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The Rotokas People of Bougainville Island

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The Rotokas People of Bougainville Island The Rotokas People of Bougainville Island Irwin B. Firchow and Jacqueline Firchow SIL International SIL e-Books 12 ©2008 SIL International Library of Congress Catalog No: 2007-932416 ISBN: 978-1-55671-186-2 ISSN: 1934-2470 Fair Use Policy Books published in the SIL Electronic Books series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or educational purposes free of charge and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of SILEB or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder(s). Series Editor Mary Ruth Wise Volume Editor Mickey Brussow Compositor Margaret González 2 To the memory of: David Akoitai 1937?–1986 Rotokas friend and colleague 3 Contents Preface 1 General Historical Events 1.1 National Background of Papua New Guinea 1.2 Provincial Background of Bougainville-Buka 1.2.1 Influence of World War II on Bougainville-Buka 1.2.2 Influence of copper mining on Bougainville-Buka 1.2.3 Influences behind and within the nationalism movement in the North Solomons Province 2 Geography of Bougainville and Buka Islands 2.1 General Orientation 2.2 Physical Characteristics of the Rotokas Area 2.2.1 Volcanic formations 2.2.2 Rivers and waterfalls 2.2.3 Caves 2.2.4 Mineral springs 3 The Rotokas: Demographic Information 3.1 Population Facts and Figures 3.2 Village Sites 4 Social Grouping, Marriage, Family, Youth, and Kinship 4.1 General Groups Defined 4.2 The Whole Person 4.3 Marriage Customs 4.3.1 Courtship 4.3.2 Bride price 4.3.3 Marriage 4.4. Childbirth 4.5 Childhood and Youth 4.6 Kinship 5 From Youth to Adult—Upe Initiation 5.1 General Background 5.2 Origin and Purpose 5.3 Construction of the Upe Hat 5.4 Related Taboos and Rites 5.5 Divining 5.6 Celebrations and Dancing 5.7 Removal of the Upe Hat 5.8 Future of the Upe Initiation Custom 6 Clan System—Land Ownership 6.1 Origin and Purpose of the Clans 6.2 Names of Totems and the Distribution of the Clans 6.3 Taboos within the Clan 6.4 Land Rights: The Opossum Family 6.5 Inheritance 7 Goals and Attitudes 7.1 The Ideal Man 7.2 Attitudes 7.2.1 Attitudes towards family and the aged 7.2.2 Attitudes toward the sick 7.2.3 Attitudes towards marital relationships and adultery 7.2.4 Attitude towards propriety—obscenities 7.2.5 Attitude towards anger 7.2.6 Attitude towards respect 7.2.7 Attitude towards integrity 4 7.3 Consequences of Broken Taboos 7.4 Ultimate Goals 8 Dreams, Death, Spirit World, and Magic 8.1 Dreams and Interpretations 8.2 Death 8.2.1 Unnatural causes of death 8.2.2 Natural causes of death 8.2.3 Disposing of the body 8.2.4 Mourning period 8.2.5 Communicating with the dead 8.3 Problems of Defining Spirit Beings 8.3.1 Types of spirit beings 8.3.2 Powers of spirit beings 8.4 Magic 8.4.1 White magic 8.4.2 Black magic 8.5 Accusation—The Leaf Message 9 Religion, Missions, and Cargo Cult 9.1 Religion in Melanesia 9.2 Christianity on Bougainville-Buka 9.3 Rotokas Religion and the Impact of Missions 9.3.1 Roman Catholic influence 9.3.2 United Church (Methodist) influence 9.3.3 Seventh Day Adventist influence 9.3.4 Influence of Rotokas Scriptures 9.4 Cargo Cult 10 Education, Medicine, and Language 10.1 Government and Mission Involvement in Education 10.2 Education for the Rotokas People 10.3 Medicine 10.3.1 Medical care—facilities 10.3.2 Rotokas medical concepts in today’s world 10.3.3 Native medicines and cures 10.3.4 Health education 10.4 The Rotokas Language and Its Use 10.4.1 Brief overview of the Rotokas Proper dialect 10.4.2 Figures of speech 10.4.3 Rotokas counting system and uses 11 Rotokas Leadership, Government, and Business 11.1 Leadership Traits 11.2 Traditional Leaders 11.3 Government Leaders 11.3.1 Leadership during the Colonial Administration 11.3.2 The village government system 11.4 Village Courts and Fines 11.5 Individuals’ Ways to Earn Money 11.6 Business Groups 12 Development Projects—Buildings, Roads, and Airfields 12.1 Factors Prompting Changes in Development 12.2 General Types of Buildings and Their Construction 12.3 Residential Constructions 12.4 Construction and Use of Roads 12.5 Rotokas Airfields 12.6 Travel Over Water 13 Food Gathering and Cash Crops 13.1 Hunting and Fishing 5 13.1.1 General equipment, game, and hunting activities 13.1.2 Pig hunting 13.1.3 Fishing methods 13.1.4 Birdlife and insects 13.2 Domesticated Birds and Animals Used for Meat 13.3 The Need for Gardening—The Famine Story 13.4 Planting a Garden 13.5 The Staple Food—Sweet Potato 13.6 