DOCSLIB.ORG

Revised Taxonomy of the Class Mollicutes: Proposed Elevation of a Monophyletic Cluster of Arthropod-Associated Mollicutes to Ordinal Rank (Entomoplasmatalesord

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Revised Taxonomy of the Class Mollicutes: Proposed Elevation of a Monophyletic Cluster of Arthropod-Associated Mollicutes to Ordinal Rank (Entomoplasmatalesord INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 1993, p. 378-385 Vol. 43, No. 2 0020-7713/93/020378-08$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1993, International Union of Microbiological Societies NOTES Revised Taxonomy of the Class Mollicutes: Proposed Elevation of a Monophyletic Cluster of Arthropod-Associated Mollicutes to Ordinal Rank (Entomoplasmatalesord. nov.), with Provision for Familial Rank To Separate Species with Nonhelical Morphology (Entomoplasmataceaefam. nov.) from Helical Species (Spiroplasmataceae),and Emended Descriptions of the Order Mycoplasmatales, Family Mycoplasmataceae JOSEPH G. TULLY,’* JOSEPH M. BOVE,2 FREDERIC LAIGRET,2 AND ROBERT F. WHITCOMB3 Mycoplasma Section, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21 702’; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Molhdaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and University of Bordeaux 11, 33883 Kllenave-d ’Ornon Ceda, France2; and Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 207053 On the basis of recent phylogenetic studies of 47 species within the class Mollicutes and recent molecular and physiologic findings that distinguish a new group of non-sterol-requiring insect and plant mollicutes from Acholeplasma species, we propose a revised taxonomy of the class Mollicutes. Order I (Mycoplasmutales)is retained as described earlier (S. Razin and E. A. Freundt, p. 740-742, in N. R. Krieg and J. G. Holt, ed,, Bergey ’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol, 1,1984), with provision for a single family (Mycoplasmataceae) and two genera (Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma) for classification of sterol-requiring mollicutes primarily associated with vertebrates. Emended descriptions of the order and family for the above taxa are hereby included. Proposed order I1 (Entomophmutales ord. nov,) contains subtaxa for either nonhelical (Entomoplas- mtuceae fam. nov.) or helical (Spirophmataceae)mollicutes; the latter family is hereby transferred from the order Mycoplasmatales. The new order and family permit designation and classification of a monophyletic cluster of mollicute strains associated primarily with arthropods. It is proposed that nonhelical, sterol- requiring insect and plant mollicutes previously designated Mycoplasma ellychniae (Tully et al., 1989), Mycoplasma melaleucae (Tully et al., 1990), Mycoplasma somnilux (Williamson et al., 1990), Mycophma luminosum (Williamson et al., 1990), and Mycophmu lucivorax (Williamson et al., 1990) be transferred to Entornoplasma gen. nov., family Entomoplasmataceae fam. nov., as Entomoplasma ellychniae comb. nov., Entomoplasma melaleucae comb. nov., Entomoplasma somnilux comb. nov, Entomoplasma luminosum comb. nov., and Entornoplasma lucivorax comb. nov. Furthermore, the genus Mesoplasma gen, nov. within the family Entomoplasmataceae fam. nov. is proposed for four non-sterol-requiring insect and plant mollicutes. This designation requires the transfer of Acholephma florum (McCoy et al., 1984), Acholeplasma entomophilum (Tully et al., 1988), Acholeplasma seirertii (Bonnet et al., 1991), and Mycoplasma ktucae (Rose et al., 1990) to Mesoplasma florum comb. nov., Mesoplasma entomophilum comb. nov., Mesoplasma seifertii comb. nov., and Mesoplasma luctucae comb. nov., respectively. Previously established orders Acholeplasmatales and Anaeroplasmatales within the class Mollicutes are designated orders I11 and IV, respectively, in the proposed revision. Classification and characteristics of lower taxa within these two orders remain as previously given. The proposal outlined here does not consider the large cluster of nonculturable, arthropod-associated, plant-pathogenic mollicutes (“mycoplasma-like organisms”) recently shown to be more closely related to members of the order Acholeplasmatales. The order Mycoplasmatales, first proposed in 1955 by species. It soon became apparent that a number of newly Freundt (ll), was later incorporated into the joint taxonomic described species in the genus Mycoplasma did not require proposals of Edward and Freundt in 1967 (9) to classify sterols or cholesterol for growth, and subsequent proposals sterol-requiring, wall-less prokaryotes in the class Molli- were made to separate these organisms into a new family