DOCSLIB.ORG

Serbo-Croatian Hyphenation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Serbo-Croatian Hyphenation TUGboat, Volume 12 (1991), Xo. 2 Serbo-Croatian Hyphenation: order of the letters in the Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic a 'IjEX Point of View alphabet is completely different from the order in the Latin alphabet. The Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic Cvetana Krstev alphabet is also different from the Russian alphabet as there are letters which do not exist in Russian On Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: 5, j, JL, I+, h, u, and vice versa, which is important as the Russian Cyrillic was the basis for Serbo-Croatian is one of the South-Slavic languages. the development of appropriate international coding It is characterized, as other Slavic languages, by a standards. rich morphology. A particular feature of the lan- The digraphs of the Serbo-Croatian Latin al- guage is its almost fully phonological orthography, phabet can cause problems when using formatting i.e. on a word level, one letter corresponds to each and typesetting programs. particularly for hyphen- phoneme and vice versa. As a result, the written ation and automatic transcription from the Latin text practically represents a phonemic transcription to the Cyrillic alphabet. These problems can of speech. Still, the Serbo-Croatian literary lan- be caused by each combination-lj, nj, dZ and guage has two main pronunciations, ekavian and dj-which in the text may represent both di- jekavian, which reflect the different development of graphs and consonant clusters. A digraph is always the pronunciation of the old Slavic sound h. Sound transcribed into one Cyrillic letter and is never hy- h is usually replaced by vowel e in ekavian dialect phenated. For instance, nadZak-baba is transcribed (for instance, dete, mleko, veEan, ~ovek)while into ~avax-6aGaand in both cases is hyphenated in jekavian dialect it is usually replaced either by as na-dZak-ba-ba. On the other hand, a consonant two-syllable group ije (dijete, mlijeko) or by cluster is always transcribed into two Cyrillic letters one-syllable group j e (vje~an,Eovjek). Those and can, in principle, be hyphenated. For instance, differences in pronunciation are recorded in the nadZiveti is transcribed into Ha,qxmem and is written text. Accent has a distinctive role in Serbo- hyphenated as nad-Zi-ve-ti. Croatian and as it is not marked in written texts there is a number of homographs. Serbo-Croatian Hyphenation Rules Two alphabets are in use: Latin and Cyrillic. The Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet is different from Several sets of hyphenation rules for Serbo-Croatian the English alphabet. Both letters with diacritics - were proposed on different occasions [4, 51, but E, E, Z, g, d-and digraphs-d~, lj. nj -are to none of them did linguists gave unqualified in use and they all have a separate place in the support. Thus, the Serbo-Croatian Orthography alphabet. The order of the Serbo-Croatian Latin Book [6]only gives the recommendations on how to alphabet is therefore as follows: a, b. c. E. t, d, hyphenate words, avoiding formulating precise rules. dZ, d, e and so on. As the letters q, w, x and These recommendations can briefly be described as y don't exist in the Serbo-Croatian alphabet, the follows [7]: total number of letters is 30. Transcription of (a) Two adjacent vowels should be divided, but it foreign words and names is compulsory in Serbo- is not wrong if they are not. For instance, Za-oka Croatian of ekavian pronunciation while jekavian or Zao-ka. pronunciation allows the orthography of the source (b) It is not allowed to carry over to the next line language. two or more final consonants without a vowel. For While all the letters with diacritics are assigned instance, not mlado-st but mla-dost. separate keys on the standardized national keyboard (c) If there is only one consonant between two as well as the positions in the national version of vowels, the consonant belongs to the second vowel 7-bit code [I, 2, 31, neither keys nor codes are and it is carried over with it to the next line. For provided for digraphs so they are input by striking instance, not bor-ac but bo-rac. two keys, i.e. by entering two codes. Besides that, although the standard provides a separate key for (d) If there are two or more consonants between the letter d. the keyboards of old typewriters often two vowels, only those consonants that can be did not have it. As a result, this letter was-and easily pronounced with the vowel that follows can sometimes still is -recorded as the digraph dj. in be carried over to the next line (for instance, ze- spite of orthographic rules. mlja but also zem-lja). On the other hand, it Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic has the equivalent 30 is not recommended