Ecological Implications for Freshwater Fishes Arising from Specific Hydrological Changes to the Lower River Torrens, Adelaide
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Aquasave Consultants 2011 TECHNICAL NOTE Ecological implications for freshwater fishes arising from specific hydrological changes to the lower River Torrens, Adelaide July, 2011 Common galaxias from the River Torrens Correspondence in relation to this report contact Dr Michael Hammer Aquasave Consultants Tel: +61 429 098 920; Email: [email protected] Disclaimer This report was commissioned by the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board. It was based on the best information available at the time and no warranty express or implied is provided for any errors or omissions, nor in the event of its use for any other purposes or by any other parties. Page 1 of 25 Aquasave Consultants 2011 Introduction The Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board (herein the ‘Board’) takes an active role in the integrated management of aquatic habitats including for the River Torrens which is a prominent feature of the landscape and mindset of Adelaide. Aquasave Consultants was engaged to provide technical science based advice on two scenarios being considered by the Board relevant to native fishes of the lower River Torrens, principally concerning potential hydrological changes. Scenario 1 – Flow manipulation via reservoir release (city-gorge) The Torrens Lake is a show piece for the city precinct, and the quality of this body of water is linked to recreation activity, tourism and public sentiment. Poor water quality and especially algal blooms are a major management issue, and dilution/flushing flows via release of water from the upstream Kangaroo Creek Reservoir is being considered as one of a combination of actions to improve water quality. The implementation and exact nature of this action is still to be determined, but in principal would involve sustained flow release over summer months as a steady base flow (~several hundred to low thousands of ML per day). Water would thus run from the reservoir through the Gorge weir and along the section of the Torrens to the City Weir, being picked up in water harvest schemes prior to reaching the mouth. The ecological implications of this base flow are to be considered. Scenario 2 – Stormwater harvesting (city to sea) Several large stormwater reuse projects are being developed in the Adelaide region that aim to extract water in the reach of the River Torrens watercourse downstream of the City Weir. Currently under the draft Western Mount Lofty Ranges Water Allocation Plan extraction limits for licensed users in the lower Torrens are set at a threshold flow rate to provide at least 100mm depth of water flow. Commentators have indicated this simple extraction rule to (a) not be reflective of the highly modified nature of the stream reach (e.g. disconnected from natural flow regime due to considerable water supply infrastructure, major stormwater input from an urban landscape, wide concrete and/or artificial channels requiring large water volumes to meet threshold values), and (b) be overly restrictive on the capacity to harvest water for reuse schemes which could struggle to capture flashy flow peaks. Subsequently advice has been sought on minimum flow requirements and ecological implications tailored to the specific situation (i.e. more flexible rules based extraction). Page 2 of 25 Aquasave Consultants 2011 Regional fish objective: Consideration of issues in the current assessment refer to the overarching objective used in recent environmental water projects for the Mount Lofty Ranges (VanLaarhoven and van der Wielen 2009; VanLaarhoven 2010), i.e. maintaining self-sustaining populations of existing species that are resilient to times of drought. Project objectives: 1) To assemble information and expertise that can review the nature of the proposed hydrological changes then identify and consider possible effects both positive and negative to native fishes. 2) Identify opportunities to ameliorate potential threats or enhance current conditions to achieve desirable outcomes for native fish populations and management. 