDO Pest Detection Officer Forest Health Conditions in Nova Scotia 2010 Annual Report 6 Executive Summary This annual report contains information on forest insects and diseases monitored by Forest Health staff and PDO’s for the period up to and including 2010. As well as information concerning our combined efforts to assist in research conducted by the CFS and monitor invasive pests with the CFIA. Eastern Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana): The percentage of positive pheromone traps was 57%, up from 28% in 2009 and the highest percentage since 1994. The maximum trap catch was 33 moths, up from 12 in 2009. No overwintering larvae (L2’s) were detected. Jack Pine Budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus): The percentage of positive pheromone traps was 36%, the first time it has been below 75% since it was detected in 2005. No overwintering L2’s were detected. Hemlock Looper (Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria): The percentage of positive pheromone traps was 94%, up from 84% in 2009. The maximum trap catch was 286 moths, up from 168 in 2009. Overwintering eggs were detected at 10% of sites sampled, up from 0% in 2009. Spruce Beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis): Widespread spruce beetle induced mortality of mature and over-mature white spruce is occurring throughout the province. In the fixed radius plots the percentage of white and red spruce trees infested with or killed by spruce beetle was 34% and 9%,,respectively, up from 31% and 3% in 2009 for white and red spruce, respectively. Whitemarked Tussock Moth (Orgyia leucostigma): Overwintering egg masses were detected at 8% of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Choristoneura Fumiferana) Group on an Isolated Forest Island Lisa M
    Life-history traits maintain the genomic integrity of sympatric species of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) group on an isolated forest island Lisa M. Lumley & Felix A. H. Sperling Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biological Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada Keywords Abstract Cypress Hills, Choristoneura lambertiana, Choristoneura occidentalis, hybridization, Identification of widespread species collected from islands can be challenging due to integrative taxonomy, phenology, the potential for local ecological and phenotypic divergence in isolated populations. pheromones, speciation, species delimitation. We sought to determine how many species of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) complex reside in Cypress Hills, an isolated remnant coniferous forest Correspondence in western Canada. We integrated data on behavior, ecology, morphology, mito- Lisa M. Lumley, Laurentian Forestry Centre, chondrial DNA, and simple sequence repeats, comparing Cypress Hills populations Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. to those from other regions of North America to determine which species they Ste. Foy, Quebec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada. resembled most. We identified C. fumiferana, C. occidentalis, C. lambertiana,and Tel: +01 (418) 648-7149; hybrid forms in Cypress Hills. Adult flight phenology and pheromone attraction Fax: +01 (418) 648-5849; were identified as key life-history traits involved in maintaining the genomic in- E-mail: [email protected] tegrity of species. Our study highlights the importance of extensive sampling of both specimens and a variety of characters for understanding species boundaries in Received: 12 May 2011; Revised: 27 June biodiversity research. 2011; Accepted: 28 June 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the 61St Annual Meeting of The
    May 2020 ISSN 0071-0709 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 61ST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE Entomological Society of Alberta October 10 – 11, 2013 Olds College, Olds, Alberta Entomological Society of Alberta Board of Directors 2013 ……….……..….….3 Annual Meeting Committees 2013……………………..…………….……….…3 President’s Address……..……………………………………………….….…....4 Program of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Alberta.....5 Oral and Poster Presentation Abstracts …………………………………..….…11 Index to Authors…………………………………………………….…….….…20 Minutes of the Entomological Society of Alberta Fall Board Meeting ……..…22 Treasurer’s Report ……………………………………………………….….….25 Secretary’s Report ……………………………………………………….….….27 ESC Regional Director’s Report for Presentation to Entomological Society of Alberta Executive and Annual General Meeting………………………….…28 ESC Regional Director for Entomological Society of Alberta Report to the Entomological Society of Canada ……………………………………….……..29 Webmaster’s Report ………………………………………………….….….….30 Southern Director’s Report ……………………………………………….……31 Northern Director’s Report ………………………………………………..…...34 Minutes of the Entomological Society of Alberta 61st Annual General Meeting …………….…………………………………………………….…….36 Photos…………………………………………………………………….…..…40 Entomological Society of Alberta’s Membership List ………………….……..45 Proceedings of the 61st Entomological Society of Alberta Annual Meeting 1 The Entomological Society of Alberta The Entomological Society of Alberta (ESA) was organized November 27, 1952, at a meeting held in Lethbridge, Alberta, as an affiliate of the Entomological Society of Canada. A certificate of incorporation was obtained under the Societies Act on February 19, 1953. The membership of about 70 paid-up members at that time consisted mainly of Dominion (Federal) entomologists at the Science Service Laboratories in Lethbridge (now Lethbridge Research and Development Centre of Agriculture and Agri-food Canada), Suffield Research Station, the Forest Zoology Laboratory in Calgary, and students and staff from the University of Alberta.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the Rocky Mountain Region 1997-1999
    Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the Rocky Mountain Region 1997-1999 United States Renewable Rocky Department of Resources Mountain Agriculture Forest Health Region Management 2 FOREST INSECT AND DISEASE CONDITIONS IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION 1997-1999 by The Forest Health Management Staff Edited by Jeri Lyn Harris, Michelle Frank, and Susan Johnson December 2001 USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Region Renewable Resources, Forest Health Management P.O. Box 25127 Lakewood, Colorado 80225-5127 Cover: Aerial photograph taken by Robert D. Averill on October 29, 1997, just days after a blowdown event occurred on the Routt National Forest. The picture was taken looking east toward a blowdown area that straddles both the Mt. Zirkel Wilderness and the Routt National Forest. “The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternate means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity employer.” Maps in this product are reproduced from geospatial information prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. GIS data and product accuracy may vary.
    [Show full text]
  • Choristoneura Fumiferana Clem.) Louis-Etienne Robert Universite De Montreal
    Natural Resource Ecology and Management Natural Resource Ecology and Management Publications 2017 Landscape host abundance and configuration regulate periodic outbreak behavior in spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) Louis-Etienne Robert Universite de Montreal Brian R. Sturtevant U.S. Department of Agriculture Barry J. Cooke Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Patrick M. A. James Universite de Montreal MFoallorie-Jw othisees a Fndor taindditional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs UnivPerasitrty ofof TtheoronEtonvironmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Forest Management Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Natural Resources See next page for additional authors Management and Policy Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ nrem_pubs/248. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resource Ecology and Management at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Natural Resource Ecology and Management Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Landscape host abundance and configuration regulate periodic outbreak behavior in spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) Abstract Landscape-level forest management has long been hypothesized to affect forest insect outbreak dynamics, but empirical evidence remains elusive. We hypothesized that the combination of increased hardwood relative to host tree species, prevalence of younger forests, and fragmentation of those forests due to forest harvesting legacies would reduce outbreak intensity, increase outbreak frequency, and decrease spatial synchrony in spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreaks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Biotic Disturbances on Carbon Budgets of North American Forests
    The Effects of Biotic Disturbances on Carbon Budgets of North American Forests Jeffrey A. Hicke Daniel M. Kashian University of Idaho Wayne State University Moscow, ID Detroit, MI Craig D. Allen David Moore U.S. Geological Survey King's College London Los Alamos, NM United Kingdom Ankur R. Desai Kenneth Raffa University of Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Madison, WI Madison, WI Michael C. Dietze Rona Sturrock University of Illinois at Urbana- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Champaign Resources Canada Urbana, IL Victoria, BC Ronald J. Hall James Vogelmann Canadian Forest Service, Natural U.S. Geological Survey Resources Canada Sioux Falls, SD Edmonton, Alberta E. Ted Hogg Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada Edmonton, Alberta September 30, 2010 Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences RUNNING HEAD: BIOTIC DISTURBANCES AND CARBON CYCLING Index words: 0400 BIOGEOSCIENCES, 0428 Carbon cycling, 0439 Ecosystems, structure and dynamics, 1615 Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling, 1631 Land/atmosphere interactions 1 1 Abstract 2 3 Forest insects and pathogens are major disturbance agents that have affected millions of hectares 4 in North America in recent decades. The extensive area of outbreaks and large number of trees 5 affected suggest significant impacts to the carbon (C) cycle. Here we present a review and 6 synthesis of published studies of biotic forest disturbances in North America and their effects on 7 C budgets. Substantial variability exists among major disturbance agents in terms of area 8 affected, life history and drivers, and effects on trees. Insects and pathogens can greatly affect 9 carbon budgets. Primary productivity can be reduced considerably following insect or pathogen 10 attack.
