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The Impact of Watamu Marine National Park on Marine Biodiversity & Habitats

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The Impact of Watamu Marine National Park on Marine Biodiversity & Habitats The Impact of Watamu Marine National Park on Marine Biodiversity & Habitats A Conservation Research Project by A Rocha Kenya Robert Sluka, Benjamin Cowburn, Colin Jackson A Rocha Kenya, Watamu Ornithology Section, Zoology Dept, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi — A Rocha Kenya Occasional Research Report #24 — August 2012 Impact of Watamu Marine National Park on Marine Biodiversity – A Rocha Kenya & KWS, 2012 Executive Summary The original project vision was “to study the impacts of Watamu Marine National Park (WMNP) on marine biodiversity, habitats, and animal behaviour through high level research and facilitate capacity building for East African marine research and volunteer-led marine conservation at Mwamba Field Study Centre, A Rocha Kenya, Watamu.” From the original proposal the main research goal was to collect baseline data that would provide a basis for identifying key research questions and areas of conservation concern within the National Park environment. During the 2011/2012 field season we were able to conduct three studies identified as important by Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) who are the government institution managing the marine park: biodiversity of WMNP, Tourism Impacts on Coral Gardens, and Coral Recruitment studies. During these studies our taxonomic identification capacity grew to include fish and coral species found in WMNP and have focussed our attention on IUCN red list priority species for pursuing further data collection. In order to present at conferences and publish results in peer reviewed journals we are using data to produce two papers currently focusing on the results of the tourist study. We are working in a partnership with CORDIO to use our biodiversity data in another paper to be submitted in 2013. Other goals were to develop relationships with key marine contacts in Kenya. The most important collaboration was with KWS with whom we developed very good relations, have their approval for continuation of the project and worked closely together on research. In Watamu we have begun to work alongside in particular the Watamu Marine Association and the Watamu Association of Boat Operators. Nationally we developed good working relationships with CORDIO and the Wildlife Conservation Society, both international NGOs working extensively in Kenya on marine conservation. In summary, the project is now recognised within the community and by important partners which provides a good basis for future work. We have purchased basic equipment and developed partnerships which provide capacity for continued marine research and conservation activities. We have utilised existing communication links to educate and garner support for this project within A Rocha internationally. The next stage of the project is to expand research to all sites and habitats within Watamu Marine Park, increase capacity, especially recruiting marine biologists from within Kenya, and work towards a marine laboratory which can better facilitate this programme. 2 Impact of Watamu Marine National Park on Marine Biodiversity – A Rocha Kenya & KWS, 2012 1. Introduction The first marine protected areas (MPAs) established in Kenya were in Malindi and Watamu in 1968. The purpose of creating marine parks and reserves was to protect biodiversity, manage resources in a sustainable way to protect the livelihoods of coastal communities and manage tourism. The work conducted by A Rocha Kenya in Watamu Marine National Park (WMNP) intends to provide relevant information to these goals through research, capacity building within the local community, partnerships and Flourishing Acropora coral in WMNP practical conservation action where necessary. September 2011 to March 2012 represented the first period of data collection for A Rocha Kenya involving marine ecology and marine issues. This report documents the progress and successes that have been made over this period and suggests ways forward for work to continue and grow. Overview of work accomplished Dr Robert Sluka has been Manager of the project since December 2010. Initial proposal development was accomplished in the Spring of 2011 and fieldwork began in Autumn 2011. From September to March a biology graduate named Benjamin Cowburn was based at Mwamba Field Study Centre in Watamu. Dr. Sluka spent several weeks training and guiding Benjamin towards integrating the marine project within the existing A Rocha Kenya framework. During the first six months of field work Anthony Maingi, an attaché from KWS participated in all areas of fieldwork and related project activities. Benjamin and Anthony were joined in January by an Oceanographer named Joy Smith. Over the six months fieldwork was conducted, community relations were established and several collaborations were forged. Dr Sluka continued to supervise remotely and interfaced with A Rocha Kenya and A Rocha International concerning the development of the marine programme. In terms of research there were three main themes: • Investigating tourism and its impacts on Coral Gardens, the main tourist destination in the park • Baseline ecological and biodiversity data on coral reefs • Coral recruitment experiment using settlement plates For a new project, partnership is essential to support it in its infancy, to plug into local movements and prevent duplication of works already going on. The most important organization we collaborated with was Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), who are the government wildlife protection 3 Impact of Watamu Marine National Park on Marine Biodiversity – A Rocha Kenya & KWS, 2012 agency for the whole of Kenya and who manage WMNP. We also collaborated with Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) and Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO). A Rocha Kenya already has a good network of community relations in the Watamu area, and those relevant to marine work were strengthened. Specifically, we worked with marine stakeholders including; boat operators, tourist operators and other NGOs in the Watamu area. 2. Research This section intends to give a brief summary of the main scientific research carried out. There were three main strands of this work and below is an explanation of their goals, methods used and some of the main findings. 2.1 Tourist study Thousands of tourists come every year to see the beauty of Watamu’s underwater world, making tourism an important aspect of the Marine Park. Not only does it help to educate an international audience on marine biology within Kenya, but it generates revenue for marine conservation and KWS. Unfortunately, many tourists unknowingly damage the reef through physical contact while they are enjoying the scenery. Whether accidently or out of curiosity, many visitors touch coral and pick it up and occasionally even decide to take their own souvenir A typical day at Coral Gardens home and remove articles from the Marine Park. The main objectives of the tourist study were to: • Understand the nature of tourist boat trips and tourist behaviour at Coral Gardens • Determine whether tourism is causing significant damage to the reef • Document tourist opinions and perceptions of the reef and reef based tourism and their awareness of marine conservation issues. Tourist Behaviour The nature of boat trips was investigated by going out on a tourist boat and collected various data during the trip. The number of boats present was counted along with how long each Tourist standing on coral in Coral Gardens 4 Impact of Watamu Marine National Park on Marine Biodiversity – A Rocha Kenya & KWS, 2012 boat stayed at Coral Gardens, how many guests were on each boat and how long guests stayed in the water. In order to study the behaviour of tourists in the water, individual visitors were followed for ten minutes per person and the number of times they touched, trampled, held on to, and removed coral was observed. An average of 11 boats visited the reef each day carrying on average 14 passengers meaning that, if these numbers are representative, an estimated 154 people visit the reef daily. However, caution should be taken for this number as these data were collected in high tourist season, and doesn’t represent the whole year. Interestingly only three out of four people on boats got in the water, meaning that the actual number of snorkelling is estimated to be 117 per day. Boats stayed at Coral Gardens for on average 40 minutes, but their guests only stayed in the water for the relatively short time of 19 minutes (see fig. 2.1a-b). A total of 47 people were followed in the water and their interaction with the reef Figure 2.1. (a) Frequency of boats spending different was monitored. 21 (45%) of those people time intervals at the reef and (b) Frequency of tourists spending different time intervals swimming in the sea. made physical contact with coral in some manner and one person interacted negatively with the reef on eight separate occasions by scraping it four times, trampling on it once, holding onto it once, and stirring up the sediment twice. Furthermore some people chose to sit on the reef to sunbathe and many people stood or sat on the reef to fix their fins or masks. These results show us that a high number of boats and people visit the reef every day and a significantly high number of these people make potentially damaging contact with the reef. However did this cause significant physical damage to the reef? Reef damage Physical damage to the reef was investigated using Line Intercept Transects (LIT) of the benthic (bottom-living) flora and fauna. ‘Damage
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