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Fundamental Truths About Handwriting

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Fundamental Truths About Handwriting Appendix A Fundamental Truths About Handwriting 1. The act of writing is a skill learned through repetition until it becomes a habit. 2. Handwriting requires the concerted effort of the brain, muscles, and nerves. 3. No two people write exactly alike. 4. Individual characteristics that are unique to a particular writer exist in every person’s handwriting, distinguishing it from every other handwriting. 5. There is natural variation in everyone’s handwriting. 6. No one can exactly duplicate anything he or she has written. 7. No one can write better than his or her skill level. 8. People adopt writing styles. 9. People stylize their writing, deviating from the method they were taught. 10. Many writing habits are subconscious and therefore cannot be changed by the writer. 11. A writer can be identified by his or her subconscious habits. 12. A person’s normal form of writing is based on mental images of learned letter designs. 13. A person’s handwriting changes over the course of his or her lifetime. 14. Substance abuse affects handwriting. 15. Some illnesses, trauma, and emotions may result in changes in handwriting. 16. It is not possible to determine what caused a change in the handwriting from studying the handwriting characteristics. 17. If the writer places the pen on the paper before starting to write, the lines will have blunt initial strokes. 18. If the writer stops the pen before lifting it from the paper, the writer will leave a blunt ending on the words. 19. If the writer has the pen in motion when beginning and ending writing, the initial and terminal strokes will be tapered or faded. From: Forensic Document Examination: Principles and Practice By: K. M. Koppenhaver © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 257 258 Forensic Document Examination 20. When a writer changes the size of his or her writing, the proportions between uppercase and lowercase letters generally remain the same. 21. The amount of pressure that a writer uses to push and pull the pen through the strokes of writing will be seen in the variations of the pressure patterns. 22. Most people create heavier strokes when the pen is descending and lighter strokes when the pen is being pushed away from the writer. 23. The writing surface affects the depth of pressure. Appendix B Principles of Handwriting Identification 1. Identification requires differentiating the natural variation of a writer from another writer. 2. Writing can be identified as belonging to an individual when there are sufficient common characteristics of writing habits and no basic structural differences. 3. Any major structural difference in writing is sufficient to prove that the writing being compared does not belong to the same writer. 4. One distinctive characteristic is not sufficient to identify a writer. 5. Handprinting and numerals can be compared and identified like handwriting can be. 6. Imitated writing intentionally bears resemblance to the writing from which it is being copied. 7. Imitated writing is usually drawn, not written. 8. Drawn writing generally lacks pressure variations. 9. Imitation tends to conform closely to a fixed form and does not display the uncon- scious abandon that produces natural variation in genuine writing. 10. Exact duplicates of original signatures can only be obtained by copying the origi- nal signature usually by cutting and pasting it manually or electronically. 11. A tracing may have less detail than the original from which it is traced. 12. A tracing may deviate from the original owing to slippage of the tracing paper or the deliberate moving of the paper to distort the copy. 13. No one can duplicate all of the intricate subconscious writing habits of another in an extended writing sample. 14. Some people are highly skilled in imitating other’s hand writing. 15. Freehand simulations by a skilled writer can be difficult to detect because obvi- ous signs of forgery may not be evident. 16. Obvious signs of forgery include patched writing, hesitation as revealed by ink blobs, pauses in the writing, tremor causing poor line quality, and erasures. From: Forensic Document Examination: Principles and Practice By: K. M. Koppenhaver © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 259 260 Forensic Document Examination 17. Presence of any of the signs of forgery does not suffice to indicate that the docu- ment in question is not genuine because any of the signs could be part of the writer’s normal habits. 18. Blunt initial and/or terminal strokes can indicate forgery, but the presence of blunt strokes is not proof of forgery. 19. Determination of lack of genuineness depends on multiple factors, that is, more than a single indicator. 20. Individual characteristics in writing are deviations from class characteristics and are valuable in determining the identity of the writer. 