Index

Aliyat Ha-Noar 152 fear of 94 American Jewish Committee (AJC) 38, 39, 103, ideology 197, 198 169, 212 in Central and Eastern Europe 95 American Jewish community post-war 215 and American Jewish Committee 38 Antonio Salazar and Holocaust commemoration 201 ties with Germany 135 and support for Jewish state 22, 43, 98 Argentina 180, 181 and the State of 168 Assimilation 97 as a minority 7, 103 Atlantic City declaration 69, 70 as sponsors 133 Autonomist movement 214 dominance of 22 Azaria, Malka 149 power of 5, 104, 224 standing among world Jewry 225 Balfour Declaration 1, 2, 19, 77, 82 studies of 224 Barlas, Haim 156, 157, 159 American Jewish Congress 1, 6, 37, 41 Beck, Jozef 126, 128 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Belgium (JDC) 127, 140, 153, 156, 157 rescue of children 25 objections to WJC activity in Portugal 136 Benes, Edvard 118 American Jewish public Ben Gurion, David 31, 46, 56, 63, 169 and Abba Hillel Silver 57, 75 Bergson group 49, 103 and Roosevelt 49 Blaustein, Jacob 169 and Yalta Conference 72 Bloom, Sol 49, 59, 82 and 94 Blum, Leon 126 concern for Polish Jews 127 B’nai Brith 16 ethnic activity 95, 96, 103, 215 Boris, King of Bulgaria 162 objective of 93 Brandeis, Louis D. 125 reaction to Holocaust 8, 99 Bretton Woods Agreement 209 voting patterns 85 Brubaker, Rogers 20, 21 Bulgaria 158 and rescue of Jews 225 American involvement 162 American public deportation of Jews 161, 162 and Abba Hillel Silver 45 opposition to expulsion 162 Amzelak, Moshe 136 support for Germany 161 Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 90 Anielevich, Mordechi 144 Catholic 21, 96, 146, 149 Anti-Jewish legislation 199 Catholic Church 150 anti-Semitism Chicago 76, 78, 80, 85, 175 American 102 Children and Abba Hillel Silver 103 adoption of 152, 178, 179 and Herzl 218 arrests of 27 and Institute of Jewish Affairs 188 care of 138, 149, 152 and Poland 126, 127 condition of 150 and Portugal 139 cost to rescue 151 and U.S. Congress 40 hiding in Belgium 146 234 Index

hiding in Holland 146 Dexter, Robert 154, 155 immigration to America 153 Diaspora immigration to 152, 156 and Palestine 2 post-war needs 177, 179, 180 and the State of Israel 187, 209, 223 rescue of 147, 149, 155, 158, 219, 220 in the post-war world 169, 210 smuggling of 121, 148, 150, 157 model 176 Claims Conference 186, 207 nationalism 4, 168, 169, 171, 188, 201, 212 Cold War 215 Displaced persons 97, 116, 148, 169, 176 Committee of Jewish Delegations 1, 213 and Palestine 184 Communities, Jewish resettlement 175, 184 cooperation among 213 Dovkin, Eliyahu rehabilitation of 176, 178, 225 and immigration permits 155 restoration of 175, 184, 207 and JDC memorandum 156 Community, Jewish refugee Aliya from France 156 Bulgarian 162 Dual loyalty 13, 92, 213 Danish 163 Dubnov, Shimon 17, 214 Hungarian 165 Duckwitz, Georg Ferdinand 163 in Palestine 182 Dulles, John Foster 56, 78, 79, 81, 85 in United States 224 Portuguese 137 Eden, Anthony 36 post-WWII 95 Eichmann trial 186, 195 Community, Jewish in Palestine 170 Eisenhower, Dwight 56 Congress Weekly 95, 137, 175, 187, 205 Election Czechoslovakia 16, 119, 126, 129, 132, 141 and founding of Jewish State 45 Jewish New Year letter 132 and pro-Zionist resolutions 58, 76, 86 Jews as national minority 129 and rescue of Jews 99 Emancipation 3 De Kauffmann, Hendrich 163 Emergency Council 45 Delbos, Yvon 126 and pro-Zionist resolution 49 Democratic Party and Zionism 83 and Abba Hillel Silver 81, 84 Evian Conference 129, 131 and FDR 59, 69, 104 Extermination 145 and pro-Zionist resolutions 87 description of 31, 200 and rescue of Jews 97 location of camps 194 Jewish control 100 reports of 31, 92, 219 platform 81, 86 substantiation of 26 and pro-Zionist resolutions 86 WJC response to 133, 134 and Zionism 87 Democratic Party Convention 53, 79, 81, 83, Farben, I. G. 207 87, 89 Fascism 41, 126 Denmark Feingold, Henry 7 and transfer of Jews to Sweden 163 Feuer, Leon 58 German invasion of 163 Final Solution 22, 24 rescue of Danish Jews 167 Finland rescue of Jews 219 and rescue of Danish Jews 164 Dewey, Thomas 53, 54, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, Fish, Hamilton 85, 86, 101 and pro-Zionist resolutions 88 Index 235

