Social Protection Payments Delivery
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Social protection payments delivery Laura Rawlings & Luz Rodriguez Social Safety Net Core Course May 7th, 2018 Objectives of a Payment System • Successfully distribute the correct amount of benefits to the right people at the right time and frequency while minimizing costs to both the program and the beneficiary • Facilitate financial inclusion Payments are quickly evolving from manual to digital Who is manual and who is digital? COUNTRY PROGRAM # BENEF. PAYMENT METHOD PAYMENT SERVICE PROVIDER FREQUENCY OF PAYMENT BANGLADESH EGPP 1.4 M MANUAL - CASH Ministry of Disaster 16 Management and Relief NEPAL Seniors Citizens Allowance 922 K MANUAL - CASH Ministry of Federal Affairs and 3 Local Development ROMANIA Universal Child Allowance 2.1 M MANUAL - CASH Post Office 12 1.6 M DIGITAL Commercial Bank TURKEY Sartli Egitim Yardimi 1.9 M DIGITAL – DEBIT CARD Post Office 6 ETHIOPIA PSSN Urban 5.5 M DIGITAL Commercial Bank 12 2.4 M DIGITAL- MOBILE M-Bir and Hello Cash PAYMENT PSSN Rural 600 K DIGITAL – DEBIT CARD Commercial Bank DOMINICAN REP. PROSOLI 756 K DIGITAL – DEBIT CARD Commercial Banks Consortium 4 HONDURAS Bono Vida Mejor 240 K MANUAL - CASH State Bank – Banadesa 3 PERU Juntos 1.7 M DIGITAL – DEBIT CARD State Bank-Banco de la Nacion 6 MEXICO PROSPERA 1.2 M DIGITAL – DEBIT CARD State Bank - Bansefi 6 4.9 M DIGITAL – CARD WITH State Bank – Bansefi and agents CHIP (BIOMETRIC) network (Diconsa) Who is manual and who is digital? COUNTRY PROGRAM # BENEF. PAYMENT METHOD PAYMENT SERVICE PROVIDER FREQUENCY OF PAYMENT JAMAICA PATH 375 k MANUAL - CHEQUE State Bank 6 DIGITAL-PREPAID CARD State Bank MANUAL - CASH Remittance agent INDIA MREGA 111 M DIGITAL-E-VOUCHER Post Office Every 14 days (for a period of up to DIGITAL- SMART CARD Commercial Bank 100 days) SRI LANKA SAMURDHI 1.5 M MANUAL- VOUCHER State Bank 12 PAKISTAN BISP 1.7 M DIGITAL- DEBIT CARD 6 Commercial Banks 4 3.1 M DIGITAL – BIOMETRIC 6 Commercial Banks VERIFICATION SYSTEM 72 k MANUAL- MONEY ORDER Post Office KENYA CT for Orphans and 1 M DIGITAL-PREPAID CARD 2 Commercial Banks 6 Vulnerable Children BRAZIL Bolsa Familia 13 M DIGITAL-PREPAID CARD State Bank Source: WBG Social Protection Payments inventory (2018) (forthcoming) Who are the actors currently involved in SP payments delivery Actors Payment service Payments Channels providers instruments • Social • Post Offices • Cash protection • Micro finance • Cheques/Vouchers ATMs ministry institutions • Bank accounts • Implementing • Savings and credit • Cards agency Unions • Debit POS • Funders • NGOs • Pre-paid • Beneficiaries • Commercial banks • Smart cards • Payments • Public (state) banks • E-wallets Mobile service • Mobile network phones providers operators • Regulators Main requirements of payment instruments PAYMENT NEEDS ON FINANCIAL NEEDS OF INSTITUTIONAL ADVANTAGES INSTRUMENT INFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITY ATM and EFT POS networks. Real-time payments, Face to face , Centralized account Credit bureaus. online and remote transactions; management. DEBIT CARDS Rules and standards for inter- recurring bill payments Access to ATM and POS operability, dispute resolution and networks. consumer protection Access to ATM and POS ATM and EFT POS networks. Real-time payments, Face to face , networks. Rules and standards for inter- PRE-PAID CARDS online and remote transactions; Real-time transaction operability, dispute resolution and recurring bill payments; authorization and monitoring consumer protection systems Centralized account management. Real-time payments, Face to face, POS and agent network Access to POS networks SMART CARDS online and remote transactions; Real-time transaction authorization and monitoring systems Interface mobile payment Real-time payments, Person to Enabling legal framework. infrastructure with banking person including cross border Merchant / Agent network accounts (savings or credit) or E-WALLETS remittances, utility bill payment, Linkages with existing inter-bank create a prepaid product. micro-payments and purchase and payment card networks. Ability to service 7far-flung transaction capability merchant/agent network Standard SP payments delivery process 8 Associated Costs Indicative benchmarks on Payments 9 Financial environment: Characteristics of Payment Service Providers (PSPs) Mobile network oper. Source: ISPA Payments tool, 2017 10 Financial environment: Policy, Legislation and regulation • Financial sector regulation • G2P policies • Financial inclusion • Procurement and contracting • Know Your Customer rules • E-money regulations • Basic Bank account 11 Other enabling factors • ID system – Uniqueness – KYC – Aunthentication • Mobile Network Coverage • Flow of funds on other SP programs • Social Registries and Integrated SP Information Systems 12 Girl’s Education , Women’s Empowerment and Livelihoods (GEWEL) Project in Zambia Multi-Service Provider Payments of the SWL AGENDA 1. A bit about Payments 2. A bit about G2P Payments 3. A bit about Zambia 4. Some background on Zambia SCT G2P 5. Why SWL Payments needed to be different 6. The Payment Options and Why 7. How it Works 8. How has it gone so far A bit about Payments … Split into two (2) broad categories: 1) PUSH Payments 2) PULL Payments The sender is paying (pushing) money to you via a A merchant or agent, with your permission, does payment system an “authorization” (pull) for the money from your financial institution • Your salary paid via EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) • You swipe your VISA card at McDonalds • An international payment via SWIFT • You go to an ATM to draw some cash • A payment from a friend via PayPal • You go to an M-PESA agent to draw funds from • A mobile payment from one person to you using a mobile wallet M-PESA A bit about Payments … and cash transfers Cash transfers are one type of Government to Person (G2P) payments 1) Cash = PUSH Payments 2) PULL Payments = Electronic But: not all push payments are cash (per the A fairly common CT pull payment method is when previous example, CT could be push into an paying using with “Pre-paid VISA cards” account Increasingly G2P payments are being made via Mobile Money Transfer (MMT) A bit about Zambia … • Lower-middle-income country in Southern Africa with 16.7 million people • With 21 people per square kilometer, it is among the least densely populated countries, well below Africa’s average of 39 • The majority of G2P participants live in remote and rural areas, with only two main areas – the capital, Lusaka, and Copperbelt province – having dense urbanization • The vast majority of people (75 percent) in the rural areas live in poverty (compared to 23 percent in the urban areas) A bit about Zambia and payments … • Access to formal financial services remains low (38 percent of adults) • Between 2015 and 2016, active mobile money agent networks grew by over 70 percent and active use of digital services increased by 18 percent • Zambia now has 8,000 active Mobile Money agents and over 521,000 active mobile money wallets • The number of digital financial service provides increased from 10 in 2015 to 18 in 2018 Zambia’s SCTS Cash by bicycle • The Government is one of the biggest customers of bicycles in Zambia • The Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS) deposits money into the accounts of rural Government employees, mainly teachers, who ride to town to draw cash, up to 100km • Once the cash is drawn, they ride back to the village and disperse the cash • How much actually gets to each beneficiary is unverifiable (the transfer should be USD18 every two months) The challenge for GEWEL Bicycle cash delivery was not an option • The GEWEL payment is USD200 split into two payments – the amount alone would make the payment via the current method very risky • Analysis of financial sector providers showed that no single private sector provider had the capacity to make the GEWEL payments nationally • And four years of failed procurement of Zanaco, the country’s largest bank, for the SCTS confirmed this challenge • Moreover the fundamentals of the SWL intervention suggest that empowering participants with a financial services account was key The challenge for GEWEL Finding a better alternative • The analysis of the market (supply side study) presented a potential if not the only solution to pay beneficiairies natioanlly • If the Ministry could use every possible provider to reach the women the likelihood of solving the possible need could be realised The remote district of Mpulungu/Mbala on the banks of Lake Tanganyika, for example, does not have a Zanaco Bank branch but one finds that Zampost and Cavmont Bank have a branch. The Big Picture To quote a classic … “If you build it, they will come” By concentrating the demand, the business case for suppliers to solve the problem will become evident Presenting the “numbers” became paramount … The Numbers: Making the business case Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Total Beneficiaries 24,965 28,692 21,341 74,998 ZMK 54,923,000 63,122,400 46,950,200 164,995,600 Build what exactly? The payment system needed to: 1. Enroll beneficiaries 2. Capture their choice of Payment Service Provider (PSP) 3. Schedule payments as the women completed the training 4. Manage the approvals to release payments 5. Integrate directly to PSPs The GEWEL Payment System This is a fancy technical diagram but how does it actually work on the ground ? Zambia This is Zambia SWL Phase 1 It’s in the Detail Lufwanyama District Mushingashi is 85 miles from Kitwe Lufwanyama District In the middle of nowhere is a Natsave branch Lufwanyama District In the middle of nowhere is a Natsave branch Lufwanyama