to carry over to the next line letters but with neither diacritics nor digraphs. The 216 TUGboat, Volume 12 (1991), No. 2 a consonant cluster which is difficult to pronounce or difficult to pronounce and illustrates them by few (for instance, not bu-mbar but bum-bar). examples. (e) If the constituent parts of a compound word can A semantic criterion, whose automatic imple- be distinguished, the break point is between those mentation can be difficult to achieve, is introduced parts and each part is further hyphenated as if it into hyphenation by recommendation (e). For ex- were a separate word (for instance, raz-vuCi and ample, ob- is a prefix in the word ob-istiniti but raz-orutati). If those parts can't be distinguished. not in the word o-bi-Eaj . The particular problem the word is hyphenated as if it were not compound here is to decide whether the constituent parts of a (for instance, not raz-urn but ra-zum). In both compound word can be distinguished. The Serbo- the examples the words are formed of prefix (raz-) Croatian Orthography Book gives no hints on how and stem, but in the first case this prefix can be to make such a decision (for instance, whether the distinguished while in the latter case it can't be parts in the word preduzeti can be recognized). recognized any more, and the word is hyphenated An additional problem to the application of this according to the previous rules ((a)-(d)). recommendation is posed by homographs. For in- Although it follows from this rule that the stance, in the word podiCi, podidem the prefix recognized prefix can be further hyphenatedGas a is pod- while in the word podiCi, podignem the separate word, it is considered a good typographic prefix is po-. practice not to hyphenate a polysyllabic prefix. For instance, the word novootvoren with prefix novo- Definition of Hyphenation Rules should be hyphenated novo-o-tvo-ren rather than Research into some aspects of consonant clusters no-vo-o-tvo-ren. in Serbo-Croatian has been undertaken before [8], The recognition of vowels is fundamental for but their occurrences in contiguous text have not hyphenation in Serbo-Croatian, as hyphen positions been investigated. It was thus necessary to establish often coincide with syllable boundaries and syllables which consonant clusters do occur in Serbo-Croatian are formed around the central phonemes which are in order to state precisely the notions of easy- usually vowels. The Serbo-Croatian alphabet, both and difficult-to-pronounce consonant clusters. For Latin and Cyrillic, has five vowels: a, e, i, o, u. that purpose, the analysis of consonant cluster However, the phoneme r can take on the role of a occurrences has been undertaken that was based vowel and be a central phoneme of a syllable in the on the corpus of modern Serbo-Croatian texts following circumstances: of ekavian dialect [9]. In addition to frequency dictionaries that take into account the position of - in interconsonantal position (svr-stavanj e); a consonant cluster in a word-initial, final or - when preceding a consonant, at the beginning medial-results were obtained pointing out the of a word (r-vanje); occurrences of consonant clusters dj, dZ, nj and lj - when following a vowel, in compounds (po-r- as well as of those occurring only at the junction of vati se). the prefix and the word stem. Besides that, the sonants r, 1, m and n when This analysis has made it possible to formulate preceded by a consonant, at the end of a word, the following rules for consonant cluster division in also behave as vowels (ma-sa-kr and bi-ci-kl). Serbo-Croatian: Marginal phonemes are consonants. Two types of I Binary consonant clusters. syllables can be distinguished: open syllables, with (a) Two consonants are carried over to the next line the structure -V- or -CV-, where V is any vowel in (-C1C2V) only if they are usual at the beginning of the sense described above and C is any consonant, a word in Serbo-Croatian, that is, if ClC2 belongs and closed syllables, with any other structure. to one of the following sets: The application of recommendations (a)-(c) is almost self-evident and beyond questioning. Rec- 1. C1 E {s, z, S, Z) (C1 is a fricative) and ommendation (d) refers to the identification of C2 is any consonant; or closed syllables which means that the consonant 2. C1 =m and Cz E {n, 1, r); or cluster has to be divided. Still, the Serbo-Croatian 3. Cl = v and Cz E (1, r); or 0&hography Book gives no strict rules for the divi- 4. Cl 4. {r, 1, lj, V, j,m,n, nj) and sion of consonant clusters, but only introduces the C2 E {r, 1, lj, V, j,m, n, nj) (Cz is asonant).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Installing Chevy & GM Engines in TJ / LJ W Rangler