Forced labor 199 Grossmann, Kurt 192 France Gruenbaum, Yitzhak 35, 36, 37, 3839, 103, rescue of children from 138, 146, 147, 220 150 Guggenheim, Paul 26, 31 support of Polish and Romanian Jews 127 Hadassah 44, 95, 136 Franco, General Francisco 159 Hantke, Arthur 13 Franco, Nicolas 140, 158 Hebrew, study of 152 Frankfurter, Felix 54, 61, 62, 80, 90, 125 Hebrew Union College 9 Free Synagogue 9 Helman, Jacob 180 Friling, Tuvia 31 Helsinki Conference 12 Herbert Hoover Library 195 Gellner, Ernest 211 Herzl, Theodore 217, 218 Germany Hilman, Sidney 101 anti-Semitic propoganda 3, 94 Holland 143, 146 Jews of 16, 26 Holocaust reparations agreement with Israel 186, memory 34, 35, 195, 201 207 museum Washington DC 199 Globalization 3 reports of 24, 28 Goga-Cuza regime 23 Hungary Goldmann, Nahum Hungarian Jews 165 and anti-Semitism 20 rescue efforts 220 and establishment of Jewish state 43, 92 Hyman, Joseph 138 and Palestine Question 92, 98 and policy of restraint 94, 221 Identity, ethnic and pro-Zionist resolutions 63, 64 and American Jews 215 and WJC ideology 12, 14, 15, 21, 91, 98 and Holocaust, Museum 200 and World Zionist Organization 10, 14 and WJC 17, 201, 210, 218 and Zionist movement 10 Institute of Jewish Affairs 14, 195, 200, 206, Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 90 223 Atlantic City conference 120, 193, 222 Italy 17, 121, 126, 159 background 8 founder of WJC 5, 10 Jackson, Robert 186 president of WJC 10 Jerusalem 13, 46, 85, 186, 199, 205 rescue of Jewish children 147 Jewish Agency 3 rescue of Polish Jews 117, 129 agreement with Joint Distribution Goldstein, Israel 56, 86 Committee 138 Government-in-exile 133, 149 Aliya department 156 Czechoslovakian 118 and trials of war criminals 206 Dutch 146 Executive 56 French 141, 147 Jewish identity 203 Polish 26, 119, 121, 153 and Diaspora nationalism 215 Great Britain 55, 142 Jewish Institute of Religion 9 Greece Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Athens 156, 158, 159 and Portuguese Jewish community 138 Hadari Camp 158, 160 Jewish lobby 78 Thessalonica 159, 160 236 Index