    [Show full text]
  • Treemediated Interactions Between the Jack Pine
    Ecological Entomology (2011), 36, 425–434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2011.01283.x Tree-mediated interactions between the jack pine budworm and a mountain pine beetle fungal associate LINDSAY J. COLGAN andNADIR ERBILGIN Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Abstract. 1. Coniferous trees deploy a combination of constitutive (pre-existing) and induced (post-invasion), structural and biochemical defences against invaders. Induced responses can also alter host suitability for other organisms sharing the same host, which may result in indirect, plant-mediated interactions between different species of attacking organisms. 2. Current range and host expansion of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; MPB) from lodgepole pine-dominated forests to the jack pine- dominated boreal forests provides a unique opportunity to investigate whether the colonisation of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) by MPB will be affected by induced responses of jack pine to a native herbaceous insect species: the jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman; JPBW). 3. We simulated MPB attacks with one of its fungal associates, Grosmannia clavigera Robinson-Jeffrey & Davidson, and tested induction of either herbivory by JPBW or inoculation with the fungus followed by a challenge treatment with the other organism on jack pine seedlings and measured and compared monoterpene responses in needles. 4. There was clear evidence of an increase in jack pine resistance to G. clavigera with previous herbivory, indicated by smaller lesions in response to fungal inoculations. In contrast, although needle monoterpenes greatly increased after G. clavigera inoculation and continued to increase during the herbivory challenge, JPBW growth was not affected, but JPBW increased the feeding rate to possibly compensate for altered host quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Impacts on the Island Forests of the Great Plains and the Implications for Nature Conservation Policy
    CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE ISLAND FORESTS OF THE GREAT PLAINS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY: THE OUTLOOK FOR SWEET GRASS HILLS (MONTANA), CYPRESS HILLS (ALBERTA – SASKATCHEWAN), MOOSE MOUNTAIN (SASKATCHEWAN), SPRUCE WOODS (MANITOBA) AND TURTLE MOUNTAIN (MANITOBA – NORTH DAKOTA) Norman Henderson (Prairie Adaptation and Research Collaborative) Edward Hogg (Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton) Elaine Barrow (Adjunct Professor, University of Regina) Brett Dolter (Prairie Adaptation and Research Collaborative) Contact for comments and queries: [email protected] December, 2002 Final Revised Report 1 This study is funded and managed by the Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative (PARC). Established in 2000 from the Government of Canada’s Climate Change Action Fund, PARC is an interdisciplinary research network established to research the potential impacts of climate change on the Canadian Prairie Provinces and develop appropriate adaptation strategies. PARC also funds and coordinates the training of personnel in climate change adaptation research. PARC is housed at the Information Technology Centre at the University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. The Government of Saskatchewan has also contributed funding for this study. Email: [email protected] Telephone: (306) 337-2300 Fax: (306) 337-2301 Website: www.parc.ca The recommendations and policy analysis presented in this study represent the views of the authors only and does not necessarily reflect the views of their employing agencies. Comments and queries on the study should be directed to the Island Forest Project: [email protected] 2 SUMMARY This study investigates future climate change impacts on ecosystems, with a focus on trees, in 5 island forest sites in the northern Great Plains ecoregion: Sweet Grass Hills (Montana), Cypress Hills (Alberta-Saskatchewan), Moose Mountain (Saskatchewan), Spruce Woods (Manitoba) and Turtle Mountain (Manitoba-North Dakota).
