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Encyclopedia of Diasporas

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Encyclopedia of Diasporas Encyclopedia of Diasporas Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World Volume I" Overviews and Topics Volume II- Diaspora Communities Encyclopedia of Diasporas Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World Volume !: Overviews and Topics Volume !i: Diaspora Communities Edited by Melvin Ember Human Relations Area Files at Yale University Carol R. Ember Human Relations Area Files at Yale University and lan Skoggard Human Relations Area Files at Yale University Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) at Yale University Springer A C.I.E record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-306-48321-1 Printed on acid-flee paper. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the writ- ten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, com- puter software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Permissions for books published in Europe: [email protected] Permissions for books published in the United States of America: permissions@wkap, tom Printed in the United States of America. 1098765432 springeronline.com Advisory Board ANDREW AFTER University of Chicago H. RUSSELL BERNARD University of Florida, Gainesville ELIZABETH COLSON University of California, Berkeley E. VALENTINEDANIEL Columbia University E. PAUL DURRENBERGER Pennsylvania State University JUDITH N. FRIEDLANDER Hunter College, City University of New York JACK GLAZIER Oberlin College W. PENN HANDWERKER University of Connecticut FAYE V. HARRISON University of Tennessee ENGSENG HO Harvard University PHILIP KILBRIDE Bryn Mawr HESUNG CHUN KOH East Rock Institute and Yale University MAXINE MARGOLIS University of Florida, Gainesville DONALD NONINI University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill HARALD RUNBLOM Uppsala University LEO SCHELBERT University of Illinois at Chicago CHEE BENG TAN The Chinese University in Hong Kong ROBERT THEODORATUS Colorado State University DAVID Y. H. Wu University of Hawaii WALTER P. ZENNER (deceased) University at Albany, State University of New York ARISTIDE R. ZOLBERG New School for Social Research Managing Editors Kathleen Adams and Jo-Ann Teadtke The Encyclopedia of Diasporas was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF), at Yale University. The foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthro- pology, HRAF is a not-for-profit consortium of 19 Sponsoring Member institutions and more than 400 active and inactive Associate Member institutions in nearly 40 countries. The mission of HRAF is to provide information that facilitates the worldwide comparative study of human behavior, society, and culture. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography, which has been building since 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information, organized by culture and indexed according to more than 700 subject categories, on the cultures of the world. An increasing portion of the Collection of Ethnography, which now covers more than 380 cultures, is accessible via the World Wide Web to member institutions. The HRAF Collection of Archaeology, the first installment of which appeared in 1999, is also accessible on the Web to member institutions. HRAF also prepares multivolume reference works with the help of nearly 2,000 scholars around the world, and sponsors Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science. Contributors K~ilfi Ab~mb(ihi, Faculty of Law, University of Leicester, Leicester, England Nobuko Adachi, Anthropology Department, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois Birgit Ammann, Berliner Gesellschaft zur Ftirderung der Kurdologie, Berlin, Germany James N. Anderson, Department of Anthropology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California Joi~lle Bahloul, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana Loretta V. Baldassar, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia Jiemin Bao, Department of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada Aviva Ben-Ur, Department of Judaic and Near Eastern Studies, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts Allison Blakely, Department of History and African American Studies Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts Marie-Eve Blanc, Department of History, Universit6 de Montr6al, Montreal, Quebec and Institute for Research on South-East Asia, Universit6 de Provence, Marseille, France Joseph Bosco, Department of Anthropology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Steven Bowman, Department of Judaic Studies, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Gwyn Campbell, PRATIC, UFR/SLA, University of Avignon, Avignon, France Henry D. Min-hsi Chan, Department of Chinese and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Sydney, Katoomba, Australia David A. Chappell, Department of History, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii Lara Tien-shi Chert, National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan Rina Cohen, Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto, Ontario Yvonne Daniel, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts Carole Boyce Davies, African-New World Studies and English Departments, Florida International University, Miami, Florida Dorsh Marie de Voe, Anthropology Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California Jigna Desai, Department of Women's Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota vii viii Contributors Shlomo Deshen, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Andrey Dikarev, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Louis-Jacques Dorais, Department of Anthropology, Universit6 Laval, Quebec City, Quebec Jorge Duany, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico Verne A. Dusenbery, Department of Anthropology, Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota Noel J. Farley, Department of Economics, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania Samih K. Farsoun, Department of Sociology, American University, Washington, D.C. Donna R. Gabaccia, Department of History, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Jack Glazier, Department of Anthropology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio Dieudonn6 Gnammankou, Centre d'Etudes Africaines, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Pads, France Emily Gottreich, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California Marilyn Halter, Institute for the Study of Economic Culture, Boston University, Brookline, Massachusetts Karen Leigh Harris, Department of Historical and Heritage Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Michael D. Harris, Department of Art, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Amir l-Iassanpour, Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Donald R. Hill, Departments of Africana/Latino Studies and Anthropology, State University of New York at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York Renre Hirschon, St. Peter's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Christopher Houston, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Hugh Johnston, Department of History, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia Robert V. Kemper, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas Gaim Kibreab, South Bank University, London, England Philip L. Kilbride, Department of Anthropology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania Choonmie Kim, Department of Japanese Language and Literature, Korea University, Seoul, Korea German Nikolaevich Kim, Department of Korean Studies, Kazakh National al-Farabi University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Kwang-ok Kim, Department of Anthropology, Seoul National University, Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Korea Lisa N. Konczal, Department of Sociology and Criminology, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida Melvin J. Konner, Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia Natalya Kosmarskaya, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia Bruce La Brack, School of International Studies, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California Contributors ix Michel S. Laguerre, Berkeley Center for Globalization and Information Technology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California Ioanna Laliotou, Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece Robert Lawless, Department of Anthropology, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas Jo-Anne Lee, Department of Women's Studies, University of the Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia Mark Leopold, Department of Anthropology, University of London, London, England Li Minghuan, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China Xiaoping Li, Department of Social Sciences, Columbia College, Vancouver, British Columbia Tatjana Lichtenstein, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Eriberto P. Lozada, Jr. Department of Anthropology,
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