3) Develop testable hypotheses that can form the basis for event based and condition monitoring that evaluates the effects of proposed hydrological changes, and that could ultimately fo rm part o f adaptive processes for decisions on water delivery or extractio n. The emphasis for these objectives is very much at a level and time frame to inform the feasibility of projects and related management rather than acting as a detailed risk assessment. Project approach: Consideration of ecological response first required collation of information on ecological assets, environmental water requirements and observed flow ecology to provide a basis for assessing likely ecological response (literature review, Aquasave data and personal communication with other experts). Indicative hydrological data to frame the magnitude and scale of proposed interventions was provided through access to gauged flow data from the Department for Water (DfW) Surface Water Archive (www.e-nrims.dwlbc.sa.gov.au/swa), the Board’s online Water Monitoring Network supplied by Water Data Services (www.wdapp.com) and other specific analyses facilitated through the Board (Australian Water Environments, AWE). A small expert panel was convened to assemble loca l o n-ground expertise regarding the nature of flow events, habitats and barriers to provide a context for the assessment and to canvas the implications of the scenarios from different perspectives. The panel, which was assembled for an on-site meeting and tour of the lower catchment and peer review, included: • Alan Ockenden (Board) – project management & hydrology. • Michael Hammer (Aquasave) – project assessment & fish ecology. • Geoff Fisher (AWE) – hydrology and engineering. • Jason VanLaarhoven (DfW) – ecology, water requirements and policy linkage. • Peter Shultz (formerly of the Board) – ecology and local habitat expertise. • Da le M cNe il (SARDI) – fish ecology and restoration, local expertise. Page 3 of 25 Aquasave Consultants 2011 1. Assessment of ecological impacts 1.1. Importance of the Lower Torrens for fishes Despite its position within the heart of a major city populated by over one million people, the section of the River Torrens between Kangaroo Creek Reservoir through the end of the Torrens Gorge to its current mouth at the sea at Breakout Creek still contains key fish related ecological assets for inclusion within natural resource management. A strong information base comes from baseline survey data (Rowntree and Hammer 2004; Gray et al. 2005; Hammer 2005; Hicks and McEvoy 2005), targeted ecological studies (McNeil et al. 2010; McNeil and Schmarr in prep.), and museum and other opportunistic records (Edmeades 1999; Mathews et al. 2004; McNeil and Hammer 2007; Hammer et al. 2009). Records are shown visually in Figure 1. Fish related ecological assets for the Lower Torrens include: • High fish species richness. • Representation of threatened species. • Significant populations. • Multiple functional groups. • Diverse habitat. A total of 15 native freshwater fish species have been recorded (Table 1). Four estuarine species are included in the species list as they have been recorded upstream of the Breakout Weir on occasion, or have been recently recorded immediately below the Breakout Creek weir and could potentially occur upstream. There are several other essentially marine species not included in the list but which also occur in the small section of estuary between the sea and the weir (e.g. Australian salmon). Fishes alien to the Torrens include five translocated Australian native species (three are well established in the Lower Torrens), and six species exotic to Australia (Table 1). Six of the native fishes known to currently occur in the Lower Torrens are considered threatened at the state level (Hammer et al. 2009)( Tab le 1). There is also a translocated population of threatened freshwater catfish from the River Murray which is doing well in the Torrens and may have conservation value as refuge and for ecological research. In addition to important species composition, the value of the Lower Torrens is enhanced as regional population centres or outlying populations for several species. Most notable is a population of mountain galaxias in lowland habitat downstream of the gorge (e.g. downstream of Gorge Weir and S ilke ’s Road area). A landlocked population of common galaxias occurs in the Gorge Weir area, possibly a relic from a natural Torrens system pre its many weirs which fragmented connectivity through to the sea. Significant populations of diadromous fish have been retained (e.g. pouched lamprey) or have returned to the lower reaches following installation of the fish ladder at Breakout Creek (e.g. common galaxias and congolli). Most diadromous species are threatened at the state level (Table 1) so any additional security offered by creating more suitable habitat in the Lower Torrens will foster significant populations. Page 4 of 25 Aquasave Consultants 2011 Four different functional groups of fishes are represented in the stream section, with the functional group of individual species listed in Table 1: • Obligate freshwater, stream specialised: restricted to life in freshwater, with specialised flow or habitat requirements. Landlocked populations of diadromous fish are best described by this group. • Freshwater, generalists: non-specific or flexible flow and habitat requirements, also with broad salinity tolerance. Some species are comfortable in fresh or salt water (euryhaline). • Estuarine: