DOCSLIB.ORG

Klaus Ammann, Hon. Prof. University of Bern, Switzerland Bellagio Rockefeller Foundation Seminar on Feral Crops April 26, 2004

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Klaus Ammann, Hon. Prof. University of Bern, Switzerland Bellagio Rockefeller Foundation Seminar on Feral Crops April 26, 2004 Klaus Ammann, hon. Prof. University of Bern, Switzerland Bellagio Rockefeller Foundation Seminar on Feral Crops April 26, 2004 Ideal weed characteristics (after Baker, 1974): 1.Germination requirements fulfilled in a broad range of habitats 2.Discontinuous germination (internally controlled) and great longevity of seeds 3.Rapid growth through vegetative phase to flowering 4.Continuous seed production for as long as growing conditions permit 5.Self-compatible but not completely autogamous or apomictic 6.When cross-pollinated, unspecialized visitors or wind-pollinated 7.Very high seed output under favourable environmental circumstances 8.Produces some seed in wide range of environmental conditions; tolerant and plastic 9.Adaptations for short- and long-distance dispersal 10.If a perennial, vigorous vegetative reproduction or regeneration from fragments 11.If a perennial, brittleness, so not easily drawn from ground 12.Ability to compete interspecifically by special means (rosette, choking growth, allelochemics Hammer, K., Arrowsmith, N., & Gladis, T. (2003) Agrobiodiversity with emphasis on plant genetic resources. Naturwissenschaften, 90, 241-250 <Go to ISI>://000183825100001 or http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Feral/Hammer-P0DTA6LLA1PE9QET.pdf Our results clearly show a very pronounced influence of especially the frequency of parents and hybrids on their fitness (Fig. 2): B. napus, B. rapa and backcross plants (F1 ♀ x B. rapa) set many more seeds in pure stands than in mixtures and more seeds in stands with high frequencies of themselves. F1 plants set many more seeds in mixtures and at low frequencies of itself. Thure Hauser and Rikke Bagger Jørgensen Plant Environment Interactions Programme Development of three cultivated Brassica-species by species hybridization and allopolyploidization (haploid chromosome sets in red) (N. U, 1935; O. WINGE; 1917). The model could be confirmed by molecular analyses. Tested were the composition of a protein (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) (M. B. ROBINS and J. G. VAUGHAM, 1983) and the structure of the respective gene (J. D. PALMER et al, 1983). Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase consists of a large (g) and a small (k) subunit. The different genotypes are marked 1 and 2 (blue). Brassica carinata, for example, contains the gene for the large subunit from Brassica nigra and that of the small subunit from Brassica oleracea. Additionally, genetic engineering was used. The scheme was supplemented by further species (more in: K. GLIMELIUS et al., 1991) European hunters and gatherers 10‘000 years ago Genetic 'signature' Lounes Chikhi, from University College London (UCL), UK, and colleagues looked for this marker by analysing mutations (errors) on Y chromosomes, the bundles of DNA handed down from father to son. Computer analysis In particular, they studied rare mutations called unique event polymorphisms (UEPs). These are not thought to have occurred more than once in recent human history. The presence of UEPs in different populations is likely to indicate common ancestry rather than recurrent changes in gene structure. The research team took the results of a previous study and subjected them to a new computer-intensive technique. From this, the scientists estimate that Middle Eastern farmers contributed about 50% of the analysed genes to the modern European population. Contributions ranged from 15-30% in France and Germany, to 85-100% in southeastern European countries such as Albania, Macedonia, and Greece. These figures are much larger than previous ones, suggesting that the Middle Eastern contribution to European genetic heritage has been underestimated. 1. Gatherer-hunters Gathering, hunting and fishing are successful forms of subsistence economy. 99 percent of human history and 90 percent of all human individuals which ever lived belong to this stage. Gatherer-hunter cultures have become rare nowadays and are mainly found in remote areas under extreme conditions (like desert, rain forest, tundra, high mountains) which may not be representative for study. In earlier days gatherer-hunters did not live on the edge of existence minimum but were allowed to be selective. The influence on the environment was low, but always density-dependent. Social organization was already characterized by labour partition between man and women, group formation, and territoriality. 