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NKRUMAH E LA RINASCITA DEL PANAFRICANISMO Di Michele Melega

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NKRUMAH E LA RINASCITA DEL PANAFRICANISMO Di Michele Melega LIMES, RIVISTA ITALIANA DI GEOPOLITICA pubblicato il 5/11/ 2007 su http://www.limesonline.com NKRUMAH E LA RINASCITA DEL PANAFRICANISMO di Michele Melega La storia di Kwame Nkrumah, padre della patria ghanese, e del suo sogno panafricanista; i vari progetti d’integrazione continentale, fra l’entusiasmo di Gheddafi e il pragmatismo di Mbeki. Il ruolo della Diaspora. Quale futuro per l’Unione Africana? Q uando a giugno si sono svolti ad Accra, capitale del Ghana, i funerali di Stato accordati alla ex-first lady del Ghana, Fathia Rizk Nkrumah, moglie del defunto leader panafricanista e primo presidente del paese, Kwame Nkrumah, grande è stata la partecipazione popolare e affollato il parterre degli ospiti e delle personalità invitate, tra cui spiccavano le presenze di Kofi Annan e dell’ex-presidente del Ghana Jerry Rawlings, oltre a numerosi rappresentanti delle diverse forze politiche ghanesi. Tutto ciò nonostante l’attuale presidente del Ghana, John Kufuor, appartenga ad un partito che è parte di una tradizione politica opposta a quella di Nkrumah, padre fondatore del Ghana oltre che primo capo di Stato indipendente di un paese dell’Africa subsahariana. Kufuor ha voluto però onorare la memoria del padre della patria con questo gesto, sottolineando allo stesso tempo l’importanza e l’attualità di uno dei temi cardine del nkrumahismo, cioè l’aspirazione all’unità politica ed economica africana. Pochi giorni dopo il funerale di Fathia Nkrumah si è svolto infatti ad Accra il vertice dell’Unione Africana, in cui il futuro del continente è stato oggetto di accesi dibattiti. Il luogo non è stato scelto a caso: si è voluto rendere omaggio ad una delle più vibranti democrazie dell’Africa, il Ghana, che il 6 marzo di quest’anno ha festeggiato i cinquant’anni della propria indipendenza. Il Ghana, dopo un lungo periodo turbolento caratterizzato da numerosi colpi di stato e regimi militari, è dal 1992, con l’elezione dell’allora presidente Rawlings, una democrazia compiuta con libere elezioni indipendenti e multipartitiche. “Sono sicuro”, ha detto Kufuor durante il discorso tenuto all’apertura delle celebrazioni per l’indipendenza del paese, “che tutti concorderanno con me nel ritenere il 6 marzo 1957 una data fondamentale non solo per il Ghana, ma per l’Africa intera. E’ una data che ha cambiato lo status e il ruolo del nostro continente nel mondo per sempre.” Il Ghana gode oggi di un’ economia relativamente buona, con un prodotto interno lordo che ha un tasso di crescita annuale del 6%. Allo stesso tempo, il continente deve affrontare sfide cruciali per il suo futuro e il dibattito ancora in corso sull’unità africana non può prescindere dalla situazione economica strutturalmente deficitaria che affligge la maggior parte degli stati del continente, dall’alto livello della disoccupazione giovanile e dalla crisi in cui versano il settore sanitario e l’istruzione. Durante il vertice molti sono stati i discorsi che hanno fatto riferimento a Nkrumah ed al suo panafricanismo. Tutti i leader presenti, pur con accenti diversi, hanno affermato la necessità vitale di una collaborazione politica ed economica più stretta. Il maliano Alpha 1 LIMES, RIVISTA ITALIANA DI GEOPOLITICA pubblicato il 5/11/ 2007 su http://www.limesonline.com Oumar Konare, presidente della Commissione dell’Unione Africana, ha dichiarato alla stampa ”che la mia visione è quella di spingere i leader africani a unificare il nostro continente, prendendo il toro per le corna per muoversi in un’unica direzione, verso una nuova nazione: quella africana.” Ma dove ha origine questo anelito all’unità del continente? L’indipendenza del Ghana, conquistata da Nkrumah nel 1957 senza spargimenti di sangue, diede vita ad un forte movimento anticolonialista in tutta l’Africa, ed è per questo che egli è ancora ricordato per la passione e impegno in favore della Nazione Africana. Nkrumah nacque a Nkroful, un piccolo villaggio vicino alla città di Takoradi nel settembre del 1909. Figlio unico, nel 1929 andò ad Accra per proseguire gli studi, ottenendo il diploma di maturità nel 1930. Nel 1935, grazie a una borsa di studio si trasferì negli Stati Uniti, avvenimento rarissimo all’epoca per un giovane africano, dove rimase per 10 anni ottenendo prima una laurea dalla Lincoln University nel 1939, e poi due Master in Scienze dell’Educazione e in Filosofia dall’Università della Pennsylvania nel 1942. Durante questo periodo venne a contatto con le idee di Marcus Garvey, leader carismatico e influente che si proponeva alla testa di un nuovo movimento per il Ritorno all’Africa degli Afro-Americani. Nel 1945 lasciò New York per Londra dove insieme a George Padmore, un avvocato dell’isola di Trinidad che divenne il suo primo consigliere dopo il raggiungimento dell’indipendenza del Ghana, organizzò il Quinto Congresso Panafricano di Manchester. Questo congresso segnò il risveglio della coscienza politica africana a tutti i livelli sociali, inclusi gli studenti e i lavoratori che vi parteciparono in gran numero arrivando anche