CUtes (26). In these early endeavors, the single order encorn- (Acholeplasmataceae) and genus (Acholeplasma) within the Passed a small cluster of about 12 serologicallY distinct order Mycoplasmatales (10, 39). By 1983, fundamental al- terations in the perception of acholeplasma ecology had occurred, including observations that the organisms were * Corresponding author. commensals in a variety of animal hosts and could be 378 VOL. 43, 1993 NOTES 379 isolated from insects and plant surfaces (8, 20, 35, 39, 40). plasma/mycoides” group, a cluster of helical and nonhelical These and other major distinctions, particularly data show- sterol-requiring organisms phylogenetically distinct not only ing that Acholeplasma species had twice the genome size from members of the orders Acholeplasmatales and Anaero- (1,500 kbp) of Mycoplasrna species, were used in a 1984 plasmatales but also from the vast majority of members of proposal that elevated the family Acholeplasmataceae to the family Mycoplasmataceae. ordinal rank (order 11, Acholeplasmatales) within the class More recently, additional molecular distinctions between Mollicutes (12). Later, a cluster of strictly anaerobic anaero- the non-sterol-requiring insect- or plant-derived strains and plasmas from the rumens of bovine and ovine hosts were classic acholeplasmas have been documented. A. florum has raised to ordinal rank (order 111, Anaeroplasmatales) within been shown to possess a gene coding for one of the compo- the class (29). nents (enzyme 11) of a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependentsug- The taxonomic characterization and description of Spiro- ar-phosphotransferase system and to utilize UGA as a tryp- plasma citri in 1973 (32), the first helical, sterol-requiring tophan codon (21, 22). A functional phosphotransferase mollicute of plant and/or arthropod origin, caused certain system(s) appears to be absent in Acholeplasma spp. and in classification problems at higher taxonomic levels. The some nonfermentative Mycoplasma species but is present in morphology of the organism was clearly different from that Spiroplasma spp. and fermentative Mycoplasma species (3, of all other known mollicutes, and while the helical organ- 37,38). Likewise, the use of the UGA codon as a tryptophan isms required cholesterol, their 1,500-kbp genomes were signal is characteristic of Mycoplasma and Spiroplasma twice the size of those of other species of sterol-requiring species (27, 54). In contrast, Acholeplasma species utilize mollicutes. Eventually, S. citri and other species in the the UGA codon as a stop signal (36). Major differences in the genus Spiroplasma were elevated (34) to a family (Spiroplas- genome size among organisms in each of the two groups mataceae) within the order Mycoplasmatales. Although have also been disclosed recently. Data obtained by pulsed- many new spiroplasmas have been subsequently discovered field gel electrophoresis show that A. florum and other (43, 53), all have been shown to be associated with arthro- similar insect- or plant-derived strains have genome sizes in pods. the range of 860 to 1,100 kbp (570 to 730 MDa) (2, 25). In While higher classification of the spiroplasmas may have contrast, classic Acholeplasma species have genomes of been a minor dilemma, it soon became apparent that other 1,500 to 1,600 kbp (2, 24, 28). Thus, genome size, UGA newly isolated plant or insect mollicutes presented much codon usage, presence of a phosphotransferase system en- more serious problems in classification. The tropical flower zyme 11, and 16s rRNA sequences of the new insect and isolates described in 1979 by McCoy and associates (20) plant mollicutes clearly imply that they have greater affinities were the first to undergo extensive characterization. Three to members of the order Mycoplasmatales than to members serologically related strains (Ll, GF1, and PP2) appeared to of the order Acholeplasrnatales. possess most of the properties of acholeplasmas, including The sterol-Tween 80 test system described initially for A. rapid and extensive growth in broth medium at a tempera- florum (18, 40) and subsequently applied to other insect and ture optimum of about 30°C. Despite repeated testing, these plant mollicutes (1, 42, 44, 45, 52) provides a consistent strains could not be grown in medium devoid of cholesterol phenotypic marker for identification of strains that are or serum. However, it was eventually shown that growth did capable of growing in the presence of 0.04% Tween 80. A occur in serum- or cholesterol-free media containing 0.04% simplified method for testing sterol requirements, including Tween 80 (polyoqethylene sorbitan) (40). Since these flow- measuring growth promotion with Tween 80, has recently er-associated strains apparently grew in the absence of been proposed (31). serum or cholesterol, they were named Acholeplasma flo- On the basis of the above observations, we offer the rum (18). Two additional serologically distinct species, again following proposals for revision in the taxonomy of the class of insect or plant origin and with similar growth properties, Mollicutes (Table 1). were described more recently as Acholeplasma ento- Proposal for Entomoplasma gen. nov. for sterol-requiring mophilum (42) and Acholeplasma seiflertii
