Waking the Green-Eyed Monster: Attachment Styles and Jealousy Induction in Romantic Relationships

Di a n e Wh i t s o n Although the majority of individuals involved in romantic relationships report having experienced jealousy, relatively little research has examined what factors Saint Louis University lead individuals to attempt to induce jealousy in their romantic partners. We examined how attachment is related to individuals’ jealousy-induction * Br e n t A. Ma t t i n g l y tendencies. Results indicated that (a) jealousy-induction was positively related to both attachment and attachment avoidance, (b) specific attachment styles Ashland University (i.e., secure, preoccupied, dismissing, fearful) were not associated with more or fewer jealousy-inducing behaviors, and (c) women tend to induce jealousy more than men. Because jealousy is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction, these findings suggest that insecurely attached individuals’ behaviors may actually be counterproductive in that they are unintentionally making their partners less happy with the relationship.

any people can think of a friend or previous have paternal uncertainty (i.e., they are never guaran- romantic partner who has purposely induced teed that a woman’s child is truly their offspring), there Mjealousy in a partner. Because jealousy can is a risk that they might invest valuable resources in have negative outcomes on romantic relationships, it raising another man’s child. As such, they experience would be fruitful to understand why individuals would jealousy when their partner engages in sexual . to deliberately make partners jealous. However, However, women are certain of their maternal status. previous research on jealousy has focused on individuals What is more important, then, is that they obtain and who experience or express jealousy, linking it to both maintain the valued resources of the man so that their commitment and attachment style. Therefore, little child has the greatest chance of surviving. If their part- is known about the factors associated with individuals ner were to fall in with another woman, they would who intentionally induce jealousy in their partners. In risk losing the partner’s resources. As such, women this study, we sought to identify some of the personal experience jealousy when their partner becomes emo- variables associated with such individuals. tionally involved with another woman (Buss, Larsen, According to White (1981), romantic jealousy is: Westen, & Semmelroth, 1992). a complex of thoughts, , and actions Previous research linked the experience and which follow threats to … the existence or expression of jealousy to a variety of relational qualities. quality of the relationship, when those threats For example, jealous individuals tend to be more com- are generated by the perception of a real or mitted to their relationships (e.g., Rydell, McConnell, & potential attraction between one’s partner and Bringle, 2004), perceive themselves as possessing poor a (perhaps imaginary) rival. (p. 24) alternatives to the current relationship (Hansen, 1985), and are less satisfied with their relationships (e.g., In order for jealousy to occur, individuals must Guerrero & Eloy, 1992). Additionally, research suggests desire to protect their relationships with partners who that jealousy correlates with individual characteristics, they perceive as possessing (Fleischmann, Spitzberg, specifically adult attachment styles (Guerrero, 1998). Anderson, & Roesch, 2005). Guerrero (1998) further described jealousy as the two interrelated processes of Adult Attachment Styles experience (i.e., cognitive assessments and emotional Individuals form emotional attachment bonds with reactions) and expression (i.e., actions and inter- others that influence relational behaviors throughout personal communication). the course of their life. Attachment consists of two main further posits that jealousy exists as a way of ensuring reproductive success (e.g., Buss, 2000). Because men * Faculty mentor

24 Ps i Ch i Jo u r n a l o f Undergraduate Re s e a r c h | Sp r i n g 2010 Copyright 2010 by Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology (Vol. 15, No. 1/ISSN 1089-4136) Whitson and Mattingly | Je a l o u s y In d u c t i o n i n Ro m a n t i c Re l a t i o n s h i p s dimensions: attachment anxiety and attachment avoid- maintaining behaviors, and are more likely to avoid ance (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998). Attachment expressing jealousy to their partner. Preoccupied anxiety is influenced by viewing the self as worthy of individuals experience the greatest negative and love and support or not, and researchers have con- engage in more surveillance behaviors of their partner, ceptualized it in terms of dependency or anxiety over whereas dismissive individuals feel less and abandonment. Individuals high in attachment anxiety than individuals low in attachment avoidance (Guer- require the external validation of others to maintain rero, 1998). Overall, these results indicate that high positive self-regard. Attachment avoidance is influenced attachment anxiety, particularly when coupled with low by individuals’ view of others as trustworthy and avail- attachment avoidance (i.e., preoccupied attachment able or unreliable and rejecting, and researchers have style), is most strongly related to jealousy. Due to their conceptualized it in terms of comfort or discomfort dependency and strong need to maintain relationships, with intimacy. Individuals high in attachment avoidance preoccupied individuals are more likely to engage in avoid contact with others due to the expectation that restorative behaviors. others are untrustworthy and rejecting. Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance can Jealousy Induction combine to result in a four-style model of attachment Although considerable research has focused on the similar to that proposed by Bartholomew (1990) and characteristics of individuals experiencing jealousy, Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991). Securely attached some individuals purposely evoke feelings of jealousy individuals (low in both anxiety and avoidance) possess in their partners. Although relatively little research a sense of worthiness and an expectation that others are has examined jealousy induction, there is evidence accepting and responsive. Therefore, securely attached that both women and men report purposely inducing individuals are comfortable with intimacy, autonomy, jealousy, although women induce jealousy at higher and interdependence. Preoccupied individuals (high rates than men (White, 1980). More recent research anxiety and low avoidance) have a sense of unworthi- suggests that this behavior is more common than previ- ness yet strive for the of others. Therefore, ously thought – more than 84% of participants in one preoccupied individuals are obsessed with relation- study reported using a jealousy-inducing behavior on ships, are vigilant toward any threat to the relationship, one or more occasion (Brainerd, Hunter, Moore, & experience higher levels of interpersonal distress, and Thompson, 1996). Individuals induce jealousy as a reach out to others to fulfill dependency needs. Dis- means of satisfying two broad goals: (a) to improve missing individuals (low anxiety and high avoidance) the relationship, boost self-esteem, and increase the have a sense of worthiness but view others as untrust- positive outcomes (e.g., satisfaction) from a relation- worthy; dismissing individuals are counter-dependent ship and (b) to punish and control a partner and seek and uninterested in intimacy. Therefore, dismissing (Fleischmann et al., 2005). Furthermore, White individuals report excessive coldness and, instead of a (1980) identified five more specific motives for induc- desire to develop attachments, they view themselves as ing jealousy: increasing relational rewards, bolstering self-sufficient.Fearful individuals (high in both anxiety self-esteem, testing the relationship, seeking revenge, and avoidance) have a sense of unworthiness and view and punishing the partner. Although men and women others as untrustworthy and rejecting; fearful individu- most frequently reported inducing jealousy to test the als are afraid of intimacy and socially avoidant of others. relationship, seek revenge, and bolster their self-esteem Therefore, fearful individuals experience higher levels (Fleischmann et al., 2005; White, 1980), additional of interpersonal distress and fear rejection. research has identified other motives for inducing jeal- ousy, including the desire to achieve positive relational Jealousy and Attachment Styles outcomes (e.g., mate retention; Sheets, Fredendall, & Because jealousy arises from a distressing and threat- Claypool, 1997), to enhance the perception of relation- ening situation, it is likely to activate the attachment ship security and quality (Barelds & Barelds-Dijkstra, system in order to manage the feelings and behaviors 2007), to increase one’s sense of power and control in that stem from relational threat and potential separa- the relationship (e.g., Brainerd et al., 1996; Bringle, tion (Simpson & Rholes, 1994). Research (e.g., Guer- Renner, Terry, & Davis, 1983), and to behave aggres- rero, 1998) suggests an association between jealousy sively (Brainerd et al., 1996). and attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. In addition to the five motives identified, White Individuals high in attachment anxiety experience (1980) also identified five techniques or behaviors of more jealous and than individuals low jealousy induction: talking about past relationships, talk- in attachment anxiety. Individuals high in attachment ing about current relationships, flirting, /sexual avoidance experience less fear, use fewer relationship- contact with another, and lying about the existence of

Sp r i n g 2010 | Ps i Ch i Jo u r n a l o f Undergraduate Re s e a r c h 25 Copyright 2010 by Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology (Vol. 15, No. 1/ISSN 1089-4136) Je a l o u s y In d u c t i o n i n Ro m a n t i c Re l a t i o n s h i p s | Whitson and Mattingly a rival. The most popular jealousy-inducing behavior attachment avoidance would show the highest levels of reported was to draw to the possibility of a jealousy-inducing behaviors. rival by discussing or exaggerating current attractions to others (Fleischmann et al., 2005; White, 1980). Method Participants Present Study As part of a larger study, 100 undergraduates (79 Because previous research indicated that attachment is women, 21 men) currently involved in a romantic associated with jealousy (e.g., Guerrero, 1998), attach- relationship completed an online questionnaire. Eleven ment is associated with aggression (e.g., Powers, 2000), participants took a very short (i.e., less than 10 min) and that aggression is associated with jealousy induction or very long (i.e., longer than 60 min) amount of time (Brainerd et al., 1996), we sought to examine the direct to complete the survey. Because there was reason to association between attachment and jealousy induction. suspect these participants’ data may have been invalid Because individuals with high attachment anxiety (par- (e.g., random responding, acquiescence, distracted ticularly preoccupied individuals) experience the most while completing the task), we eliminated these cases. jealousy and engage in the most aggression (Guerrero, The final sample consisted of 89 participants (72 1998; Powers, 2000), it is likely that an individual with women, 17 men). Participants ranged from 18 to 27 high attachment anxiety would induce jealousy in a years old (M = 19.8, SD = 1.44). The majority of par- partner as a way of testing the partner’s commitment ticipants were Caucasian (79.8%), dating exclusively to the relationship and to increase relational quality (76.4%), not cohabitating (95.5%), and reported being and rewards. Thus, we first hypothesized that individu- in love (73.0%). Participants’ romantic involvement als high in attachment anxiety would report inducing with their current partner ranged from 1 month to 7 jealousy in their partners more than individuals low in years (M = 18.1 months, SD = 19.3). attachment anxiety. As noted earlier, individuals high in attachment Measures avoidance avoid expressing jealousy to their partner, Attachment. The Experiences in Close Relationships experience less relational fear, and use fewer relation- measure (ECR; Brennan et al., 1998) is 36-item scale ship-maintaining behaviors (Guerrero, 1998). Although consisting of two 18-item subscales designed to measure insecurely attached individuals experience more the degree to which an individual exhibits attachment jealousy (Guerrero, 1998), individuals high in attach- avoidance (i.e., avoidance of intimacy) and attachment ment avoidance are uncomfortable with intimacy and anxiety (i.e., anxiety over abandonment). Participants tend to avoid committed relationships (e.g., Brennan rated each item on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, et al., 1998). Thus, it was unclear whether attachment 7 = strongly agree). Examples of items measuring attach- avoidance would be associated with jealousy induction. ment avoidance include “Just when my partner starts Therefore, we posed the following research question: to get close to me, I find myself pulling away” and “I Is attachment avoidance associated with tendencies to tell my partner just about everything.” Examples of induce jealousy? items measuring attachment anxiety include “I worry Preoccupied individuals exhibit higher levels of that romantic partners won’t care about me as much as dependence on others (Bartholomew, 1990); thus, I care about them” and “I often wish that my partner’s it is likely they have less power and control in their feelings for me were as strong as my feelings for him/ relationships. These individuals obsess over their rela- her.” Both subscales demonstrated good reliability tionships and depend on others’ acceptance to feel in the current study (avoidance, α = .95; anxiety, worthy. Therefore, they are likely to be more - α = .92). ally invested in their relationships than their partners. Jealousy induction. Because no known measure of Because the partners of preoccupied individuals are less jealousy induction exists, we created 18 items for the invested, preoccupied individuals are worried that their purposes of this study. We based the instructions and partners will leave the relationship. In turn, preoccu- structure of the items on Pfeiffer and Wong’s (1989) pied individuals are likely to induce jealousy as a way of Multidimensional Jealousy Scale, whereas we used retaining their partner (Sheets et al., 1997). Therefore, White’s (1980) five jealousy-inducing behaviors (i.e., we proposed a second hypothesis that individuals with talking about past relationships, talking about current preoccupied attachment would report engaging in the relationships, flirting, dating or sexual contact with most jealousy-inducing behaviors. In other words, we another, lying about the existence of a rival) as a guide expected that there would be a significant attachment for the content of the items. Participants responded anxiety by attachment avoidance interaction, such to these items based on the following instructions: “In that individuals high in attachment anxiety and low in the following questions, your romantic partner will be

26 Ps i Ch i Jo u r n a l o f Undergraduate Re s e a r c h | Sp r i n g 2010 Copyright 2010 by Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology (Vol. 15, No. 1/ISSN 1089-4136) Whitson and Mattingly | Je a l o u s y In d u c t i o n i n Ro m a n t i c Re l a t i o n s h i p s referred to as ‘X.’ Please respond to the following ques- Discussion tions by circling the appropriate response.” Participants Although previous research has shown that experienced rated each item on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, jealousy is associated with individuals’ attachment 7 = strongly agree). Sample items for the jealousy style (e.g., Guerrero, 1998), no known research has induction measure with the relevant content domain investigated how attachment styles might influence included in parentheses include: “I talk with X about my individuals’ tendencies to induce jealousy in their past romantic relationships in order to make X jealous” partners. Thus, the current study extends previous work (talking about past relationships), “I talk with X about on jealousy induction by demonstrating that there are my opposite-sex in order to make X jeal- attachment style differences in the frequency of jealousy ous” (talking about current relationships), “I flirt with induction from a partner. people in front of X in order to make X jealous” (flirt- Two major findings emerge from the present study. ing), “I tell X when others express romantic First, individuals with insecure attachments (i.e., high (e.g., being asked out on a date, being ‘hit on’) in me anxiety or avoidance) have an increased tendency to in order to make X jealous” (dating/sexual contact with try to induce jealousy in a partner. However, specific another), and “I falsely tell X that others are romanti- attachment styles (i.e., secure, preoccupied, dismissing, cally interested in me in order to make X jealous” (lying fearful) are not related to the likelihood of inducing about the existence of a rival). The jealousy induction jealousy in a partner. Taken together, these findings scale demonstrated good reliability, α = .96. further demonstrate the importance of examining Results attachment style dimensions instead of attachment categories. We first calculated zero-order correlations to ensure Because individuals high in attachment anxiety that individuals’ tendency to induce jealousy in their require the external validation of others in order to partners was associated with both attachment anxiety maintain a positive self-regard and ease the anxiety and avoidance. Confirming our first hypothesis and elicited by a fear of abandonment by a partner (e.g., providing support for our research question, jealousy Brennan et al., 1998), it is likely that these individuals induction was positively associated with attachment induce jealousy as a way of testing their relationship, anxiety, r(89) = .36, p < .001, and attachment avoidance, bolstering their self-esteem, and obtaining a specific r(89) = .34, p < .01. Attachment anxiety and attachment reward such as confirmation that the partner is commit- avoidance were also significantly correlated, r(89) = ted. Together with past research showing that the most .28, p < .01. frequent motivation for inducing jealousy is testing the To assess our second hypothesis (i.e., individu- relationship (Fleischmann et al., 2005; White, 1980), it als with a preoccupied attachment style would be seems likely that individuals high in attachment anxiety most likely to induce jealousy in their partners), we engage in jealousy-inducing behaviors to confirm their conducted a hierarchical regression. In the first step, partners’ commitment. On the other hand, because gender was entered as a control variable. In the second individuals high in attachment avoidance are uncom- step, attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance fortable with intimacy and avoid contact with others were entered as predictor variables. In the third step, due to the expectation that others are untrustworthy the centered interaction of attachment anxiety x attach- and rejecting (e.g., Brennan et al., 1998), it is somewhat ment avoidance was entered as a predictor variable, surprising that attachment avoidance was also a signifi- as suggested by Aiken and West (1991). As shown in 1 At the recommendation of an anonymous reviewer, we reanalyzed Table 1, attachment anxiety (β = .34) and attachment the data and controlled for relationship length in the first step. avoidance (β = .25) were both unique predictors of Controlling for relationship length did not alter the pattern of jealousy induction (Step 2), and the addition of these results at any of the three steps. Furthermore, relationship length was a nonsignificant predictor of jealousy induction in the first constructs significantly improved the predictive ability step (β = -.16, p = .12), thus providing evidence that our obtained of the model beyond that of gender, ΔF(2, 85) = 12.65, results were not an artifact of relationship duration. p < .001, ΔadjR2 = .21. Contrary to expectations, the 2 We recognize that the imbalance in sample sizes of women (n = 72) and men (n = 17) is not ideal, and the results regarding attachment anxiety x attachment avoidance interaction gender should certainly be interpreted with caution. However, term was not a significant predictor in Step 3 β( = .04), eliminating gender from the analysis or reanalyzing these data nor did it significantly improve the model, ΔF(1, 84) with only the sample of women would, in essence, provide less 2 information about the intricacies of jealousy induction than we = 0.16, p = .69, ΔadjR = -.01. In addition, gender was a currently present (i.e., doing so would provide the illusion that significant predictor of jealousy induction after account- jealousy induction is not a gendered behavior, when in fact, it ing for attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance appears that the genders differ in terms of their jealousy induction behaviors). Clearly, future research should obtain a more balanced (β = .25 in Steps 2 and 3), indicating that women induce sample to determine if this pattern of results holds for both women jealousy in their partners more than men.1, 2 and men.