dall’Africa per l’occasione. Successivamente Nkrumah fondò il Segretariato Nazionale dell’Africa Occidentale che si proponeva la decolonizzazione totale dell’Africa. Nel 1947 ritornò in Ghana, che allora si chiamava ancora Costa d’Oro, per diventare il segretario generale dell’UGCC (United Gold Coast Convention), un’organizzazione politica che si proponeva l’indipendenza del paese. In seguito fondò il primo vero partito politico di massa ghanese, lo CPP (Convention People’s Party), che esiste tutt’oggi e che si proponeva -oltre all’indipendenza- la realizzazione della sua visione del panfricanismo. Nkrumah vinse con larghissimo margine le prime elezioni democratiche tenutesi in Africa nel 1951, e ciò gli consentì di diventare primo ministro nel1952 e condividere gli affari del governo con il potere coloniale britannico nel periodo di transizione fino all’indipendenza. Il 6 marzo 1957, durante la cerimonia per celebrare finalmente la conquista dell’indipendenza, Nkrumah pronunciò le ormai storiche parole che fanno ancora vibrare all’unisono i cuori dei ghanesi: “Infine.. la battaglia è finita..e il Ghana, la nostra amata nazione.. è libero per sempre... da ora in avanti c’è un nuovo Africano nel mondo..pronto a dimostrare di essere in grado di amministrare i suoi affari... ora costruiremo la nostra personalità africana e la nostra Identità..... l’indipendenza del Ghana è senza significato, se non sarà seguita da una liberazione totale del continente africano”. Questa è a tutt’oggi la base del panfricanismo, dove l’unità politica ed economica non è considerata fine a sé stessa, ma strumentale alla realizzazione della dignità degli Africani. L’indipendenza del Ghana diede fortissimo impeto agli altri movimenti di liberazione e di decolonizzazione africani. Nkrumah diventò un’icona continentale e simbolo del 2 LIMES, RIVISTA ITALIANA DI GEOPOLITICA pubblicato il 5/11/ 2007 su http://www.limesonline.com raggiungimento di questa impresa. I suoi frequenti discorsi alla radio in cui avvertiva sui pericoli derivanti dallo sfruttamento coloniale dell’Africa servirono ad accelerare il processo di sovranità politica del continente che si concluse con l’abolizione dell’apartheid nel 1994 in Sudafrica. Accra, la capitale ghanese, divenne la base per l’addestramento di numerosi combattenti per la liberazione, con l’istituzione a Winneba di un centro ideologico e politico che formò tra gli altri personalità quali Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia), Olivier Thambo (Sudafrica), Sam Nujoma (Namibia), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenia) e lo stesso Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe). Qui nacque il sogno di un’Africa libera, unita politicamente in una federazione e con capitale Bangui(Repubblica Centroafricana). Anche con la vita privata, Nkrumah cercava di dare corpo al suo sogno di un’Africa unita. Aveva sposato infatti una donna egiziana, Fathia Rizk, che gli era stata presentata attraverso i buoni uffici del leader egiziano dell’epoca, Gamal Abdel Nasser. Questa unione coniugale rappresentò simbolicamente per molti africani l’unione tra i popoli a nord e a sud del Sahara. Anche gli arabi -come gli africani- avevano sofferto l’oppressione coloniale e lo sfruttamento delle loro risorse. “Nkrumah rifiutava la nozione secondo la quale il colonialismo era il risultato del desiderio degli europei di “civilizzare” i popoli “barbarici” del mondo”, ha spiegato la storica inglese June Milne, che per tanti anni è stata al fianco del padre della patria ghanese, assistendolo come ricercatrice1. Nel 1960 fu approvata una nuova costituzione e Nkrumah fu eletto presidente della Repubblica. Avviò un poderoso programma di industrializzazione del paese costruendo fabbriche, reti stradali e autostradali, reti televisive e telefoniche; molto importante fu anche la costruzione della enorme diga di Akosombo, che servì a fornire l’ energia elettrica alle aree rurali e a tutte le industrie del paese. Questo progetto fu avviato col sostegno economico degli Stati Uniti e del presidente Kennedy, con cui Nkrumah aveva un buon rapporto personale, nonostante le proprie inclinazioni socialiste. Infine costruì il porto di Tema sull’oceano Atlantico, ancora oggi uno dei più importanti porti dell’Africa Occidentale. Oltre che essere un politico e un uomo di stato il primo presidente ghanese era anche un intellettuale prolifico. Scrisse numerosi libri di analisi economica e sociale, la cui stesura coincideva spesso con avvenimenti politici del continente, come la crisi del Congo nei primi anni 60 o la dichiarazione unilaterale di indipendenza del governo di minoranza della Rhodesia, espressione di politiche razziste e coloniali. Il suo Africa Must Unite del 1963 rimane a tutt’oggi il testo principale su cui si sviluppano le teorie di sopravvivenza politica ed economica dell’Africa2. Nel 1966 Nkrumah fu destituito con un golpe militare mentre si trovava in visita ufficiale in Cina e Vietnam. Fu costretto all’esilio a Conakry in Guinea, dove il suo amico Sekou Toure lo nominò co-presidente del paese. Nel 1972, debilitato nel fisico da un tumore, morì a Bucarest, dove si era recato per ricevere cure mediche.
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