    Introduction Individuals have been successfully installing popular Chev- rolet and GM engines to Jeep vehicles since the 1960’s. The Jeep TJ is certainly more sophisticated than their early CJ predecessors, but the swaps can actually be even more successful. Below is a summary of the information we’ve gathered since our first TJ conversion in 2000, and in- cludes the valuable insight of our many customers gained during their installs. The Novak Guide to Despite whatever your experience with this type of work may be, we strongly advise you to read these instructions well. Contained in these instructions are the requirements, tips, hints and tricks of years of performing these conversions, both in our own facility and information we’ve gained from discussing these swaps with our customers. Put this information to good use. Failure to implement the practices and information in these pages may jeopardize the quality of your work, as well as the product warranty. About Your Engine Mounts Novak’s bolt-in / weld-in engine mounts for the Jeep TJ & LJ Wranglers provide immense strength and a rapid and pre- cise GM V6 & V8 engine installation. Ease of Installation Of the four styles of engine mounts discussed in this instruction guide, we have sought the greatest ease of installation achievable with each of them without compromising engineering. Strength The Novak mounts feature a thick 3/16 steel construc- tion and a welded box design for the maximum strength available. They employ the best engineering and geometry to assure that they’ll survive even the wildest of engines.
    [Show full text]
  • On Kernels, Β-Graphs, and Β-Graph Sequences of Digraphs Kevin D
    On Kernels, b-graphs, and b-graph Sequences of Digraphs By Kevin D. Adams Submitted to the Department of Mathematics and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Margaret Bayer, Chairperson Committee members Jeremy Martin Yunfeng Jiang Date defended: 5-1-2015 The Master’s Thesis Committee for Kevin D. Adams certifies that this is the approved version of the following master’s thesis : On Kernels, b-graphs, and b-graph Sequences of Digraphs Margaret Bayer, Chairperson Date approved: 5-1-2015 ii Abstract We begin by investigating some conditions determining the existence of kernels in various classes of directed graphs, most notably in oriented trees, grid graphs, and oriented cycles. The question of uniqueness of these kernels is also handled. Attention is then shifted to g-graphs, structures associated to the minimum dominating sets of undirected graphs. I define the b-graph of a given digraph analogously, involving the minimum absorbant sets. Finally, attention is given to iterative construction of b- graphs, with an attempt to characterize for what classes of digraphs these b-sequences terminate. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor Professor Marge Bayer for her patience and guid- ance, as well as my committee members Professors Jeremy Martin and Yunfeng Jiang for teaching me some very interesting algebra and combinatorics. Thanks to all of the professors from whom I’ve learned so very much during my time at KU. Thank you to my lovely fiancée Elise for her constant support and encouragement, even across long distances.
    [Show full text]
  • IECC Compliance Guide for Homes in New Jersey Code: 2009 International Energy Conservation Code
    IECC Compliance Guide for Homes in New Jersey Code: 2009 International Energy Conservation Code Step-by-Step Instructions 1. Using the climate zone map to the right, match the jurisdiction to the appropriate IECC climate zone. Use the simplified table of IECC building envelope requirements (below) to determine the basic thermal envelope requirements associated with the jurisdiction. 2. Use the “Outline of 2009 IECC Requirements” printed on the back of this sheet as a reference or a categorized index to the IECC requirements. Construct the building according to the requirements of the IECC and other applicable code requirements. The 2009 International Energy Conservation Code The 2009 IECC was developed by the International Code Council (ICC) and is currently available to states for adoption. The IECC is the national model standard for energy-efficient residential construction recognized by federal law. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 makes funds available to jurisdictions, like New Jersey, that have committed to adopt and implement the 2009 IECC. Users of this guide are strongly recommended to obtain a copy of the IECC and refer to it for any questions and further details on compliance. IECC CLIMATE ZONE 5 compliance training is also available from many sources. To Bergen Morris Sussex obtain a copy of the 2009 IECC, contact the ICC or visit Hunterdon Passaic Warren www.iccsafe.org. Mercer Somerset Limitations This guide is an energy code compliance aid for New Jersey based upon the simple prescriptive option of the 2009 IECC. It CLIMATE ZONE 4 does not provide a guarantee for meeting the IECC.