2. Shepherd nomads (transhumance) Shepherd nomads prefer non-settled keeping and breeding of cattle and other domestic ani-mals. They are specialized on areas with low or unpredictable precipitation. Here field agri-culture without irrigation can not be carried out on a long term. The exact time of origin is unknown. There is a greater social differentiation (craftsmen, tradesmen). The number of animals is correlated to the social prestige. Shephard nomads are often involved in conflicts with other cultures because of alledged envi-ronmental damage caused by migrating herds. 3. Tillage or arable farming (field and garden) To be found since 8,000-10,000 years in Persia and Palestine. The starting point is called the „Neolithic Revolution“. a.Extensive forms (mainly based on subsistence economy) - Shifting cultivation, a sequence of repeated clearing, burning, tillage, and migration - Garden hoed crop culture (using a hoe, spade stick or similar tools) b. Intensive forms (true stationary life form). Work is done for not removing the land (soil cultivation, fertilization, crop rotation). True arable farming was particularly dependent of the use of effective ploughs. It was accompanied by a surplus economy which lead to - labour partitioning between towns and countryside, - keeping of stationary armies, - highly differentiated social labour division into class and caste systems, - population growth. Further properties are - the idea of landownership, - the inheritance of land (as private property), -the idea of nuisant plants and animals (weeds, pests). 4. Agro-industrial agriculture. Nowadays food production is based on the utilization of fossile energy (1-3 are based on enewable resources). Since c. 1850 agriculture is dominated by use of - artificial fertilizers, pesticides, insectizides, fungicides, - fuel for agricultural machines including the energy for the production of the machines, - energy for transporting good (both input and output of production). Shinden: Holy rice fields C, gods B came from mountains Man came from villages A The Fertile Crescent, 9000-4500 BCE Present-day distribution of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides Triticum spelta Analysis of numbers of papers/mentions over time (Agricola database 1970-1996): : Source: AGRICOLA database (1970-1996) Common Name(s): spelt wheat www.hort.purdue.edu/.../ lecture14/fig_14-4.html 6080–6084 PNAS April 30, 2002 vol. 99 no. 9 A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping Yoshihiro Matsuoka*†, Yves Vigouroux*, Major M. Goodman‡, J esus Sanchez G.§, Edward Buckler¶, and John Doebley* http://www.cec.org/files/pdf//Vaughan-e.pdf Great variety of chromosomal structures show that geneflow is not destabilizing the genomes of maize and teosinte Kato: Review of introgression between maize and teosinte Swiss landrace of maize from Thusis, Graubünden, Eastern Switzerland Poisoned fields: A contributor to collapse Mashkan-shapir was a typical Mesopotamian city, located about 20 miles from the Tigris River and connected to the river by a network of canals. Despite a flourishing civilization, Mashkan- shapir was abandoned within only 20 years of its settlement. What could have caused this rapid demise? Along with factors such as war and changes in the environment, scientists now believe irrigation techniques played an important role in Mashkan-shapir's collapse. The same process that allowed farming in this region also eventually made it impossible to farm. Irrigation has a Catch-22: if irrigation water is allowed to sit on the fields and evaporate, it leaves behind mineral salts; if attempts are made to drain off irrigation water and it flows through the soil too quickly, erosion becomes a problem. Deutschewitz, K., Lausch, A., Kuhn, I., & Klotz, S. (2003) Native and alien plant species richness in relation to spatial heterogeneity on a regional scale in Germany. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12, 299-311 <Go to ISI>://000183686000005 or http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Feral/Deutschewitz-Archaeophytes-j.1466-822x.2003.00025.x.pdf www.nau.edu/~qsp/ macrobotanical_lab.html Ken Cole demonstrates proper midden analysis procedures www.nau.edu/~qsp/ macrobotanical_lab.html Sandra Swift purifies midden plant matrix through hydroclensing FIGURES 5-15. Plant macrofossils from late- Pleistocene Matianuck Avenue site (Connecticut), representing species present (5-10) and absent (11-15) from the contemporary alpine flora of the White Mountains: 5, 6, Harrimanella hypnoides, 5, branch with leaves, 6, capsule; 7-10, Salix uva-ursi, four different leaves; 11-13, S. reticulata, three different leaves; 14, 15, Thalictrum alpinum, two achenes. (All scale bars 1 mm.) http://www.erudit.org/revue/gpq/1999/v53/n1/004854ar.html Harrimanella hypnoides Padulosi, S., Hammer, K., & Heller, J.e. (1995) 4. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats © CAB ABSTRACTS, CAB International, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Tuscany, Italy, IS: 92-9043-288-8, pp 262 http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pdf/54.pdf DISCOVERY OF RICE PHYTOLITHS IN THE NEOLITHIC SITE AT JIAHU OF HENAN PROVINCE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE CHEN Baozhang , (Regional Development Institute