Jewish migration 131 for reparations 207 to Palestine 2, 3, 61, 92, 131, 177, 191 from US 120, 123 Jewish solidarity 3, 19, 95, 217 to Belgium 121 Jewish state to Europe 120, 121, 122 and Diaspora model 211 to France 121, 150 and WJC 13, 17, 90 to Holland 121, 147 and WJC policy 178 to Poland 121 Jewish tradition 182 to Portugal 136, 151 Jewish vote 80, 86 to Red Cross 122 and FDR 54, 68, 87 to State of Israel 207 political use of 70, 79, 85, 89, 96, 102, to Switzerland 122 168, 222 to underground activists 166 Jordana, Count 159 Monsky, Henry 16 Judenrat 34 Morgenthau, Henry 94 Jüdisches Museum, Berlin 199 Munich agreement 132

Kallen, Horace M. 3, 4, 183 Nationalism Kapo 29, 34, 35 and American Jewry 215 Keren Ha-Yesod 13 and Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 202 Kibbutz Lohamei Ha-Geta’ot 199 Diaspora 215 Kubowitzki, Leon 115, 116, 166 Jewish 2, 18, 210, 211 Nazi concentration camps 29 League of Nations 3, 4, 15, 19, 24, 125, 126, Belzec 27 129, 219 Bergen Belsen 160 Lemberger, Yehuda 141 Mauthausen 146 Library of Congress 195 Sobibor 27 Lifshitz, Shlomo 152 Theresienstadt 164 Lipsky, Louis 11, 16, 38 Treblinka 29, 31, 33, 34 Lithuania 115, 185 Neumann, Emanuel Long, Breckenridge 164 and pro-Zionist declaration 57 and pro-Zionist resolutions 51, 69, 74 Macedonia 161 New Deal 9, 100 Mack, Julian 11 New School for Social Research 183 Mandate 82 New York Times 32 Marcus, Robert 208 Niles, David 58, 59, 60, 64, 70, 81, 82, 83, Marshall, George 63 84, 87, 88, 222 Masaryk, Jan 118, 129 North Africa 196 Masaryk, Thomas 129 Nuremburg Trials 186, 194, 195 Mendes France, Pierre 141 Migration to Palestine 177 Opinion 9 Minorities Orphans ethnic 20, 47, 94, 102, 103, 191 in Europe 177 Jewish 19, 124, 190 orphanages 179, 181, 182 rights of 4, 100, 125, 187, 210 Mizrahi movement 179 Palestine Money, fundraising 181 as destination for children 153 Money, transfer of as destination for rescued children 152 Index 237

British involvement 75 Jewish 33, 34, 197, 200, 201 immigration to 177 Swedish 165 Rescue Committee 220 Riegner, M. Gerhart 24, 25, 117, 118, 123, 135 Peace conference 10 telegram 24, 26, 119, 120, 220 Peshev, Dimitar 161 Rights Philanthropic organizations, Jewish 3, 95, civil 16, 127 149 human 3, 17, 186, 187, 206 Pilsudski, Jozef 126 of German Jews 125 Pogroms 17, 26, 31, 32 Robinson, Jacob 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, Poland 16, 25, 26, 27, 119, 128, 144, 207 192, 194, 195, 198, 205, 206 Politics, ethnic 7, 23, 96, 100 and minorities treaties 186 Portugal and minority rights 187 and JDC 138 and United Nations 14, 185, 186 Lisbon 119, 121, 135, 136, 138, 158, 220 and Yad Vashem 186 Post-war rehabilitation 169 letter to Goldmann and Wise 14 Post-war world 190 response to UN request 206 Procope, Hjalmar 164 Robinson, Nehemia 185 Proskauer, Joseph 38, 39, 41 Romania 23, 121, 127 Pro-Zionist resolutions 43, 46, 57, 67, 73, Jews of 15, 21, 23, 24 79, 80 Roosevelt, Franklin D. (FDR) 39, 40 accusations against 82 Quakers, American 151 and Emergency Council 67 and pro-Zionist resolutions 64 Racism 3, 95, 100, 101 and Pro-Zionist Resolutions 63, 65 in American society 100 and 151 Radigales, Sebastian Romero 160 and Zionism 66, 75 Red Cross 145, 180 and Zionist movement 46, 47, 52, 60, Reform movement 8 62, 72, 78 Refugees pro-Zionist declaration 47, 50, 53, 54, 57 distinction from migrants 130 relationship with Abba Hillel Silver 49 from Germany 130 relationship with Stephen Wise 9 in United States 94 rescue of Jews 36, 42, 220 non-Jewish 174 Yalta conference 46 rehabilitation of 173 Rosenman, Samuel 62 status in Portugal 135, 139, 140 and Abba Hillel Silver 61 status in Spain 140 and pro-Zionist resolutions 61, 63 Republican Party Roth, Samuel 155 and pro-Zionist resolutions 79, 80, 87 Rotschild, Ida 143 Republican Party Convention 76, 77, 79, 80 and pro-Zionist resolutions 81 Salomon, Herman 53 Rescue Committee 156 Schwarzbart, Isaac I. 205 Rescue of Jews Shoemaker, Henry W. 162 and American victory 42 Silver, Abba Hillel 9, 18, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52, and policy of restraint 117 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, in Portugal 155 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, Resistance 30 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 99, 101, 102, 103, French 141, 146, 148 169, 222 238 Index