    [Show full text]
  • Btk) for Use in Forest Pest Management Programs in Ontario - with Special Emphasis on the Aquatic Environment
    REVIEW OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI (BTK) FOR USE IN FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN ONTARIO - WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT APRIL 1990 Environment Environnement Jim Bradley, Minister/ministre ISBN 0-7729-6453-X REVIEW OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI (BTK) FOR USE IN FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN ONTARIO - WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT Report prepared for: Aquatic Criteria Development Committee Water Resources Branch Report prepared by: Dr. G. A. Surgeoner M. J. Farkas Department of Environmental Biology University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 APRIL 1990 Copyright: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1990 This publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes with appropriate attribution. PREAMBLE In response to the Ministry of Natural Resources' preparation of Class Environmental Assessment for timber management on crown lands, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) commissioned the Environmental Review Of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) for Use in Forest Pest Management Programs of Ontario With Special Emphasis On The Aquatic Environment. This review focuses on the aquatic ecosystem effects of Btk as they relate to the control of insect infestations on crown lands. The review also considers the effects of Btk on non-target terrestrial biota (wildlife and humans) as they relate to the exposure of these lifeforms through the contact and ingestion of contaminated water and/or biota. The intent was to develop a Provincial Water Quality Objective (PWQO) from the information provided in the review document. However, the difficulty in enumerating Btk in water has prohibited the development of a numerical PWQO. Instead, a narrative ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT has been prepared and is provided on the following pages.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Forest Pests in Nova Scotia
    STATUS OF FOREST PESTS IN NOVA SCOTIA 2011 Annual Report Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Fleet and Forest Protection Division Risk Services Section Report FOR 2013-002 1 Forest Health Conditions in Nova Scotia 2011 Annual Report Compiled by: Gina Penny With data from Forest Health Staff Forest Protection Division Renewable Resources Branch Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources PO Box 130 23 Creighton Road Shubenacadie, NS B0N 2H0 Telephone: (902)-758-7226 Fax: (902)-758-3210 http://www.gov.ns.ca/natr/forest/foresthealth/default.asp Publication Number: Report FOR 2013-002 2 Forest Health Staff Tanya Borgal Matthew O’Connor Matthew Campbell Jeff Ogden Jacqui Gordon Jim Rudderham Mike LeBlanc Andrew Young Editing and Administrative Support Wanda Dahr John Ross Walter Fanning Suzette Thibodeau Regional Services Pest Detection Officers Eastern Region Central Region Western Region Derek Hart Allan Bland Jamie Brown Michael Hill Mike Kew Brian Comeau Greg Keizer Eric Leighton Bill DesChamp Dolores MacDonald Scott MacEwan William Grover Greg Murphy Matthew McFetridge Kim Huskins Tom Murray Matthew O’Connor Ross Pentz John Ongo Adrian Samson Kevin Totten Figure 1: Administrative regions of the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. 3 Table of Contents Forest Health Staff…………………………………………………………………………………….….3 Editing and Administrative Support………………………………………………………………….….3 Regional Services Pest Detection Officers……………………………………………………….…....3 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………….……6 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
    [Show full text]
  • Paradigms in Eastern Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Population Ecology: a Century of Debate
    Environmental Entomology Advance Access published September 1, 2016 Environmental Entomology, 2016, 1–10 doi: 10.1093/ee/nvw103 Population Ecology Review Paradigms in Eastern Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Population Ecology: A Century of Debate Deepa S. Pureswaran,1,2 Rob Johns,3 Stephen B. Heard,4 and Dan Quiring5,6 1Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada ([email protected]), 2Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected], 3Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada ([email protected]), 4Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada ([email protected]), 5Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada ([email protected]), and 6Entomological Research Services Inc, Douglas, NB, Canada Received 5 February 2016; Accepted 29 July 2016 Downloaded from Abstract Three main hypotheses have been postulated over the past century to explain the outbreaking population