We Are Not Permitted to Choose the Frame of Our Destiny
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Women as Philanthropists: Gender and Generational Synergy for Effective Gift Planning Margaret May Damen “We are not permitted to choo se th e frame of our destiny. But wh at we put into it is ours .” (Dag Hammarskjold, 1905-1961) The dynamic role of gender and metamorphoses in values and virtues for women in their quest to make a generational cohorts in shaping experienced by aging Baby Boomers meaningful difference for the greater society’s future is a central theme who are impatient to lead society and good. An affluent and influential of discussion, debate and study by leave a legacy. cohort of women searching for a venue economists, historians, psychologists in which to realign virtues and values and sociologists in our nation and The confluence of academic appears in the mainstream concurrent around the world. It is refreshing to discernment on gender and generation with philanthropy’s manifesto to see volumes upon volumes of studies with the economic empowerment revitalize and diversify the sector and espousing the ever changing, socially of women and their significant and engage a new generation of donors. constructed nature of gender. These recent rise to leadership positions A significant number of women who studies have opened a healthy dialogue in all three sectors of our society— have traditionally been recognized for about opportunities, expectations government (public), business “feminine” charactieristics of nurturing and obstacles—apparent or not so (private) and nonprofit (third)— and care-giving are now striving for readily apparent—and about the affords the third sector a unique formal ways to forge partnerships with impact of the social meaning of window of opportunity. In fact, the philanthropy in the hope of achieving gender on individuals and institutions, third sector, free of the constraints renewed balance and harmony in our including those in the third sector. of bottom-line profit or voting booth patriarchal society. The synergy of Equally impressive is the plethora plurality, may be the only sector in gender and generation will open up of work analyzing generational size, philosophy and structure able new pathways for women and new archetypes, fueled in part by the social to provide an inclusive environment horizons for philanthropy. Journal of Gift Planning 5 JJournal-Dec07.inddournal-Dec07.indd 5 11/4/08/4/08 66:44:01:44:01 PPMM “Change flows through philanthropy when new ideas are adapted by key actors in a position to influence others, and philanthropy today is pulsing with new actors filled with energy, passion, and ideas. These new leaders are all around us: people provide a forum for dialogue and diversity of thought in the who have made significant fortunes relatively philanthropic community. As with any emerging trend or early in life and are looking to give in new area of study, quantitative data is limited. That limitation may, in fact, better serve to stimulate creative dialogue and ways…women…engaged with new and “out-of-the-box” thinking. There is no precedent; there is no traditional philanthropy as givers and as norm; this is a new and exciting frontier where imagination 1 can take flight and vision can abound. For this discussion, professionals helping other people to give.” the definition of gender is a social and psychological construction rather than a biological phenomenon. Women will be both part of the problem and part of the solution as charitable institutions struggle to find the Benchmarks Leading to “The Season” for Women proper ways to assimilate new leaders with new money, and Philanthropy new ideas, new energy, limited patience and everlasting passion for causes in which they believe. In the process of establishing a new paradigm for women’s giving, authors “Not everything import ant can Katherine Fulton and Andrew Blau conclude that the world and its problems have changed to such an extent that, be measured, and not everything “current structures and mechanisms may seem unsuited that can be measured is to the tasks they are being asked to respond to.” A critical component in maximizing the integration of women’s import ant.” abundant time, talent and treasure into the third sector (Albert Einstein, 1879-1956) is the ability and readiness of philanthropic executives to execute new structures—new programs that are gender and generation specific. Historical and Social Benchmarks Throughout history, women’s courage, compassion In this paper we consider four aspects of the current and caring spirit are well documented. Their deeds in environment for women and philanthropy. strengthening the fabric of society carry forward the true meaning of the secular dimensions of the Greek • The historical, social and economic benchmarks that word “philanthropos”—the love of humankind. That validate the 2lst century as “The Season” for women’s love has as its goal the “continual development and self- leadership role in philanthropy. realization of society, social progress.”2 That love is also expressed through what sociologists of gender describe as • The generational archetypes for philanthropy, and how “opportunity structures,” patterns of easier access to some to apply them to fundraising and planned giving. positions than to others, and social forces that contribute to the pattern of social relationships and behaviors at • The role of Boom-generation women as the catalyst for that time. Consider the significant impact that this social effective multigenerational gift planning. meaning of gender has had on women’s individual and collective experience, and on the role of philanthropy in • The creation of a sustainable environment for gender society, as we examine the linear progress of women’s and generational synergy in fundraising programs. accomplishments in civil life.3 The existence, impact and even the viability of gender Many historians refer to women’s social reform activism and generational diversity in the third sector remains an in the decades between 1880 and 1920 as the foundation issue open for debate. One objective of this article is to of contemporary women’s philanthropic culture, as well as 6 Journal of Gift Planning JJournal-Dec07.inddournal-Dec07.indd 6 11/4/08/4/08 66:44:02:44:02 PPMM the first wave of feminism in our country. Out of necessity to “Women in fighting for the vote have shown a passion of find solutions to the social, political and economic problems earnestness, a persistence, and above all a command of both brought about by rapid industrialization, immigration tactics and strategy….Hitherto the distinctively feminine and urbanization, women emerged as a major force for instincts and aspirations have centered in winning the right social reform, and permanently altered their gender role as of suffrage; but now that it is won, a vast, united force has citizens and as moral leaders destined to shape public policy. been let loose.” Working within their network of civic organizations and clubs, and using the “opportunity structures” available to This “force” succeeded in winning the first minimum wage them as moral guardians of home, family and community, and maximum hours for women workers, public health women effected positive social change first in their programs for pregnant women, improved educational community and then in the nation. opportunities for children and adults and the passage of welfare reform bills and laws including the creation of the Their social reforms embraced education, healthcare, Children’s Bureau, headed by Julia Lathrop in 1912, and children’s welfare, wage and working conditions for women, the Women’s Bureau in the Federal Department of Labor the environment, public health services and sanitation and during Taft’s presidency. political reform. They used their vast club and organizational network for lasting reforms in the areas of social justice Notable women of the era whose work, dedication and and greater equality, culminating with the passage in 1920 philanthropic spirit set benchmarks that exist today include: of the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave some, but not • Jane Addams, who spearheaded the settlement all women the right to vote. As club women turned from house movement and won the 1931 Nobel Peace self-improvement to reform efforts, clubs and professional Prize organizations formed to embrace women with similar • Mary McLeod Bethune, the seventeenth child of a values and virtues in their volunteer work to improve their former slave and founder of the Daytona Normal and community and the status of women. Some of these “clubs” Industrial Institution for Negro Girls, which in 1929 are familiar nonprofit organizations today: became Bethune-Cookman College • Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, The American Red Cross (1880) leaders of the suffragette movement American Association of University Women (1881) • female journalist Ida Tarbell, author of an exposé on Women’s Missionary Union (1888) Standard Oil Company Hull House, Chicago (1889) • Lillian Wald, founder of the New York Henry Street Henry Street Settlement, New York (1893) Settlement House General Federation of Women’s Clubs (1890) • Mary Elizabeth Garrett, founder of John Hopkins National Council of Jewish Women (1893) Medical School (provided they admit women) National Association of Colored Women (1896) • Madame C.J.Walker, business woman and first black PTA Association (1897) millionaire International Ladies Garment Worker Union (1900) YWCA (1906) Although this is an extremely limited overview of the work, Big Sisters (1908) wisdom and