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Obligate Endobacteria of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Are Ancient Heritable Components Related to the Mollicutes
    The ISME Journal (2010) 4, 862–871 & 2010 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE The obligate endobacteria of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ancient heritable components related to the Mollicutes Maria Naumann1,2, Arthur Schu¨ ler2 and Paola Bonfante1 1Department of Plant Biology, University of Turin and IPP-CNR, Turin, Italy and 2Department of Biology, Inst. Genetics, University of Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been symbionts of land plants for at least 450 Myr. It is known that some AMF host in their cytoplasm Gram-positive endobacteria called bacterium-like organisms (BLOs), of unknown phylogenetic origin. In this study, an extensive inventory of 28 cultured AMF, from diverse evolutionary lineages and four continents, indicated that most of the AMF species investigated possess BLOs. Analyzing the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as a phylogenetic marker revealed that BLO sequences from divergent lineages all clustered in a well- supported monophyletic clade. Unexpectedly, the cell-walled BLOs were shown to likely represent a sister clade of the Mycoplasmatales and Entomoplasmatales, within the Mollicutes, whose members are lacking cell walls and show symbiotic or parasitic lifestyles. Perhaps BLOs maintained the Gram-positive trait whereas the sister groups lost it. The intracellular location of BLOs was revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and confirmed by pyrosequencing. BLO DNA could only be amplified from AMF spores and not from spore washings. As highly divergent BLO sequences were found within individual fungal spores, amplicon libraries derived from Glomus etunicatum isolates from different geographic regions were pyrosequenced; they revealed distinct sequence compositions in different isolates.
    [Show full text]
  • Army Ants Harbor a Host-Specific Clade of Entomoplasmatales Bacteria
    APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 2011, p. 346–350 Vol. 77, No. 1 0099-2240/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/AEM.01896-10 Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Army Ants Harbor a Host-Specific Clade of Entomoplasmatales Bacteriaᰔ† Colin F. Funaro,1¶ Daniel J. C. Kronauer,2 Corrie S. Moreau,3 Benjamin Goldman-Huertas,2§ Naomi E. Pierce,2 and Jacob A. Russell1* Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 191041; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 021382; and Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 606053 Received 9 August 2010/Accepted 30 October 2010 In this article, we describe the distributions of Entomoplasmatales bacteria across the ants, identifying a novel lineage of gut bacteria that is unique to the army ants. While our findings indicate that the Entomoplasmatales are not essential for growth or development, molecular analyses suggest that this relationship is host specific and potentially ancient. The documented trends add to a growing body of literature that hints at a diversity of undiscovered associations between ants and bacterial symbionts. The ants are a diverse and abundant group of arthropods bacteria from the order Entomoplasmatales (phylum Teneri- that have evolved symbiotic relationships with a wide diversity cutes; class Mollicutes) (41). Although they can act as plant and of organisms, including bacteria (52, 55). Although bacteria vertebrate pathogens (16, 47), these small-genome and wall- comprise one of the least studied groups of symbiotic partners less bacteria have more typically been found across multiple across these insects, even our limited knowledge suggests that insect groups (6, 18, 20, 31, 33, 49, 51), where their phenotypic they have played integral roles in the success of herbivorous effects range from mutualistic (14, 23) to detrimental (6, 34) or and fungivorous ants (9, 12, 15, 37, 41).