Load more

Recommended publications
  • African Traditional Plant Knowledge in the Circum-Caribbean Region
    Journal of Ethnobiology 23(2): 167-185 Fall/Winter 2003 AFRICAN TRADITIONAL PLANT KNOWLEDGE IN THE CIRCUM-CARIBBEAN REGION JUDITH A. CARNEY Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 ABSTRACT.—The African diaspora to the Americas was one of plants as well as people. European slavers provisioned their human cargoes with African and other Old World useful plants, which enabled their enslaved work force and free ma- roons to establish them in their gardens. Africans were additionally familiar with many Asian plants from earlier crop exchanges with the Indian subcontinent. Their efforts established these plants in the contemporary Caribbean plant corpus. The recognition of pantropical genera of value for food, medicine, and in the practice of syncretic religions also appears to have played an important role in survival, as they share similar uses among black populations in the Caribbean as well as tropical Africa. This paper, which focuses on the plants of the Old World tropics that became established with slavery in the Caribbean, seeks to illuminate the botanical legacy of Africans in the circum-Caribbean region. Key words: African diaspora, Caribbean, ethnobotany, slaves, plant introductions. RESUME.—La diaspora africaine aux Ameriques ne s'est pas limitee aux person- nes, elle a egalement affecte les plantes. Les traiteurs d'esclaves ajoutaient a leur cargaison humaine des plantes exploitables dAfrique et du vieux monde pour les faire cultiver dans leurs jardins par les esclaves ou les marrons libres. En outre les Africains connaissaient beaucoup de plantes dAsie grace a de precedents echanges de cultures avec le sous-continent indien.
    [Show full text]
  • Add a Tuber to the Pod: on Edible Tuberous Legumes
    LEGUME PERSPECTIVES Add a tuber to the pod: on edible tuberous legumes The journal of the International Legume Society Issue 19 • November 2020 IMPRESSUM ISSN Publishing Director 2340-1559 (electronic issue) Diego Rubiales CSIC, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture Quarterly publication Córdoba, Spain January, April, July and October [email protected] (additional issues possible) Editor-in-Chief Published by M. Carlota Vaz Patto International Legume Society (ILS) Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Co-published by (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) CSIC, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Córdoba, Spain Oeiras, Portugal Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier [email protected] (Universidade Nova de Lisboa), Oeiras, Portugal Technical Editor Office and subscriptions José Ricardo Parreira Salvado CSIC, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier International Legume Society (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) Apdo. 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain Oeiras, Portugal Phone: +34957499215 • Fax: +34957499252 [email protected] [email protected] Legume Perspectives Design Front cover: Aleksandar Mikić Ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa) plant at harvest, [email protected] showing pods and tubers. Photo courtesy E.O. Leidi. Assistant Editors Svetlana Vujic Ramakrishnan Nair University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Serbia AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan Vuk Đorđević Ana María Planchuelo-Ravelo Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia National University of Córdoba, CREAN, Córdoba, Argentina Bernadette Julier Diego Rubiales Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Lusignan, France CSIC, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Córdoba, Spain Kevin McPhee Petr Smýkal North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA Palacký University in Olomouc, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Fred Muehlbauer Olomouc, Czech Republic USDA, ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, USA Frederick L.
    [Show full text]
  • Studying the Genetic Diversity of Yam Bean Using a New Draft Genome Assembly
    agronomy Article Studying the Genetic Diversity of Yam Bean Using a New Draft Genome Assembly Cassandria G. Tay Fernandez 1, Kalidas Pati 1,2, Anita A. Severn-Ellis 1 , Jacqueline Batley 1 and David Edwards 1,* 1 The School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; [email protected] (C.G.T.F.); [email protected] (K.P.); [email protected] (A.A.S.-E.); [email protected] (J.B.) 2 Regional Centre, ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Bhubaneswar 751019, Odisha, India * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus Rich. Ex DC.) is an underutilized leguminous crop which has been used as a food source across central America and Asia. It is adapted to a range of environments and is closely related to major leguminous food crops, offering the potential to understand the genetic basis of environmental adaptation, and it may be used as a source of novel genes and alleles for the improvement of other legumes. Here, we assembled a draft genome of P. erosus of 460 Mbp in size containing 37,886 gene models. We used this assembly to compare three cultivars each of P. erosus and the closely related P. tuberosus and identified 10,187,899 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The SNP distribution reflects the geographic origin and morphology of the individuals. Keywords: Pachyrhizus erosus; draft genome assembly; genetic diversity; SNPs; phylogenetic trees Citation: Tay Fernandez, C.G.; Pati, K.; Severn-Ellis, A.A.; Batley, J.; Edwards, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Bambara— Food for Africa
    National Department of Agriculture ARC Grain Crops Institute INFO PAK ARC LNR R E E S R O UR CE CE N T Bambara food for Africa (Vigna subterranea bambara groundnut) Dr C.J. Swanevelder Bambara food for Africa (Vigna subterranea bambara groundnut) Dr C.J. Swanevelder 1998 by Government Printer. All rights reserved Printed and published in the Republic of South Africa by the National Department of Agriculture and obtainable from the Resource Centre Directorate Communication Private Bag X144 Pretoria 0001 ISBN 1-86871-022-X iii Contents 1 Introduction 2 Bambara groundnut in South Africa 2 Commercial value and uses 3 Morphology 5 Growth and development 6 Climate 6 Soil requirements 6 Cultivation 8 Planting date 8 Seed rate and spacing 8 Planting method 8 Planting depth 8 Seed treatment 8 Weed control 9 Ridging (earthing up) 10 Harvesting 10 Crop rotation 11 Diseases and pests 11 Storage 11 Yield iii Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Introduction Jugo, njugo, bambara or round beans are widespread in Africa and have various nameseach language and dialect has its own variation. In the literature the name bambara groundnut is commonly used. The beans are related to cowpeas and botanically known as Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc. There are two botanical varieties namely V. subterranea var. spontanea which includes the wild varieties and V. subterranea var. subterranea which includes the cultivated varieties. Although it produces a nutritious food and is cultivated throughout Africa the bambara remains one of the crops most neglected by science. Yet empirical evidence and fragmentary research results suggest that it is a crop with great potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Root Starches Enriched with Proteins and Phenolics from Pachyrhizus Ahipa Roots As Gluten‐
    DR. CECILIA DINI (Orcid ID : 0000-0002-2780-6261) Article type : Original Manuscript Root starches enriched with proteins and phenolics from Pachyrhizus ahipa roots as gluten-free ingredients for baked goods Malgor, M.1, Viña, S. Z.1,2, Dini, C.1* 1CIDCA Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP – CONICET La Plata – CICPBA. 47 y 116 S/N°, La Plata (1900), Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2Curso Bioquímica y Fitoquímica, FCAyF-UNLP * Correspondent. E-mail: [email protected] (Dr. C. Dini) Running title: Gluten-free protein-enriched root starches The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/ijfs.14457 This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been Accepted Article through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/IJFS.14457 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved 1 Summary 2 Ahipa is a gluten-free starchy root, bearing phenolics and a protein content of ~9% db. 3 Ahipa proteins are hydrosoluble, thus they are lost during starch extraction. The aim of this 4 work was to recover ahipa proteins by isoelectric point (pI) precipitation to enrich ahipa 5 and cassava starches. Both enriched starches had protein contents of ~2%, and their ATR- 6 FTIR spectra revealed bands characteristic of ahipa proteins. Enriched starches also 7 contained phenolics in concentrations of 18-20 µg GAE/g.
    [Show full text]
  • Bambara Nut: a Review of Utilisation, Market Potential and Crop Improvement
    African Crop Science Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1 - 16 ISSN 1021-9730/2012 $4.00 Printed in Uganda. All rights reserved ©2012, African Crop Science Society BAMBARA NUT: A REVIEW OF UTILISATION, MARKET POTENTIAL AND CROP IMPROVEMENT R.J. HILLOCKS, C. BENNETT and O.M. MPONDA1 Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK 1Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute, Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania Corresponding author’s email address: [email protected] (Received 19 May, 2011; accepted 7 November, 2011) ABSTRACT Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) originated in West Africa but has become widely distributed throughout the semi-arid zone of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Sharing a high nutritive value with other widely consumed legumes, bambara has an appealing flavour which is reflected in demand from small local and niche markets. Despite its high and balanced protein content, bambara remains under-utilised because it takes a long time to cook, contains anti-nutritional factors and does not dehull easily. Bambara yields well under conditions which are too arid for groundnut (Arachis hypogea), maize (Zea mays L.) and even sorghum (Sorghum bicolar). Its drought tolerance makes bambara a useful legume to include in climate change adaptation strategies. Existing bambara products are not well promoted in the local or international markets and new products are needed that highlight its inherent nutritional and culinary advantages. A number of projects on bambara, involving several countries in SSA since the 1980s, have failed to stimulate a sustainable increase in the production of the crop. The absence of functioning value chains has been a factor in this failure, as accessible market outlets might provide the required incentive for smallholder households to obtain improved seed and invest more of their land and labour in the crop.
    [Show full text]
  • Production Guidelines for Bambara Groundnuts
    Production guidelines for Bambara groundnuts agriculture, forestry & fisheries Department: Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA Production guideline for Bambara groundnuts DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES Directorate Plant Production 2011 Compiled by Directorate Plant Production in collaboration with the ARC Obtainable from Resource Centre Directorate Agricultural Information Services Private Bag X144, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa The web: www.daff.gov.za Published by Directorate Agricultural Information Services Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Private Bag X144, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Further information or contacts Directorate Plant Production, Division Indigenous Crops Tel: 012 319 6079 Fax: 012 319 6372 E-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS PART I: General ............ ………………………………………….. 1 1. Classification ………………………………………………... 1 2. Origin and distribution ………………………………………. 1 3. Production level ……………………………………………... 1 4. Major production areas in South Africa …………………... 2 5. Varieties and cultivars ...……………………………………. 2 6. Descriptions …………………………………………............ 3 7. Climatic requirements ………………………………............ 4 8. Soil requirement …………………………………………….. 4 PART II: Cultivation practices ……………………………………... 5 1. Propagation ……………………………………………......... 5 2. Soil preparation ..………………………………................... 5 3. Field layout and design ..……………………………........... 5 4. Planting . .…………………………………………................ 5 5. Fertilisation ……………………………………..................... 6 6. Irrigation
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity in Cultivated Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus Spp.) Evaluated Through Multivariate Analysis of Morphological and Agronomic Traits