Sp r i n g 2010 | Ps i Ch i Jo u r n a l o f Undergraduate Re s e a r c h 27 Copyright 2010 by Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology (Vol. 15, No. 1/ISSN 1089-4136) Je a l o u s y In d u c t i o n i n Ro m a n t i c Re l a t i o n s h i p s | Whitson and Mattingly cant predictor of jealousy induction. However, these induce jealousy more frequently than men (see Step individuals avoid dependency and view themselves as 3 in Table 1). However, these results should be taken self-sufficient. As such, individuals high in attachment with caution. In the current study, there were a limited avoidance may desire to gain power and control over number of male participants (n = 17) in comparison their partner, as they wish to be less dependent on to female participants (n = 72). Therefore, future their partner. research should examine gender differences in jealousy A second main finding to emerge from this study induction in a more gender-balanced sample (also see is that attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance Footnote 2). were both unique predictors of jealousy induction. In addition to the imbalance of gender, another Attachment anxiety was more strongly related to jeal- limitation of the current study is that it consisted of ousy induction than attachment avoidance, suggesting only undergraduates. This convenience sampling that individuals high in attachment anxiety tend to resulted in participants who were relatively young and engage in jealousy-inducing behaviors more often than romantically inexperienced. Thus, the results of this individuals high in attachment avoidance. However, study may not generalize to other populations, such as the fact that both forms of attachment were unique individuals who may have had more experiences with predictors of jealousy induction suggests that the two jealousy and jealousy induction. Because successes and types of attachment operate differentially. As noted failures with previous jealousy-induction strategies are earlier, individuals high in attachment anxiety likely likely to influence one’s current behavior, replicating engage in jealousy-inducing behaviors as a way to con- this study with a larger and more diverse sample may firm their partners’ commitment. On the other hand, provide a clearer understanding of how attachment individuals high in attachment avoidance may induce style is related to jealousy induction. jealousy in a partner out of a desire to gain power and Although the present study examined only one control. Although the current study did not explore specific individual difference variable (i.e., attachment motivations for inducing jealousy, it seems plausible style), other individual characteristics may be associated that this finding may be explained by such motivations. with jealousy induction. For example, future research Future research examining how attachment style is could examine how jealousy induction is associated with associated with individuals’ motivations for inducing individuals’ conceptualizations of love. Because some jealousy may provide valuable insight into the nature individuals may view love and relationships as a game of these relationships. that needs to be played (e.g., Hendrick, Hendrick, Replicating previous findings (i.e., White, 1980), & Dicke, 1998), it seems likely that individuals’ “love the results of the current study indicated that women styles” could also affect the likelihood of an individual

Table 1 Hierarchical Regression Predicting Jealousy Induction

β t adj R2 df F Step 1 .02 1, 87 3.09 Gender (1 = male, 2 = female) .19 1.76 Step 2 .23 3, 85 9.74*** Gender (1 = male, 2 = female) .25 2.67** Attachment Anxiety .34 3.42** Attachment Avoidance .25 2.60** Step 3 .22 4, 84 7.27*** Gender (1 = male, 2 = female) .25 2.64** Attachment Anxiety .36 3.29** Attachment Avoidance .25 2.60* Anxiety x Avoidance .04 0.40 Note. * p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001.