and A. Robert Taft 81, 85, 89 Unitarian Church 151 and Emergency Council 46, 58, 101 United Jewish Appeal 45 and Jewish Agency 45 United Nations 45, 171, 208 and Jewish vote 79, 101, 102 and issues of minorities 208 and pro-Zionist resolutions 45, 51, 58, and Zionist movement 63 75, 83 Commission on Genocide 208 and threat to withdraw from Republican commission on human rights 206 Party Convention 82 Relief and Rehabilitation Administration anti-Roosevelt activity 70 (UNRRA) 174 position on minorities 100 War Crimes Committee 193 relationship with FDR 60, 61, 62 United States relationship with Stephen Wise 46, 82 action toward rescue of Jews 40 Slovakia 165 Defense Department 55, 122, 173 Smith, Anthony 211 opposition to transfer of food 142 Socialists 21 State Department 35, 67, 94, 97, 119, South America 5, 10 162, 164, 190 and procurement of passports 133 and Jews in Poland and Romania control of donations 13 124 Soviet Russia 20 and pro-Zionist resolutions 46 Spain and transfer of money 122, 123 and Jewish refugees 37 Palestine policy 69 and Spanish Jews in Greece 161 Treasury Department 123, 124 and transfer of refugees 135 United States Congress 40, 52 policy toward Jewish citizens 159 United States House of Representatives 59, Stettinius, Edward R. 65, 67, 69 67, 74, 100 and pro-Zionist resolutions 65, 66 and pro-Zionist resolutions 43 and Zionist movement 64 Foreign Affairs Committee 43, 49 Sweden 163, 166 United States Senate 48, 63, 64, 66, 100 absorption of Danish Jews 164 and pro-Zionist resolutions 43, 58, 59 accepting refugees 163 Foreign Relations Committee 43, 48, 52, Switzerland 10, 27, 121, 180 55, 67, 69, 77 Szold, Henrietta 152 Urofsky, Melvin 13

Taft, Alfonso Robert 52, 55, 76, 77, 81, 88, 89 Vichy 27, 142, 158 and pro-Zionist resolution 76 and pro-Zionist resolutions 55 Wagner, Robert 54, 59, 73, 81, 94 Tartakower, Arieh 6, 121, 122, 145, 147, 173, Wallenberg, Raul 166 192 War criminals 170, 194, 205, 223 Taylor, Myron 36 Warsaw Ghetto 25, 27, 29, 32, 34 Temple Emanu-El 9 reports of deportations 27 Thrace 161 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 34, 144 Tiferet Yisra’el Congregation 44 and ethnic identity 205 Training facility, areas of study 175 and Jewish Identity 203 Truman, Harry S. 9, 46, 58, 93, 97, 98, 168 and State of Israel 204 and support for Jewish state 93 and The Warsaw Ghetto Revolt 205 and Zionist movement 56, 74 commemoration 201, 202 in Diaspora 204 Index 239

