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Music-Induced Spirit Possession Trance in Morocco: Implications for Anthropology and Allied Disciplinesِ

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Music-Induced Spirit Possession Trance in Morocco: Implications for Anthropology and Allied Disciplinesِ MUSIC-INDUCED SPIRIT POSSESSION TRANCE IN MOROCCO: IMPLICATIONS FOR ANTHROPOLOGY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINESِ By KAMAL FERIALI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Kamal Feriali 2 To Truffiaut 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are due first and foremost to the hundreds of Moroccan trancers and other field informants in the Medinas of Meknès and Moulay Idriss, and the surrounding villages, who contributed precious cultural material for this work. Mr. Driss Nouijiai, my field assistant, is particularly recognized for immensely facilitating the process of data collection. At the University of Florida, I acknowledge my doctoral committee chair, Dr. Elizabeth Guillette, as well as every other member of my committee: Dr. Sylvie Blum, Dr. Abdoulaye Kane, Dr. Paul Magnarella, and Dr. Vasu Narayanan. I appreciate their support in various ways, and their willingness to dedicate precious time to reading and/or commenting my work. To Dr. Paul Magnarella, in particular, I furthermore owe several years of intellectual and academic mentoring. Special thanks go to the staff of the Graduate School Editorial Office for having individually assisted me multiple times with the formatting of this work throughout Spring 2009. I was grateful for their welcoming attitude even during the busiest season of the Editorial Office prior to dissertation submission deadlines. Their personable care has made a huge difference. I warmly appreciate the communities of St. Augustine’s Catholic Church in Gainesville, FL, Eglise Notre Dame des Oliviers, and Centre St. Antoine in Meknès, Morocco, for accompanying me over the years. Frs. Jean-Mohammed Abdeljalil, Joël Colombel, John Gillespie, Pietro Pagliarini, and Simeon Stachera, to mention a few only, have all left enduring marks on my path. Hasnae and Hassana Feriali, my twin sisters, have not participated in the research, but have selflessly accommodated my limited availability to spend time with them during my field trips in Morocco. I cannot thank them enough for the joy they have constantly brought to my life. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 8 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 11 Notes on Methodology ................................................................................................................ 14 Fieldwork Structure..................................................................................................................... 16 Field Assistant ............................................................................................................................. 19 2 POSSESSION AND CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................ 21 Terminology and Scope .............................................................................................................. 21 Pioneers in Anthropology ........................................................................................................... 23 Contemporary Models ................................................................................................................ 26 3 THE MOROCCAN CONTEXT ................................................................................................ 31 Morocco: An Overview .............................................................................................................. 31 A Tri-partite Tradition ................................................................................................................ 34 Islam ..................................................................................................................................... 34 Sufism ................................................................................................................................... 36 Witchcraft ............................................................................................................................. 39 Synthesis in Trance .............................................................................................................. 41 Special Impact of 20th Century Political Developments ........................................................... 45 4 THE STRUCTURE OF A GNAWA NIGHT ........................................................................... 51 Stepping into the Field ................................................................................................................ 52 Planning the Gnawa Night .......................................................................................................... 55 The Event ..................................................................................................................................... 56 The Overture ........................................................................................................................ 58 Samples from the Main Part................................................................................................ 60 Jilali ............................................................................................................................... 60 Malika ........................................................................................................................... 60 Hammou........................................................................................................................ 61 Non-trancers ......................................................................................................................... 63 5 5 THE NATURE OF PERSONAL SPIRITS ............................................................................... 66 Genesis of the Gnawa spirits ...................................................................................................... 66 Folk Perspectives on the Spirits ................................................................................................. 68 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 74 6 CONSCIOUSNESS, AGENCY AND PERSONHOOD .......................................................... 76 Trance Volition and Consciousness ........................................................................................... 77 The Case of Karim ............................................................................................................... 77 The Case of Bouchra ........................................................................................................... 82 Synthesis: A Contractually Fragmented Consciousness ................................................... 83 The Effect of Experience on Volitional Behavior ..................................................................... 85 A Composite Psychodynamic Profile ........................................................................................ 87 A Form of Dissociation? ............................................................................................................. 89 Recapitulation .............................................................................................................................. 93 7 POSSESSION TRANCE AND AFFLICTION ........................................................................ 96 Trancer’s Assessment and Affliction ......................................................................................... 97 Neutral Assessment Indicators ............................................................................................ 98 Positive Assessment Indicators ........................................................................................... 98 Negative Assessment Indicators ....................................................................................... 100 “Affliction” in Moroccan Arabic ............................................................................................. 103 Individual Variability ................................................................................................................ 103 Case 1 ................................................................................................................................. 104 Case 2 ................................................................................................................................. 106 Case 3 ................................................................................................................................. 108 Recapitulation ............................................................................................................................ 110 8 IMPLICATIONS FOR IDENTITY ........................................................................................
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