    [Show full text]
  • Acquisition of L2 Phonology – Spanish Meets Croatian
    ACQUISITION OF L2 PHONOLOGY – SPANISH MEETS CROATIAN Maša Musulin University of Zagreb Article History: Submitted: 10.06.2015 Accepted: 08.08.2015 Abstract: The phoneme is conceived as a mental image that is stored in our mind and then represented by sounds in speech and graphemes in writing for phonologically based alphabets. The acquisition of L2 phonology includes two very important skills – reading and writing. The information stored in the mind of a speaker interferes with new information produced by the L2 (Robinson, Ellis 2008; Nathan, 2008). What is similar or equal in the target language to one's native language is, while unknown, incorporated one way or another into an existing model, based on prototypicality (Pompeian, 2004, Moreno Fernández, 2010). The process of teaching the sounds, letters and alphabet to foreign students is much shorter than for native speakers because to a foreign student must be given a tool for writing as soon as possible as they have to write what they are learning and memorize new language units (Celce-Murcia, Brinton, Goodwin, 1996). This paper discusses one type of difficulties Spanish learners of Croatian as L2 face when they are introduced to phonology through letters which represent Croatian sounds in order to display the influence of their preexisting phonological concepts. The subjects are ten students from Spain and Latin America. Their task was to read a group of words containing sounds that were predictably hard for them, minimal pairs and a short text. Keywords: phoneme, grapheme, letter, phonological awareness, foreign language 1. INTRODUCTION As literacy has a big impact on phonological awareness in languages with phonological writing, the graphemes that represent the phonemes, including letters, make an integral part of their mental image.
    [Show full text]
  • South Kyengsang Nominal Accent 1 a NOTE ON
    South Kyengsang nominal accent 1 A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY: In this description we distinguish two types of “atonic” nouns of one or two syllables: atonic L, which historically come from Middle Korean L(L) words and atonic R, which historically come from Middle Korean R(H ~ L). Ongoing analysis has revealed that the atonic R is allied to the preaccent class, i.e. the atonic R perhaps should be labeled “preaccent R” or the like. However, until we work out a definitive analysis and settle on a comprehensive terminology, we have kept the “atonic R” label. TONE AND ACCENT IN SOUTH KYENGSANG KOREAN NOUNS1 Jieun Kim and Russell G. Schuh UCLA Department of Linguistics 1. Introduction Middle Korean (MK) was a tone language. Accurate documentation of Korean pronunciation dates from Late Middle Korean of the 15th century thanks to the hankul writing system, created under the direction of King Sejong. Remarkably, the form of hankul used to write middle Korean marked not only segmental phonemes but also tones. Tones were marked in MK by “side dots”. MK had three tones:2 low tone (L), which was unmarked; high tone (H), which was marked by a single dot to the left of the syllable; and rising tone (R), which was marked by double dots (resembling a colon) to the left of the syllable. Though the modern use of hankul has changed little from the way it was used in MK, tones are no longer marked, even in dialects that retain lexical pitch distinctions. The table below gives examples of MK words in hankul with a Yale transliteration3 and the modern hankul spelling and Yale transliteration, with accents added marking tones of the modern South Kyengsang reflexes.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabets, Letters and Diacritics in European Languages (As They Appear in Geography)
    1 Vigleik Leira (Norway): [email protected] Alphabets, Letters and Diacritics in European Languages (as they appear in Geography) To the best of my knowledge English seems to be the only language which makes use of a "clean" Latin alphabet, i.d. there is no use of diacritics or special letters of any kind. All the other languages based on Latin letters employ, to a larger or lesser degree, some diacritics and/or some special letters. The survey below is purely literal. It has nothing to say on the pronunciation of the different letters. Information on the phonetic/phonemic values of the graphic entities must be sought elsewhere, in language specific descriptions. The 26 letters a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z may be considered the standard European alphabet. In this article the word diacritic is used with this meaning: any sign placed above, through or below a standard letter (among the 26 given above); disregarding the cases where the resulting letter (e.g. å in Norwegian) is considered an ordinary letter in the alphabet of the language where it is used. Albanian The alphabet (36 letters): a, b, c, ç, d, dh, e, ë, f, g, gj, h, i, j, k, l, ll, m, n, nj, o, p, q, r, rr, s, sh, t, th, u, v, x, xh, y, z, zh. Missing standard letter: w. Letters with diacritics: ç, ë. Sequences treated as one letter: dh, gj, ll, rr, sh, th, xh, zh.