Other Food Sources 13.7 Preservation and Preparation of Foods 13.7.1 Preparation of native salts 13.7.2 Cooking methods 13.8 Cash Crops 13.8.1 Cocoa 13.8.2 Coffee 13.8.3 Copra 13.8.4 Other crops 14 Rotokas Arts and Crafts 14.1 Traditional Art Forms—Where are they? 14.2 Body Markings—Cicatrization 14.3 Cosmetics 14.4 Adornment and Jewelry 14.5 Designs of Weapons and Carvings 14.6 Earth Paints and Dye 14.7 Contemporary Drawings and Paintings 15 Rotokas Celebrations and Music 15.1 Celebration and Music on Bougainville-Buka 15.2 Rotokas Celebrations—Feasts and Singsings 15.2.1 Singsings related to children’s celebrations 15.2.2 Singsings and/or feasts related to death 15.2.3 Celebrations to compliment or show appreciation 15.3 Musical Instruments Used by the Rotokas People 15.3.1 Aerophones 15.3.2 Idiophones 15.3.3 Membranophones 15.3.4 Chordophones 15.4 Rotokas Songs 15.4.1 Songs past and present 15.4.2 Future of songs in Rotokas 15.5 Conclusion Appendix A Rotokas Language Area Survey Appendix B Sample Text: Contract for Sale of Land, 1974 Appendix C Trained Teacher’s Certificate Appendix D C.Y.F. Agriculture Project References 6 Preface For more than twenty years, 1965–1985, my wife and I and our two children had the privilege of being associated with the Rotokas people of Bougainville Island. For seven of those years we lived with them in the village of Togarao. This monograph presents a record that includes facts about their history and way of life, some gleaned from elder Rotokas men and women, some from literature, and much from personal experiences. We recognize that our own judgments color our observations, but we accept this risk in order that some record may be passed on. In describing behavior, beliefs, value systems, art and music, etc., no attempt has been made to analyze the material in terms of cultural themes, patterns, or variations. We leave such analysis to those more qualified. Our purpose is two-fold. At a time when Rotokas culture is undergoing rapid change, it is our concern that the younger generation have a written record of an era that is passing and that they and others recognize some of the stabilizing factors in their culture: Good leadership, strong family life, the people’s appreciation for their good health, lasting spiritual values, etc. The second purpose is to make this information available to others who also may be observers of cultures in dynamic tension. We would hope that insights might be gained through comparison. To serve this purpose we have included statements from literature about the Pacific region, drawing especially upon Douglas Oliver’s excellent work, Bougainville. We very much appreciate these helpful materials and trust that they will make the Rotokas information more meaningful. Our deepest appreciation is for the men, women and children who made our stay in the Rotokas area an enriching experience. We especially thank David Akoitai with whom we worked most closely and who was the source of much of this material, for his friendship, patience, and eagerness to teach us about his people. It is hoped that what is passed on in this work is faithful to the Rotokas culture and its own observers. Skip Firchow Editor’s note: [Irwin B. “Skip” Firchow originally completed this manuscript in April of 1985, but due to his subsequent death in 1992 in southern California, it has only recently been prepared as an electronic monograph. Minimal editing insures individual privacy and/or deletion of information which would be irrelevant or superfluous without updating. Of course, when the author uses such terms as “currently,” “now,” or “present day,” he refers to the era in which he was writing.] 7 Abstract In the changing world of Bougainville Island of Papua New Guinea, this work seeks to describe some of the history and life patterns of the Rotokas people there, as well as giving a glimpse of the geography, geology, bird and animal life, and the demographics of the area. It serves as a window into clan culture and leadership, taboos and social expectations, and also reveals local belief and value systems with the incorporation of modern medicine and education into the cultural world view. Traditional art, crafts, celebrations, and food sources are shown to have fit neatly alongside various development projects, national governing styles, and a variety of business and economic opportunities through the years. Preservation of such a record encourages appreciation for the flexibility, as well as the tenacity, of a culture and language in flux.
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