Titel: Jan 14-10:35 (Sida 1 Av 43) the Papacy
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Unification of Italy 1792 to 1925 French Revolutionary Wars to Mussolini
UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1792 TO 1925 FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS TO MUSSOLINI ERA SUMMARY – UNIFICATION OF ITALY Divided Italy—From the Age of Charlemagne to the 19th century, Italy was divided into northern, central and, southern kingdoms. Northern Italy was composed of independent duchies and city-states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Papal States of central Italy were ruled by the Pope; and southern Italy had been ruled as an independent Kingdom since the Norman conquest of 1059. The language, culture, and government of each region developed independently so the idea of a united Italy did not gain popularity until the 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars wreaked havoc on the traditional order. Italian Unification, also known as "Risorgimento", refers to the period between 1848 and 1870 during which all the kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula were united under a single ruler. The most well-known character associated with the unification of Italy is Garibaldi, an Italian hero who fought dozens of battles for Italy and overthrew the kingdom of Sicily with a small band of patriots, but this romantic story obscures a much more complicated history. The real masterminds of Italian unity were not revolutionaries, but a group of ministers from the kingdom of Sardinia who managed to bring about an Italian political union governed by ITALY BEFORE UNIFICATION, 1792 B.C. themselves. Military expeditions played an important role in the creation of a United Italy, but so did secret societies, bribery, back-room agreements, foreign alliances, and financial opportunism. Italy and the French Revolution—The real story of the Unification of Italy began with the French conquest of Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars. -
The Case the Hungarian Legion (1861-1862)
ISSN 2039-9340 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 (11) November 2012 Volunteers’ Employment and Counterinsurgency in Italy: The Case the Hungarian Legion (1861-1862) Andrea Carteny, Ph.D. Assistant professor, Sapienza University of Rome Doi: 10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n11p397 Abstract In South-Italy the brigandage is a complex phenomenon, deeply popular and culturally reactionary: a “great brigandage” emerged in dangerous and structural forms after the fall of the last Bourbon king and the Italian unification under the Savoy dynasty, in 1861. From the “Mille” expedition and the conquest of redshirts leaded by Garibaldi, the Southern Army and the Italian Army fought against the brigandage as a real insurgency movement supported by Bourbons’ loyalists and Catholic environments. In the campaign of banditism’s repression a particular case was the employment of volunteers, as the former Garibaldi’s Hungarian Legion. From the General Staff Army’s Historical Archive the documents show both Command’s strategy and local tactics in the Hungarian practices. The concentration of the legionaries in Nocera (March 1861) and the growing number of effectives in few months (less than 1 thousand) gave the opportunity of their employment for more than 1 year in a large area of Southern regions. The Hungarian legionaries’ mutiny, in July 1862, rised at the same time of the Garibaldi’s expedition from South to Rome, blocked in August at the Aspromonte. After the disarm of the soldiers, the calling back to Torino meant the risk of his dissolution. Only a complete reorganization, in 1863, allowed to employ back a new Legion until 1867. -
Free France's Lion
leclerc-layout_Layout 1 9/29/11 8:16 AM Page iii FREE FRANCE’S LION The Life of Philippe Leclerc, de Gaulle’s Greatest General WILLIAM MORTIMER MOORE Philadelphia & Newbury leclerc-layout_Layout 1 9/29/11 8:16 AM Page iv Published in the United States of America and Great Britain in 2011 by CASEMATE PUBLISHERS 908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083 and 17 Cheap Street, Newbury RG14 5DD Copyright 2011 © William Mortimer Moore ISBN 978-1-61200-068-8 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-080-0 Cataloging-in-publication data is available from the Library of Congress and the British Library. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, record - ing or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed and bound in the United States of America. For a complete list of Casemate titles please contact: CASEMATE PUBLISHERS (US) Telephone (610) 853-9131, Fax (610) 853-9146 E-mail: [email protected] CASEMATE PUBLISHERS (UK) Telephone (01635) 231091, Fax (01635) 41619 E-mail: [email protected] leclerc-layout_Layout 1 9/29/11 8:16 AM Page v CONTENTS FOREWORD by Martin Windrow vii MAPS xi PREFACE—DEATH IN THE DESERT 1 CHAPTER 1: A TRUE SON OF FRANCE 15 CHAPTER 2: LA CHUT E— THE FALL OF FRANCE 51 CHAPTER 3: DE GAULLE’S MAN IN AFRICA 72 CHAPTER 4: ANNOYING THE ITALIANS 95 CHAPTER 5: CONSOLIDATING, RAIDING, AND PLANNING 125 CHAPTER 6: A VERY ENGLISH -
The University of Chicago No Empire for Old Men: The
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO NO EMPIRE FOR OLD MEN: THE YOUNG OTTOMANS AND THE WORLD, 1856-1878 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY MADELEINE ELFENBEIN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2017 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... v Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 A Popular Response to the Crisis of Sovereignty .................................................................... 2 Saving the State from Itself ....................................................................................................... 5 Ottomanism and the International Turn ............................................................................... 16 Who Were The Young Ottomans? .......................................................................................... 19 Young Ottoman Legacies ........................................................................................................ 22 Outline of Chapters .................................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 1: A Nation in Search -
Midwestern Editorial Viewpoints on the Unification of Italy: 1846-1870
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1938 Midwestern Editorial Viewpoints on the Unification of Italy: 1846-1870 Alphons Francis Kuhn Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Kuhn, Alphons Francis, "Midwestern Editorial Viewpoints on the Unification of Italy: 1846-1870" (1938). Master's Theses. 3465. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/3465 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1938 Alphons Francis Kuhn MIDWESTERN EDITORIAL VIEvVPOD~TS ON THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY, 1846-1870. by ALPHONS FRANCIS KUHN, S. J. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LOYOLA UNIVERSITY JUNE, 1938. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 CHAPTER I. SOURCES OF EDITORIAL COMMENT •••••••••••• 6 CHAPTER II. RELIGIOUS PREJUDICE ••••••••.•••••.•••••• 12 CHAPTER III. ANTI-CLERICAL AND ANTI-PAPAL SENTIMENTS. 27 CHAPTER IV. DEFENSE OF LIBERALISM •••••••••••••..•.•• 66 CHAPTER v. PATRIOTISM AND POLITICAL AFFILIATIONS ••• 85 APPENDIX A. • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• "' • • • • • • • • 98 A?PENDIX B • • ........................ •, • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................... ~-····.;. ...........•• 105 1. INTRODUCTION. On reading the title it may be remarked that Marraro 1 and Feiertag have treated the subject quite comprehensively. This paper is not an attempt either to question or contradict their findings, but rather to supplement the work already ac complished. -
After Giuseppe Garibaldi's Death in 1882, a Group of Wash
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) Giuseppe Garibaldi rose from modest fter Giuseppe Garibaldi’s death in 1882, a group of Wash- beginnings to become one of Italy’s fore- ington, D.C., residents of Italian descent formed the most military heroes. Born in 1807 in Nice, Garibaldi became a sailor, a merchant cap- Society for a Monument to Garibaldi. They commissioned tain, and an officer in the Piedmont-Sardinia Giuseppe Martegana, an Italian artist living in Paris, to navy. In 1834 he fled to France after partic- create a bust to commemorate the patriot. In a letter to ipating in an unsuccessful mutiny, fomented the president of the Senate dated December 14, 1887, Dr. Tullio de in part to spark a republican revolution in A Piedmont-Sardinia. By 1836 Garibaldi was Suzzara-Verdi offered the Garibaldi bust, executed in Italian marble, living in South America, where he gained to the United States. He asked on behalf of the society that it be accepted fame as a revolutionary mercenary fighting in Brazil and Uruguay. “as a link in the chain of sympathy that all free men feel for the cham- In 1848 Garibaldi set out for Italy pions of liberty and popular government.” The work also was presented with his band of “Redshirts.” Garibaldi as an expression of Italian achievement in sculpture. On August 23, and his men joined the Risorgimento, a movement to unify the disparate Italian 1888, the Senate approved the acquisition, resolving that “the Senate states by wresting Italian territory from for- of the United States expresses its sense of eign powers. -
Il Gattopardo
National Solidarity, Toxic Nationalism, European Inner Edges: Stendhal and Tolstoy in Malraux’s Les Noyers de l’Altenburg and Lampedusa’s Il Gattopardo John Burt Foster 317 George Mason University In international surveys of broadly Western fiction from (say) Proust, Joyce, Faulkner, and Kafka to Nabokov, Calvino, García Márquez, and Coetzee, criticism tends to neglect figures whose work does not fit into a modernism-to-postmodern trajectory and who seem, as well, to have lacked a steady commitment to the novel. Such is the case with the two authors at the heart of this essay, André Malraux (1901-76) and Giuseppe di Lampedusa (1896-1957), whose fiction, though widely read and certainly worthy of serious attention, seems neither as innovative nor as influential as this twentieth-century mainstream. Given their efforts to recapture the feel of particu- lar times and places, their emphasis on notable public events set in their historical context, and their less clearly adventurous narrative methods, it might be tempting to view them as neorealist throwbacks to the nineteenth century, notwithstanding Malraux’s close ties to surrealism and to modern painting or Lampedusa’s interest in psychoanalysis. Lampedusa, moreover, waited until his final years to start writing fiction. His one novel Il Gattopardo (The Leopard, 1958) only appeared after his death, when it became a best-seller in Italy and a critical success. If Malraux, by contrast, gained a major reputation with the five novels from Les Conquérants (The Conquerors, 1928) to L’Espoir (Man’s Hope, 1937), he eventually turned almost exclusively to politics, art criticism, and autobiography. -
From the Mediterranean to Southeast Florida, 1896-1939 Antonietta Di Pietro Florida International University, [email protected]
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-8-2013 Italianità on Tour: From the Mediterranean to Southeast Florida, 1896-1939 Antonietta Di Pietro Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI13120902 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Di Pietro, Antonietta, "Italianità on Tour: From the Mediterranean to Southeast Florida, 1896-1939" (2013). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1003. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1003 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida ITALIANITÀ ON TOUR: FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN TO SOUTHEAST FLORIDA, 1896-1939 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY by Antonietta Di Pietro 2013 To: Dean Kenneth G. Furton College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Antonietta Di Pietro, and entitled Italianità on Tour: From the Mediterranean to Southeast Florida, 1896-1939, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Pascale Becel _______________________________________ Gwyn Davies _______________________________________ Maria del Mar Logrono Narbona _______________________________________ Aurora Morcillo, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 8, 2013 The dissertation of Antonietta Di Pietro is approved. -
Rome Compiled Background Guide Final Online
Roman Republic (1849) MUNUC 33 ONLINE1 Roman Republic (1849) | MUNUC 33 Online TABLE OF CONTENTS ______________________________________________________ CHAIR LETTER……………………………….………………………….……..…3 CRISIS DIRECTOR LETTER……………………………………………………….5 ANCIENT ROME………………………………………………………………….7 MODERN CONTEXT OF ROME AND THE PAPAL STATES…………………..22 CURRENT ISSUES………………………………………………………………. 36 MAP…………………………………………………………………………….. 39 CHARACTER BIOGRAPHIES…………………………………………………. 40 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………...59 2 Roman Republic (1849) | MUNUC 33 Online CHAIR LETTER ____________________________________________________ Dear Delegates, Welcome to the Roman Republic of 1849! I will be your chair for the weekend of MUNUC, during which time I’ll represent Giuseppe Mazzini. I’m incredibly excited to welcome you to a little-known (and less understood) time in history! The Roman Republic of 1849 represents how people tried to bring ideals of individuality, freedom, and equality to reality. Although the real-world Republic fell to a French invasion, I hope that you can gather your creativity, knowledge, and collaboration to change history and build a Republic that will last. I’m a current senior at the University of Chicago, studying Biology with a specialization in Endocrinology on the pre-medical track. I staff MUNUC, run our collegiate conference ChoMUN as Director-General, and compete on our travel team. Outside of MUN, I do research in a genetic neurobiology lab with fruit flies, volunteer at the UChicago Hospital, and TA for courses such as Organic Chemistry, Genetics, and Core Biology. I also like to write poetry, paint, and perform Shakespeare! If at any point you want to share something or ask a question, on anything from your favorite novel to college life, just reach out to me at [email protected]. -
PAPER TREASURES LIBRARIES and ARCHIVES Edited by Claudia Oliva