    Genetic diversity in cultivated yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) evaluated through multivariate analysis of morphological and agronomic traits Zanklan, A. Séraphin; Becker, Heiko C.; Sørensen, Marten; Pawelzik, Elke; Grüneberg, Wolfgang J. Published in: Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution DOI: 10.1007/s10722-017-0582-5 Publication date: 2018 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Zanklan, A. S., Becker, H. C., Sørensen, M., Pawelzik, E., & Grüneberg, W. J. (2018). Genetic diversity in cultivated yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) evaluated through multivariate analysis of morphological and agronomic traits. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(3), 811-843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0582-5 Download date: 26. sep.. 2021 Genet Resour Crop Evol (2018) 65:811–843 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0582-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Genetic diversity in cultivated yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) evaluated through multivariate analysis of morphological and agronomic traits A. Séraphin Zanklan . Heiko C. Becker . Marten Sørensen . Elke Pawelzik . Wolfgang J. Grüneberg Received: 22 June 2016 / Accepted: 7 October 2017 / Published online: 28 December 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Yam bean [Pachyrhizus DC.] is a legume whereas ‘Chuin’ cultivars with high root DM content genus of the subtribe Glycininae with three root crop are cooked and consumed like manioc roots. Inter- species [P. erosus (L.) Urban, P. tuberosus (Lam.) specific hybrids between yam bean species are Spreng., and P. ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi]. Two of the generally completely fertile. This study examines four cultivar groups found in P.
    [Show full text]
  • Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea [L.] Verdc.) Production, Utilisation and Genetic Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa
    agronomy Review Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) Production, Utilisation and Genetic Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa Nomathemba Gloria Majola 1,2 , Abe Shegro Gerrano 2,* and Hussein Shimelis 1 1 School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; [email protected] (N.G.M.); [email protected] (H.S.) 2 Agricultural Research Council—Vegetables, Industrial and Medicinal Plant Institute, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) is a nutritionally rich grain legume crop indigenous to Africa. It is tolerant to drought stress and has become adapted to grow under low input and marginal agricultural production systems in Africa and Asia. Bambara groundnut is an orphan crop, and represents a neglected and under researched plant genetic resource. Modern crop management, production technologies, and value chains are yet to be developed in Africa to achieve the potential economic gains from Bambara groundnut production and marketing. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) the production and productivity of Bambara groundnut is low and stagnant because of diverse abiotic and biotic stresses and socio-economic constraints. Improved crop management and post handling technologies, modern varieties with high yield and nutritional quality, value addition, and market access are among the key considerations in current and future Bambara groundnut research and development programs. This paper presents progress on Bambara groundnut Citation: Majola, N.G.; Gerrano, A.S.; production, utilization, and genetic improvement in SSA. It presents the key production constraints, Shimelis, H.
    [Show full text]
  • Farmers' Preferences for Genetic Resources of Kersting's
    agronomy Article Farmers’ Preferences for Genetic Resources of Kersting’s Groundnut [Macrotyloma geocarpum (Harms) Maréchal and Baudet] in the Production Systems of Burkina Faso and Ghana Mariam Coulibaly 1,2, Chaldia O.A. Agossou 1,Félicien Akohoué 1, Mahamadou Sawadogo 2 and Enoch G. Achigan-Dako 1,* 1 Laboratory of Genetics, Horticulture and Seed Science, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin; [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (C.O.A.A.); [email protected] (F.A.) 2 Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Science, University of Ouaga I Pr. Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 February 2020; Accepted: 4 March 2020; Published: 8 March 2020 Abstract: Pulses play important roles in providing proteins and essential amino-acids, and contribute to soils’ nutrients cycling in most smallholder farming systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). These crops can be promoted to meet food and nutrition security goals in low-income countries. Here, we investigated the status of Kersting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum, Fabaceae), a neglected pulse in West Africa. We explored its diversity, the production systems, the production constraints and farmers’ preferences in Burkina Faso and Ghana. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted in 39 villages with 86 respondents grouped in five sociolinguistic groups. Our results indicated that Macrotyloma geocarpum was produced in three cultivation systems: in the first system, farmers grew Kersting’s groundnut in fields, mostly on mounds or on ridges; in the second system, farmers grew it as field border; and in the third system, no clear tillage practice was identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Agronomic Performance and Genetic Diversity of the Root Crop Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus Spp.) Under West African Conditions
    Agronomic performance and genetic diversity of the root crop yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) under West African conditions Doctoral Dissertation Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Georg-August University Göttingen Germany by Ahissou Séraphin Zanklan from Porto-Novo, Benin Göttingen, July 2003 D7 1st examiner: Prof. Dr. Heiko C. Becker 2nd examiner: Prof. Dr. Elke Pawelzik Date of oral examination: 17 July 2003 To my parents, brothers and sisters Table of contents List of Abbreviations...................................................................................iii List of Figures.............................................................................................iv List of Tables...............................................................................................v 1. Introduction and literature review...........................................................1 1.1. Background and objectives......................................................1 1.2. The genus Pachyrhizus............................................................4 1.2.1. Botanical description, taxonomy and ecogeographic requirements.............................................................................4 1.2.2. Agronomy and breeding...........................................................9 1.2.3. Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value...........................14 1.2.4. Biological Nitrogen Fixation......................................................16 2. Evaluation of the root
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptors for Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea)
    Descriptors for VignaBambara subterranea groundnut List of Descriptors Almond (revised) * (E) 1985 Phaseolus acutifolius (E) 1985 Apple (E) 1982 Phaseolus coccineus * (E) 1983 Apricot * (E) 1984 Phaseolus vulgaris * (E) 1982 Avocado (E,S) 1995 Pigeonpea (E) 1993 Bambara groundnut (E) 1987 Pineapple (E) 1991 Banana (E,S,F) 1996 Pistacia (excluding Pistacia vera) (E) 1998 Barley (E) 1994 Pistachio (E,F) 1997 Beta (E) 1991 Plum * (E) 1985 Black pepper (E,S) 1995 Potato variety * (E) 1985 Brassica and Raphanus (E) 1990 Quinua * (E) 1981 Brassica campestris L. (E) 1987 Rice * (E) 1980 Buckwheat (E) 1994 Rye and Triticale * (E) 1985 Capsicum (E,S) 1995 Safflower * (E) 1983 Cardamom (E) 1994 Sesame * (E) 1981 Carrot (E,S,F) 1999 Setaria italica Cashew (E) 1986 and S. pumilia (E) 1985 Cherry * (E) 1985 Sorghum (E,F) 1993 Chickpea (E) 1993 Soyabean * (E,C) 1984 Citrus (E,S,F) 1999 Strawberry (E) 1986 Coconut (E) 1992 Sunflower * (E) 1985 Coffee (E,S,F) 1996 Sweet potato (E,S,F) 1991 Cotton (Revised) (E) 1985 Taro (E,S,F) 1980 Cowpea (E) 1983 Tea (E,S,F) 1997 Cultivated potato * (E) 1977 Tomato (E, S, F) 1996 Echinochloa millet * (E) 1983 Tropical fruit * (E) 1980 Eggplant (E,F) 1990 Vigna aconitifolia Faba bean * (E) 1985 and V. trilobata (E) 1985 Finger millet (E) 1985 Vigna mungo Forage grass * (E) 1985 and V. radiata (Revised) * (E) 1985 Forage legumes * (E) 1984 Walnut (E) 1994 Grapevine (E,S,F) 1997 Wheat (Revised) * (E) 1985 Groundnut (E,S,F) 1992 Wheat and Aegilops * (E) 1978 Jackfruit (E) 2000 White Clover (E) 1992 Kodo millet * (E) 1983 Winged Bean * (E) 1979 Lathyrus (E) 2000 Xanthosoma (E) 1989 Lentil * (E) 1985 Yam (E,S,F) 1997 Lima bean * (E) 1982 Lupin * (E,S) 1981 IPGRI publications are available free of charge Maize (E,S,F,P) 1991 to the libraries of genebanks, university Mango (E) 1989 departments, research institutions, etc.
    [Show full text]