    [Show full text]
  • OXFORD HEALTH INSURANCE, INC. NJ G LBTY NG 30/75/1500/80 EPO 21 1 - Non-Gated SUMMARY of COVERAGE
    OXFORD HEALTH INSURANCE, INC. NJ G LBTY NG 30/75/1500/80 EPO 21 1 - Non-Gated SUMMARY OF COVERAGE Liberty Network BENEFIT IN-NETWORK FINANCIAL Deductible: Single $1,500 Family $3,000 Coinsurance 20% Maximum Out-Of-Pocket: Single $5,500 (Including Deductible) Family $11,000 Financial Accumulation Period: Contract Year Out-of-Network Reimbursement: Not Applicable Please Note: All Copayments, Deductibles, and Coinsurance (medical and prescription) paid for In-Network Covered Services contribute to the In-Network, Out-of-Pocket Maximum. PREVENTIVE CARE Pediatric (over 1 year) and Adult Preventive Care No Charge Infant Preventive Care (under 1 year) No Charge Preventive Dental for Children (Up to age 19) No Charge after Deductible Pediatric Vision Exam (Up to age 19) $30 copay per visit Pediatric Vision Hardware: (Up to age 19) 50% Coinsurance OUTPATIENT CARE Primary Care Physician Office Visits $30 copay per visit Specialist Office Visits $75 copay per visit Virtual Visits No Charge Outpatient Surgery - Hospital Setting Deductible & 50% Coinsurance Outpatient Surgery - Freestanding Facility Deductible & 20% Coinsurance Laboratory Services $20 copay per service Radiology Services Deductible & 20% Coinsurance MRIs, MRAs, CT SCANS, AND PET SCANS Outpatient Hospital Services Deductible & 50% Coinsurance Freestanding Radiology Facility Deductible & 20% Coinsurance HOSPITAL CARE Physician's and Surgeon's Services Deductible & 20% Coinsurance Semi-Private Room and Board Deductible & 20% Coinsurance All Drugs and Medication Deductible & 20% Coinsurance
    [Show full text]
  • A Bijective Proof of the Hook-Length Formula for Skew Shapes
    A BIJECTIVE PROOF OF THE HOOK-LENGTH FORMULA FOR SKEW SHAPES MATJAZˇ KONVALINKA Abstract. Recently, Naruse presented a beautiful cancellation-free hook-length formula for skew shapes. The formula involves a sum over objects called excited diagrams, and the term corresponding to each excited diagram has hook lengths in the denominator, like the classical hook-length formula due to Frame, Robinson and Thrall. In this paper, we present a simple bijection that proves an equivalent recursive version of Naruse's result, in the same way that the celebrated hook-walk proof due to Greene, Nijenhuis and Wilf gives a bijective (or probabilistic) proof of the hook-length formula for ordinary shapes. In particular, we also give a new bijective proof of the classical hook-length formula, quite different from the known proofs. 1. Introduction The celebrated hook-length formula gives an elegant product expression for the number of standard Young tableaux (all definitions are given in Section 2): λ jλj! f = Q : u2[λ] h(u) The formula also gives dimensions of irreducible representations of the symmetric group, and is a fun- damental result in algebraic combinatorics. The formula was discovered by Frame, Robinson and Thrall in [4] based on earlier results of Young [31], Frobenius [6] and Thrall [30]. Since then, it has been reproved, generalized and extended in several different ways, and applied in a number of fields ranging from algebraic geometry to probability, and from group theory to the analysis of algorithms. In an important development, Greene, Nijenhuis and Wilf introduced the hook walk, which proves a recursive version of the hook-length formula by a combination of a probabilistic and a short induction ar- gument [9], see also [10].