dy- namics of eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). The Silviculture Hypothesis first arose in the 1920s, with the idea that outbreaks were driven by forestry practices favoring susceptible softwood species. In the 1960s, it was proposed that populations were governed by Multiple Equilibria, with warm http://ee.oxfordjournals.org/ weather conditions releasing low-density populations from the regulatory control of natural enemies. Dispersal from outbreak foci, or “epicenters,” was seen as causing widespread outbreaks that eventually collapsed fol- lowing resource depletion. However, in the 1980s, following the re-analysis of data from the 1940s outbreak in New Brunswick, this interpretation was challenged. The alternative Oscillatory Hypothesis proposed that budworm population dynamics were governed by a second-order density-dependent process, with oscillations being driven by natural enemy–victim interactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of the First-Instar Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
    ARTHROPOD BIOLOGY Development of the First-Instar Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) ER-NING HAN, ERIC BAUCE, AND FREDERIC TREMPE-BERTRAND Faculte´ de Foresterie et de Ge´omatique, CRBF, Universite´ Laval, Ste-Foy, QC, Canada G1K 7P4 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 93(3): 536Ð540 (2000) ABSTRACT Development of the 1st-instar (L1) of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was studied at different temperatures under laboratory conditions. The development process was divided into different phases based on 4 distinct events observed during L1 development: hatching of L1, construction of hibernacula, excretion of green pellets, and molt. The green substance in newly hatched L1 was found to be proteinaceous. The proportion of L1 that successfully completed development at various temperatures indicated that the optimal temperature range for L1 development was between 18 and 27ЊC. Larval mortality, particularly at low temperatures, occurred mainly before construction of hibernacula and excretion of green pellets. Low tempera- tures had a weak effect on development time from larval hatching to construction of hibernacula, but the duration of subsequent development periods were substantially increased under these temperatures. Temperature threshold (TT Ϸ 6ЊC), degree-day requirement (DD Ϸ 87), and other developmental parameters were estimated. KEY WORDS spruce budworm, Þrst instar, temperature, developmental rate THE 1ST-INSTAR (L1) of the spruce budworm, Choris- We also estimate the temperature threshold and de- toneura fumiferana (Clemens), not only marks the gree-day requirement for L1 development. beginning of larval development in this insect, it is also the last developmental stage to be completed in a calendar year before the insect undergoes overwin- Materials and Methods tering diapause as a 2nd instar.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Section 1 Eastern White Pine (Pinus
    SECTION 1 EASTERN WHITE PINE (PINUS STROBUS L.) 1. General Information This consensus document addresses the biology of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.), referred to hereafter simply as Eastern White Pine (pin blanc in French Canada). Eastern White Pine is one of the most valuable tree species in eastern North America where its easily machined, uniform-textured wood is unsurpassed for doors, windows, panelling, mouldings and cabinet work (Mullins and McKnight, 1981; Farrar, 1995). The species played a major role in the settlement and economic development of New England and the Atlantic Provinces as England reserved all large Eastern White Pine suitable for masts under the "Broad Arrow" policy, starting in the late 1600's (Johnson, 1986). Eastern White Pine also responds well to nursery culture and is commonly used for reforestation, urban forestry and Christmas tree plantations. The general biology of Eastern White Pine is described in the context of the species’ role in natural forests and its domestication in planted stands. Taxonomic and evolutionary relationships with other Pinus species are described. Reproductive biology is described with a focus on aspects of mating system, gene flow, seed production and natural stand establishment. The current knowledge of genetic variation within the species is reviewed, highlighting the importance of geographic variation patterns and the potential for improvement by means of recurrent selection breeding strategies. The tremendous biological diversity and the complexity of ecological interactions with higher and lower flora and fauna are discussed. While Eastern White Pine has been commonly planted within its natural range, the extent of reforestation has been limited by susceptibility to white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) and blister rust (Cronartium ribicola).
    [Show full text]