in Israel 204 and Republican Party 86 Remembering and Rebuilding 203 and support of a Jewish state 98 role in historical memory 203 and Theodore Herzl 217 role in Holocaust memory 34, 201, 202, and Zionism 170 204 and Zionist movement 8, 69, 170, 208 Weissmann, Lily 152 as founder of WJC 4, 8 Weissmann, Yitzhak 157 background 10 agreement with Portuguese government letter to Stettinius 69 135 memorandum to United Nations 17 and communications network 141 memorandum to UNRRA 174 and French underground 141 relationship with Abba Hillel Silver 44, and Haim Barlas 156 87 and letter from Robert Dexter 154 relationship with FDR 42, 56 and Nicolas Franco 140 relationship with State Department 56 and Turkish Jews 158 WJC offices 31, 119, 141, 151, 202, 220 assistance of Dutch government 147 Geneva 118, 123, 151 background 135 Switzerland 26 communications network 141 (WJC) envoy to Lisbon 135 and Diaspora model 211 rescue of children 143 and dissemination of information 119, ties with governments-in-exile 140 120 Weizmann, Chaim 158 and Eastern European migration 131 and Abba Hillel Silver 57 and effort on behalf on European Jews and David Ben Gurion 63 129 and pro-Zionist resolutions 63 and escape of Mendes France 142 and Stephen Wise 10 and food distribution 143, 144, 145 and Zionist movement 75 and fundraising 151 Welles, Sumner 117 and memorandum to League of Nations 4 White House 56, 64, 70, 85, 86, 93, 97 and philanthropic activity 128 White paper 1939 47 and policy of restraint 38, 93, 116 Wilson, Woodrow 9 and reports of events in Europe 27 Wise, Stephen S. and rescue of children 148 1936 convention 14 and support for Jewish state 221, 223 1943 address to American Jewish and Zionist movement 13 Congress 91 as a philanthropic body 141 address at Montreux conference 155, 171 as a philanthropic organization 149 and American Jewish Congress 6 as international organization 5 and April 1943 press conference 39 attitude toward 157 and Democratic Party 1, 8, 9, 69, 79, 85 conference and disclosure of Riegner telegram 24 Atlantic City 115, 124 and Emergency Council 44, 46, 80 database of names 144 and establishment of Jewish state 43 founding 3 and Harry S. Truman 74 methods 133 and Jewish vote 70, 97, 98 mode of operation 154 and pro-Zionist resolutions 47, 74, 75, objectives 12 222 objectives of 3, 38 and reelection of FDR 40, 80, 88 operation in Portugal 155 240 Index

purpose of 217 Zionism 16, 18, 66, 77, 78, 79, 175, 208, 211, transfer of money 154 218 World Jewish Congress (WJC) American 17, 43, 44, 57, 67, 73, 75, 81, and policy of restraint 43 83, 84, 87, 89, 96, 169, 170 and reports of events in Europe 35 and Theodore Herzl 218 and Zionist movement 7, 13 Zionist movement 12 as an American Jewish body 17 American Zionist movement 46, 47 inaugural convention 1 and founding of WJC 7, 218 World War I 15, 185, 197 and Great Britain 95 World War II 100, 121, 133, 135, 185 and need for WJC 170 refugee problem 36 and political parties 101 War Refugee Board 151, 154, 165 Labor Zionist movement 12 World Zionist movement 43 Yad Vashem 199, 200 Yahil, Leni 164, 165 Yale University 195 Yalta Conference 58, 70, 71, 222 Yiddish 182 Yosef, Dov 64 Yugoslavia 161, 165