    [Show full text]
  • Care of the Patient with Acute Ischemic Stroke
    Stroke AHA SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT Care of the Patient With Acute Ischemic Stroke (Posthyperacute and Prehospital Discharge): Update to 2009 Comprehensive Nursing Care Scientific Statement A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Endorsed by the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses Theresa L. Green, PhD, RN, FAHA, Chair; Norma D. McNair, PhD, RN, FAHA, Vice Chair; Janice L. Hinkle, PhD, RN, FAHA; Sandy Middleton, PhD, RN, FAHA; Elaine T. Miller, PhD, RN, FAHA; Stacy Perrin, PhD, RN; Martha Power, MSN, APRN, FAHA; Andrew M. Southerland, MD, MSc, FAHA; Debbie V. Summers, MSN, RN, AHCNS-BC, FAHA; on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Nursing Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing and the Stroke Council ABSTRACT: In 2009, the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association published a comprehensive scientific statement detailing the nursing care of the patient with an acute ischemic stroke through all phases of hospitalization. The purpose of this statement is to provide an update to the 2009 document by summarizing and incorporating current best practice evidence relevant to the provision of nursing and interprofessional care to patients with ischemic stroke and their Downloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on March 12, 2021 families during the acute (posthyperacute phase) inpatient admission phase of recovery. Many of the nursing care elements are informed by nurse-led research to embed best practices in the provision and standard of care for patients with stroke. The writing group comprised members of the Stroke Nursing Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing and the Stroke Council. A literature review was undertaken to examine the best practices in the care of the patient with acute ischemic stroke.
    [Show full text]
  • PARTITIONS of DIGRAPHS INTO PATHS OR CIRCUITS Definition
    Discrete Mathematics 61 (1986) 329-331 329 North-Holland NOTE PARTITIONS OF DIGRAPHS INTO PATHS OR CIRCUITS W. BIENIA ER 175, CAMS-MSH, 75006Paris, France H. MEYNIEL CNRS, ER 175, CAMS-MSH, 75006Paris, France Received 1 May 1984 Revised 19 December 1985 The problem of partitioning the arcs of a digraph into elementary paths has been considered first by B. Alspach and N.J. Pullman in [2]. We consider the slightly different problem of partitioning the arcs of a digraph into elementary paths or circuits. A general conjecture is given which is solved in particular cases (with in fact slightly stronger results). Definition and notations Definitions and notations are classical (see [3]). A digraph will be denoted G = (V, E), where V is the set of vertices and E the set of arcs. A demi-cocycle denoted w+(A) will be the subset of E whose arcs go from A c V to V -A. Let us define ~ as supA~v I~0+(A)[. Conjeoure Our main conjecture is Conjecture L We can partition the arcs of a digraph into 2 or fewer elementary paths or circuits. From now on we shall omit the word elementary. The problem considered is similar to a problem first considered by Alspach and Pullman in [2], namely, to partition the arcs of a digraph into paths and one of their conjectures (see [2]) has been solved by O'Brien [4], who showed that for IV] = n ~> 4 the arcs of a digraph can be partitioned into [14n2] or fewer paths. Our conjecture is of course closely related to this problem since 3.