28 Ps i Ch i Jo u r n a l o f Undergraduate Re s e a r c h | Sp r i n g 2010 Copyright 2010 by Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology (Vol. 15, No. 1/ISSN 1089-4136) Whitson and Mattingly | Je a l o u s y In d u c t i o n i n Ro m a n t i c Re l a t i o n s h i p s engaging in jealousy-inducing behaviors. Bringle, R. G., Renner, P., Terry, R. L., & Davis, S. (1983). An Although insecurely attached individuals may analysis of situation and person components of jealousy. Journal of Research in Personality, 17, 354-368. engage in jealousy-inducing behaviors in order to Buss, D. M. (2000). The dangerous : Why jealousy is as necessary achieve positive relational outcomes, the behavior as love and sex. New York: The Free Press. is most likely counterproductive. Because jealousy is Buss, D. M., Larsen, R. J., Westen, D., & Semmelroth, J. (1992). Sex linked to relational dissatisfaction (e.g., Guerrero & differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology. Eloy, 1992), successfully inducing jealousy in a partner Psychological Science, 3, 251-255. Fleischmann, A. A., Spitzberg, B. H., Anderson, P. A., & Roesch, may also decrease the partner’s satisfaction with the S. C. (2005). Tickling the monster: Jealousy induction in relationship, in turn increasing the likelihood of the relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, relationship ending. Therefore, individuals who feel as 49-73. though their romantic partners tend to leave them may Guerrero, L. K. (1998). Attachment style differences in the experience and expression of romantic jealousy. Personal engage in jealousy-inducing behaviors that threaten Relationships, 5, 273-291. relational satisfaction. Future research could examine Guerrero, L. K., & Eloy, S. V. (1992). Relational satisfaction and how jealousy induction is associated with relational jealousy across marital types. Communication Reports, 5, 23-31. outcomes, such as satisfaction. Relationship therapists Hansen, G. L. (1985). Perceived threats and marital jealousy. Quarterly, 48, 262-268. could apply these findings to recommend methods of Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S. S., & Dicke, A. (1998). The Love Attitudes achieving desired relational motives that are more pro- Scale: Short Form. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, ductive than inducing jealousy in a romantic partner. 147-159. Pfeiffer, S. M., & Wong, P. T. (1989). Multidimensional jealousy. References Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 6, 181-196. Powers, A. M. (2000). The effects of attachment style and jealousy Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. on aggressive behavior against a partner and a rival. Dissertation Barelds, D. P. H., & Barelds-Dijkstra, P. (2007). Relations between Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 61(6- different types of jealousy and self and partner perceptions B), 3325. of relationship quality. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, Rydell, R. J., McConnell, A. R., & Bringle, R. G. (2004). Jealousy and 176-188. commitment: Perceived threat and the effect of relationship Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment alternatives. Personal Relationships, 11, 451-468. perspective. Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 7, Sheets, V. L., Fredendall, L. L., & Claypool, H. M. (1997). Jealousy 147-178. evocation, partner reassurance and relationship stability: An Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles exploration of the potential benefits of jealousy. Evolution and among young : A test of a four-category model. Journal of Human Behavior, 18, 387-402. Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244. Simpson, J. A., & Rholes, W. S. (1994). Stress and secure base Brainerd, E. G., Hunter, P. A., Moore, D., & Thompson, T. R. (1996). relationships in adulthood. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman Jealousy induction as a predictor of power and the use of other control methods in heterosexual relationships. Psychological (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships: Vol. 5. Attachment processes Reports, 7, 1319-1325. in adulthood (pp. 181-204). London, England: Kingsley. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report White, G. L. (1980). Inducing jealousy: A power perspective. measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 222-227. J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close White, G. L. (1981). Jealousy and partner’s perceived motives for relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford. attraction to a rival. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 24-30.

Sp r i n g 2010 | Ps i Ch i Jo u r n a l o f Undergraduate Re s e a r c h 29 Copyright 2010 by Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology (Vol. 15, No. 1/ISSN 1089-4136)