TREASURE MAPS Twenty Itineraries Designed to Help You Explore the Cultural Heritage of Palermo and its Province Soprintendenza per i Beni culturali e ambientali di Palermo PAPER TREASURES LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES edited by Claudia Oliva REGIONE SICILIANA Assessorato dei Beni culturali e dell’Identità siciliana PO FESR Sicilia 2007-2013 Linea d’intervento 3.1.1.1. “Investiamo nel vostro futuro” Project TREASURE MAPS Twenty Itineraries Designed to Help You Explore the Cultural Heritage of Palermo and its Province project by: Ignazio Romeo R.U.P.: Claudia Oliva Soprintendente: Maria Elena Volpes Paper Treasures: Libraries and Archives edited by: Claudia Oliva photographs: Giuseppe Cucco and Gaetano Lo Giudice (fig. 1-5); Ezio Ferreri (fig. 45) Dario Di Vincenzo (fig. 32-36, 41-44, 54-58, 67-73); Vincenzo Aluia (fig. 83-87). All the other photographs have been given by the libraries and the historical archives with the collaboration of: Francesca Buffa and Marina Mancino editorial staff: Ignazio Romeo, Maria Concetta Picciurro graphics and printing: Ediguida s.r.l. translations: Logoteum Language Services Please note: Opening times for each library and archive are printed in the individual information sheets in this booklet. Given that these times are subject to change we suggest that you check them on their individual web sites. Treasure maps: Twenty Itineraries Designed to Help You Explore the Cultural Heritage of Palermo and its Province. - Palermo: Regione siciliana, Assessorato dei beni culturali e dell’identità siciliana, Dipartimento dei beni culturali e dell’identità siciliana. – v. 709.45823 CDD-22 SBN Pal0274341 18.: Paper treasures: Libraries and Archives / by Claudia Oliva. -
IB History Study Guide
Notum sit universis et singulis, quorum interest aut quomodolibet interesse potest, potest, interesse quomodolibet aut interest quorum singulis, et universis sit Notum postquam a multis annis orta in Imperio Romano dissidia motusque civiles eo usque usque eo civiles motusque dissidia Romano Imperio in orta annis multis a postquam increverunt, ut non modo universam Germaniam, sed et aliquot finitima regna, regna, finitima aliquot et sed Germaniam, universam modo non ut increverunt, potissimum vero Galliam, ita involverint, ut diuturnum et acre exinde natum sit bellum, bellum, sit natum exinde acre et diuturnum ut involverint, ita Galliam, vero potissimum primo quidem inter serenissimum et potentissimum principem ac dominum, dominum dominum dominum, ac principem potentissimum et serenissimum inter quidem primo Ferdinandum II., electum Romanorum imperatorem, semper augustum, Germaniae, Germaniae, augustum, semper imperatorem, Romanorum electum II., Ferdinandum Hungariae, Bohemiae, Dalmatiae, Croatiae, Sclavoniae regem, archiducem Austriae, Austriae, archiducem regem, Sclavoniae Croatiae, Dalmatiae, Bohemiae, Hungariae, ducem Burgundiae, Brabantiae, Styriae, Carinthiae, Carniolae, marchionem Moraviae, Moraviae, marchionem Carniolae, Carinthiae, Styriae, Brabantiae, Burgundiae, ducem ducem Luxemburgiae, Superioris ac Inferioris Silesiae, Wurtembergae et Teckae, Teckae, et Wurtembergae Silesiae, Inferioris ac Superioris Luxemburgiae, ducem principem Sueviae, comitem Habsburgi, Tyrolis, Kyburgi et Goritiae, marchionem Sacri Sacri marchionem Goritiae, -
724.Zc`Oo Dad Hatcoaabiovci Ea 1.4 Aad ~Ccteagd
724.Zc`oo dad HatcoaaBiovci ea 1.4 aad ~ccteagd jr,r0.0f tiie mid-/9t4ue~Cvcry ta 1918 Societas Historica Finlandiae Suomen Historiallinen Seura Finska Historiska Samfundet Studia Historica 16 NATIONALITY AND NATIONALISM IN ITALY AND FINLAND FROM THE MID-19th CENTURY TO 1918 SHS • Helsinki • 1984 Editor: Maija Väisänen Cover design by Rauno Enden ISSN 0081-6493 ISBN 951-9254-61-7 Gummerus Oy:n kirjapainossa Jyväskylässä 1984 Preface Cooperation between Finnish and Italian historians started officially at the symposium in Perugia, Italy, in October 1979 with the theme "Italy and Finland during World War ii (1939- 1945)". The second symposium was held in Helsinki under the auspices of the Finnish Ministry of Education and organized by the Finnish Historical Society on May 24-28, 1982. The general theme of this symposium was "Nationality and Nationalism in Italy and Finland from the mid-nineteenth century to 1918". The present publication includes the papers on this theme, with the exception of Professor Clara Castelli's contribution, which has been published, with the title "Il panslavismo" in "L'etå contemporanea" (ed. by Lucarini) in Rome, Italy in 1983. Maija Väisänen Contents Mario Belardinelli: Catholics and their attitude to nationality in Italy 7 Yrjö Blomstedt: National and international viewpoints of the Finnish upper class in the 19th century 19 Patrick Bruun: Freedom fighters at close quarters 29 Mario D'Addio: Political thought and nationality in Italy 41 Franco Gaeta: Nationalism in historiography 59 Seppo Hentilä: The Finnish