    [Show full text]
  • TOAST Classification
    35 Classification of Subtype of Acute Ischemic Stroke Definitions for Use in a Multicenter Clinical Trial Harold P. Adams Jr., MD; Birgitte H. Bendixen, PhD, MD; L. Jaap Kappelle, MD; Jose Biller, MD; Betsy B. Love, MD; David Lee Gordon, MD; E. Eugene Marsh III, MD; and the TOAST Investigators Background and Purpose: The etiology of ischemic stroke affects prognosis, outcome, and management. Trials of therapies for patients with acute stroke should include measurements of responses as influenced Downloaded from by subtype of ischemic stroke. A system for categorization of subtypes of ischemic stroke mainly based on etiology has been developed for the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Methods: A classification of subtypes was prepared using clinical features and the results of ancillary diagnostic studies. "Possible" and "probable" diagnoses can be made based on the physician's certainty of diagnosis. The usefulness and interrater agreement of the classification were tested by two neurologists who had not participated in the writing of the criteria. The neurologists independently used the TOAST http://stroke.ahajournals.org/ classification system in their bedside evaluation of 20 patients, first based only on clinical features and then after reviewing the results of diagnostic tests. Results: The TOAST classification denotes five subtypes of ischemic stroke: 1) large-artery atheroscle- rosis, 2) cardioembolism, 3) small-vessel occlusion, 4) stroke of other determined etiology, and 5) stroke of undetermined etiology. Using this rating system, interphysician agreement was very high. The two physicians disagreed in only one patient. They were both able to reach a specific etiologic diagnosis in 11 patients, whereas the cause of stroke was not determined in nine.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Symbols (2286)
    1 Symbols (2286) USV Symbol Macro(s) Description 0009 \textHT <control> 000A \textLF <control> 000D \textCR <control> 0022 ” \textquotedbl QUOTATION MARK 0023 # \texthash NUMBER SIGN \textnumbersign 0024 $ \textdollar DOLLAR SIGN 0025 % \textpercent PERCENT SIGN 0026 & \textampersand AMPERSAND 0027 ’ \textquotesingle APOSTROPHE 0028 ( \textparenleft LEFT PARENTHESIS 0029 ) \textparenright RIGHT PARENTHESIS 002A * \textasteriskcentered ASTERISK 002B + \textMVPlus PLUS SIGN 002C , \textMVComma COMMA 002D - \textMVMinus HYPHEN-MINUS 002E . \textMVPeriod FULL STOP 002F / \textMVDivision SOLIDUS 0030 0 \textMVZero DIGIT ZERO 0031 1 \textMVOne DIGIT ONE 0032 2 \textMVTwo DIGIT TWO 0033 3 \textMVThree DIGIT THREE 0034 4 \textMVFour DIGIT FOUR 0035 5 \textMVFive DIGIT FIVE 0036 6 \textMVSix DIGIT SIX 0037 7 \textMVSeven DIGIT SEVEN 0038 8 \textMVEight DIGIT EIGHT 0039 9 \textMVNine DIGIT NINE 003C < \textless LESS-THAN SIGN 003D = \textequals EQUALS SIGN 003E > \textgreater GREATER-THAN SIGN 0040 @ \textMVAt COMMERCIAL AT 005C \ \textbackslash REVERSE SOLIDUS 005E ^ \textasciicircum CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 005F _ \textunderscore LOW LINE 0060 ‘ \textasciigrave GRAVE ACCENT 0067 g \textg LATIN SMALL LETTER G 007B { \textbraceleft LEFT CURLY BRACKET 007C | \textbar VERTICAL LINE 007D } \textbraceright RIGHT CURLY BRACKET 007E ~ \textasciitilde TILDE 00A0 \nobreakspace NO-BREAK SPACE 00A1 ¡ \textexclamdown INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK 00A2 ¢ \textcent CENT SIGN 00A3 £ \textsterling POUND SIGN 00A4 ¤ \textcurrency CURRENCY SIGN 00A5 ¥ \textyen YEN SIGN 00A6
    [Show full text]