21. The more diverse and unusual the accumulation of mutual characteristics and individual handwriting habits, the more positive the identification of the writer. 22. Forgers make mistakes. 23. Forgers tend to copy the pictorial effect of the writing, but they overlook the idiosyncrasies and subtle habits of the writer. 24. It is impossible to maintain a successful simulation of a lengthy document. The more written, the more the writing reverts back to the natural characteristics of the writer because concentration wanes. 25. In comparison of handwriting, it is necessary to compare line quality, pressure patterns, letter forms, initial and terminal strokes, connecting strokes, diacritics, t-bars, punctuation, spacing, proportions, idiosyncrasies, slant, alignment, and any hooks or ticks on letter forms. 26. Some characteristics that are not taught in any penmanship system have become class characteristics because many writers share them. An example would be a Greek epsilon (ε). 27. Family members frequently share handwriting characteristics. 28. There can be striking resemblances between two individual’s handwritings. 29. It is not possible to identify a writer if there is a lack of sufficient materials for comparison. 30. A writer can intentionally alter or distort the appearance of his or her normal writing. 31. Some characteristics of the writer will be evident even when a writer alters or distorts his or her handwriting. 32. The average writer cannot maintain the intense concentration needed to maintain a disguise through extended writing samples. The more he or she writes, the more the writing reverts back to his or her natural characteristics. 33. Numerals and punctuation are rarely disguised. 34. Disguise is rarely consistent. Appendix C Twentieth-Century Handwriting Systems Lyon LH. Applied Penmanship. Stone, Smalley, Cooke. Basic Handwriting. Noble. Better Handwriting for Everyone. Noble & Noble Publishers Inc.; 1962. Sapp G. Business Alphabet. Hausam, Eppler, Whittaker, Moses. Children’s Handwriting Guides. Boone. Colonial Writing Elements. Spache Series. Freeman FN. Correlated Handwriting. Courtiss SA, Shaw LS. Courtiss Handwriting. Creamer. Creamer Practical Writing. Thruber. D’Nealian Handwriting Method. Pwers JF. Economy System or Economy Method. Kirk JG, Freeman FN. Functional Handwriting. Hill, Savage. Handwriting Made Easy. Cavanaugh, Myers. Handwriting for Expression. Hawaii English Program How We Write by Harlow Publishing Company Veal, Davidson. I Learn to Write. Seale and Company. Townstend R. Imaginary Line Writing. The Steck Company. Kittle R. Kittle Method. Topeka, KS. Stone, Smalley. Manuscript Basic Handwriting. Lister EC. Muscular Movement Writing. Billington, Shaffelbach. Our Handwriting. Wagner Publishing. Palmer AT. Palmer Method of Business Writing. Wagner H. Peterson Directed Handwriting. Peterson JO. Plainer Penmanship. Goodfellow RC. Practical Movement Handwriting. Graves MB. Progressive Handwriting Guidance. From: Forensic Document Examination: Principles and Practice By: K. M. Koppenhaver © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 261 262 Forensic Document Examination Rinehart. Rinehart Functional Handwriting System. Smithdeal GM. Smithdeal’s Practical and Progressive Writing. Spencer PR. Spencerian. Tamblyn. Tamblyn System of Business Handwriting. Teaching Handwriting. Board of Education New York. Peed EG. The Write-Well Handwriting. Kelly E, Morriss E. Writing and Composition. Locker WC. Your Own Writing. Zaner CP, Bloser EW. Zaner and Bloser. Appendix D Alphabets Based on the Roman Alphabet GERMANIC ALPHABETS Swedish Alphabet English Alphabet Sweden United States Finnish Alphabet Canada Finland The British Isles Australia Icelandic Alphabet New Zealand Iceland South Africa Afrikaans German Alphabet South Africa Liechtenstein Switzerland (part of) ROMANCE LANGUAGES Austria Belgium (part of) French Alphabet Germany France Monaco Dutch Alphabet Switzerland (part of) The Netherlands Belgium (part of) Italian Alphabet Italy Danish Alphabet Switzerland (part of) Denmark Portuguese Alphabet Norwegian Alphabet Portugal Norway Brazil From: Forensic Document Examination: Principles and Practice By: K. M. Koppenhaver © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 263 264 Forensic Document Examination Romanian Alphabet Greek Alphabet Romania Greece Turkey (Arabic) Spanish Alphabet Cyprus (Cyrillic) Spain Crete (Roman) SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES: NON-GREEK ALPHABETS Argentina Bolivia Albanian Alphabet Chile Turko-Arabic Colombia Ecuador Armenian Alphabet Paraguay Armenia Peru Middle East Uruguay Venezuela Hebrew Alphabet CENTRAL AMERICAN COUNTRIES Israel Mexico Costa Rica SLAVIC ALPHABET El Salvador Honduras Czechoslovakia Nicaragua Hungary Panama Poland Parts of the caribbean Yugoslavia NON-GERMANIC ROMAN
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