THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY Historical background. -The Roman Empire. -The Italian culture and the rennessance. -The French Revolution and The Napoleonic Wars. -The Vienna settlement. -Mazzini and the idea of an Italian state (Risorgimento). -Nationalistic upheavals during the 1820s, 1830s and 1848. Titel: jan 14-10:35 (Sida 1 av 43) The Papacy The influence of Papal diplomacy over the previous millenium where the Popes had tended to strongly support the existence of a number of small states in the north of the peninsula such that no strong power might presume to try to overshadow the papacy. Such political decentralisation may have facilitated the emergence of a number of mercantile city states Titel: jan 14-12:32 (Sida 2 av 43) Sardinia-Piedmont The former Duchy of Savoy meanwhile, originally based on limited territories north of the Alps, had expanded to also include Nice, Piedmont (an extensive territory in the north-east of the Italian peninsula) and the island of Sardinia and was now known now by its senior title as the Kingdom of Sardinia. Titel: sep 23-08:25 (Sida 3 av 43) Austria Habsburg Austria was awarded sovereignty over Lombardy and over the former Venetian Republic whilst the Republic of Genoa was similarly entrusted to the House of Savoy. The territories of the chuch that straddled the central portion of the peninsula were again placed under Papal sovereignty whilst to the south the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples) was restored to a junior branch of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty. Titel: sep 23-08:26 (Sida 4 av 43) Italian nationalism The belief that "Italia" was a desireable possibility can be associated with the change in perspectives that many people, particularly from the more affluent artisan, middle and minor aristocratic classes, underwent after the American and French revolutions Titel: jan 14-12:50 (Sida 5 av 43) Giuseppe Mazzini The central figure in the origin of "Young Italy" was one Giuseppe Mazzini (1805- 1872), who in 1821 in Genoa had witnessed the distress of the "refugees of Italy" who were in the process of fleeing into exile after their failure of their revolutionary efforts at winning reform and, moved by their example, had chosen to devote his life to the cause of Italian independence and unity. In 1827 he was initiated into Carbonari movement and was himself forced into exile in 1831 for revolutionary activity. Nicknamed "Soul of Italy" Titel: sep 23-08:29 (Sida 6 av 43) He also began to move away from the philosophy of the Carbonari and subsequently founded Giovine Italia (Young Italy) a movement dedicated to securing "for Italy Unity, Independence, and Liberty." Mazzini's revolutionary vision extended beyond the limited objective of Italian national unity towards the liberation of all oppressed peoples. He hoped for a new democratic and republican Italy that would lead other subject peoples to freedom and liberty and for a new Europe, controlled by the people and not by sovereigns, that would replace the old order. Titel: sep 26-3:33 PM (Sida 7 av 43) · A popular uprising would create a unified republican Italy. · The true foundation of Italian liberty. · This would spark off a chainreaction - european nationalstates. Titel: sep 23-08:34 (Sida 8 av 43) · 1834 - founding of 'The Young Europe'. A revolution needed for national liberty. · In the future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with a federal Assembly. · Objective; to overturn the despised Vienna settlement Titel: sep 23-08:37 (Sida 9 av 43) · growth of secret national societies (Carbonari) · 1848, upheavals started in Milan (Lombardy) but spread to all italian states. · Piedmont declared war on Austria and succeeded in driving the Austrian troops out of Lombardy and Venice. · A republic was declared in Rome under Mazzini and under the protection of Garibaldis troops. Titel: sep 23-08:43 (Sida 10 av 43) The 1848–49 revolts On April 7, 1848 Mazzini reached Milan, whose population had rebelled against the Austrian garrison and established a provisional government. The First Italian War of Independence, started by the Piedmontese king Charles Albert to exploit the favourable circumstances in Milan, turned into a total failure. Mazzini, who had never been popular in the city because he wanted Lombardy to become a republic instead of joining Piedmont, abandoned Milan. He joined Garibaldi's irregular force at Bergamo, moving to Switzerland with him. Titel: sep 23-08:39 (Sida 11 av 43) On February 9, 1849 a Republic was declared in Rome, with Pius IX already having been forced to flee. On the same day the Republic was declared, Mazzini reached the city. He was appointed as "triumvir" of the new republic on March 29, becoming soon the true leader of the government and showing good administrative capabilities in social reforms. However, when the French troops called by the Pope made clear that the resistance of the Republican troops, led by Garibaldi, was in vain, on July 12, 1849, Mazzini set out for Marseille, from where he moved again to Switzerland. Titel: sep 23-08:43 (Sida 12 av 43) Mazzini was more of a spectator than a protagonist of the Italian Risorgimento, whose reins were strongly in the hands of the Savoyard monarch Victor Emmanuel II and his prime minister, Camillo di Cavour. The latter defined him as "Chief of the assassins". Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi Titel: sep 23-08:41 (Sida 13 av 43) Camillo Cavour Cavour’s political ideas were greatly influenced by the July revolution of 1830 in France, which seemed to him to prove that an historic monarchy was not incompatible with Liberal principles, and he became more than ever convinced of the benefits of a constitutional monarchy as opposed both to absolutism and to republicanism. His views were strengthened by his studies of the British constitution, of which he was known to be a great admirer such that he was even nicknamed - " Milord Camillo ” Titel: jan 14-12:54 (Sida 14 av 43) Titel: sep 21-2:25 PM (Sida 15 av 43) Titel: sep 21-2:25 PM (Sida 16 av 43) The Crimean war · Cavour wasn't very keen in pulling Sardinia in to the war. · The idea was initiated by the ruler who dreamt of glory. · Austria isolated as it declared itself neutral. The Empire lost its good relations with Russia. · No militaryvictories but a seat in the peace congress. · No immediate success. · Cavour and Napoleon III Florence Nightingale Titel: sep 26-18:21 (Sida 17 av 43) · After an attempt, by an Italian nationalist, to assassinate Napoleon III the Emperor contacted Cavour. · The two met at Plombieres. · Napoleon convinced that Austria's involvement in Italy would trigger more terrorism. · Victor Emmanuel's daughter (15) married to Napoleon's cousin (36). Titel: sep 21-2:25 PM (Sida 18 av 43) Franco-Sardinian alliance: · War against Austria. The Empire was to driven out from Italy. · One North Italian state created under Sardinian leadership. · One central Italian state by uniting Tuscany and Papal states. · France would receive Nice, Savoy and the french speaking provinces of Piedmont The assassin Felice Orsini tried to kill Napoleon III in 1858. The bombs killed more than 150 guards and civilians. Titel: sep 26-18:29 (Sida 19 av 43) Titel: sep 21-2:25 PM (Sida 20 av 43) The War of Italian Unification. · Austria provoked to attack Piedmont. · France attacks Austria. · Garibaldi takes command of italian volunteers. · Lombardy annexed. · Austrian troops remains in Venetia. Titel: sep 26-18:42 (Sida 21 av 43) · French separate peace with Austria at Villafranca. · Austria alarmed by Hungarian nationalist activity and Russian troopmovements close the Austrian border. · Nationalistic upheavals in central Italy. As the austrian troops couldn't defend their interests Piedmontese troops moved in. After plebiscites in Tuscany, Parma, Modena and Romagna these states united under Piedmont. Frans Josef and Napoleon meet at Villafranca Titel: sep 26-18:48 (Sida 22 av 43) · Britain forced Napoleon III to allow a stronger central- and north Italian state. · Cavour, who had resigned as a protest against the peacetreaty between France and Austria, returned as prime minister 1860. · Napoleon agreed to accept the Piedmontese annexation in Italy against Savoy and Nice. Titel: sep 26-18:55 (Sida 23 av 43) Titel: sep 21-2:25 PM (Sida 24 av 43) GARIBALDI AND HIS REDSHIRTS Cavour reluctant to assist Garibaldi. Jealous of his popularity. · The northern revolts inspired the people of the south to revolt. · The revolt was triggered by socio-economic reasons, not nationalism. · The nationalists used the opportunity and invited Garibaldi. · Within some months he had taken control of Sicily · Assissted by a pro-nationalistic attitude in Britain (the Fleet) Titel: sep 26-19:02 (Sida 25 av 43) · When Garibaldi moved over the strait he turned to become a threat. · Garibaldi was a Mazzinian republican. · Cavour feared Garibaldis radicalism and republicanism. · Piedmontese troops were sent to Rome to battle Garibaldi if necessary. · ALso fear of foreign reactions if the pope was threatened or the balance of power shattered. · Garibaldi handed over his conquests to Victor Emmanuel. Garibaldi to Victor Emmanuel: 'I salute the first king of Italy'. Titel: sep 26-19:07 (Sida 26 av 43) Titel: sep 21-2:26 PM (Sida 27 av 43) Titel: sep 21-2:25 PM (Sida 28 av 43) Titel: sep 21-2:26 PM (Sida 29 av 43) Titel: sep 21-2:26 PM (Sida 30 av 43) · Social division, in poor, agrarian south and wealthy, urban and industrialised north. · The process of unification - mostly a struggle between the old ruling and a developing middle class.