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Detection of Urogenital Mollicutes in Patients with Invasive Malignant Prostate Tumor Osama Mohammed Saed Abdul-Wahab1, Mishari H
    Abdul-Wahab et al. Infectious Agents and Cancer (2021) 16:6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-021-00344-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Molecular detection of urogenital mollicutes in patients with invasive malignant prostate tumor Osama Mohammed Saed Abdul-Wahab1, Mishari H. Al-Shyarba2, Boutheina Ben Abdelmoumen Mardassi3, Nessrine Sassi3, Majed Saad Shaya Al Fayi4, Hassan Otifi5, Abdullah Hassan Al Murea6, Béhija Mlik3 and Elhem Yacoub3* Abstract Background: The etiology of prostate cancer (PCa) is multiple and complex. Among the causes recently cited are chronic infections engendered by microorganisms that often go unnoticed. A typical illustration of such a case is infection due to mollicutes bacteria. Generally known by their lurking nature, urogenital mollicutes are the most incriminated in PCa. This study was thus carried out in an attempt to establish the presence of these mollicutes by PCR in biopsies of confirmed PCa patients and to evaluate their prevalence. Methods: A total of 105 Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded prostate tissues collected from 50 patients suffering from PCa and 55 with benign prostate hyperplasia were subjected to PCR amplification targeting species-specific genes of 5 urogenital mollicutes species, Mycoplasma genitalium, M. hominis, M. fermentans, Ureaplasma parvum, and U. urealyticum. PCR products were then sequenced to confirm species identification. Results significance was statistically assessed using Chi-square and Odds ratio tests. Results: PCR amplification showed no positive results for M. genitalium, M. hominis, and M. fermentans in all tested patients. Strikingly, Ureaplasma spp. were detected among 30% (15/50) of PCa patients. Nucleotide sequencing further confirmed the identified ureaplasma species, which were distributed as follows: 7 individuals with only U.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogenetic Composition and Structure of Soil Microbial Communities Shifts in Response to Elevated Carbon Dioxide
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 259–272 & 2012 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/12 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE The phylogenetic composition and structure of soil microbial communities shifts in response to elevated carbon dioxide Zhili He1, Yvette Piceno2, Ye Deng1, Meiying Xu1,3, Zhenmei Lu1,4, Todd DeSantis2, Gary Andersen2, Sarah E Hobbie5, Peter B Reich6 and Jizhong Zhou1,2 1Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA; 2Ecology Department, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; 3Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China; 4College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; 5Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, St Paul, MN, USA and 6Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA One of the major factors associated with global change is the ever-increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2. Although the stimulating effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on plant growth and primary productivity have been established, its impacts on the diversity and function of soil microbial communities are poorly understood. In this study, phylogenetic microarrays (PhyloChip) were used to comprehensively survey the richness, composition and structure of soil microbial communities in a grassland experiment subjected to two CO2 conditions (ambient, 368 p.p.m., versus elevated, 560 p.p.m.) for 10 years. The richness based on the detected number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) significantly decreased under eCO2.
    [Show full text]
  • First Insight Into Microbiome Profile of Fungivorous Thrips Hoplothrips Carpathicus (Insecta: Thysanoptera) at Different Develop
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN First insight into microbiome profle of fungivorous thrips Hoplothrips carpathicus (Insecta: Thysanoptera) Received: 19 January 2018 Accepted: 12 September 2018 at diferent developmental stages: Published: xx xx xxxx molecular evidence of Wolbachia endosymbiosis Agnieszka Kaczmarczyk 1, Halina Kucharczyk2, Marek Kucharczyk3, Przemysław Kapusta4, Jerzy Sell1 & Sylwia Zielińska5,6 Insects’ exoskeleton, gut, hemocoel, and cells are colonized by various microorganisms that often play important roles in their host life. Moreover, insects are frequently infected by vertically transmitted symbionts that can manipulate their reproduction. The aims of this study were the characterization of bacterial communities of four developmental stages of the fungivorous species Hoplothrips carpathicus (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), verifcation of the presence of Wolbachia, in silico prediction of metabolic potentials of the microorganisms, and sequencing its mitochondrial COI barcode. Taxonomy- based analysis indicated that the bacterial community of H. carpathicus contained 21 bacterial phyla. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacterioidetes and Firmicutes, and the most abundant classes were Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, with diferent proportions in the total share. For pupa and imago (adult) the most abundant genus was Wolbachia, which comprised 69.95% and 56.11% of total bacterial population respectively. Moreover, similarity analysis of bacterial communities showed that changes in microbiome composition are congruent with the successive stages of H. carpathicus development. PICRUSt analysis predicted that each bacterial community should be rich in genes involved in membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, replication and repair processes. Insects are by far the most diverse and abundant animal group, in numbers of species globally, in ecological habits, and in biomass1.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Communities in Different Tissues of Atta Sexdens Rubropilosa Leaf-Cutting Ants
    Curr Microbiol (2017) 74:1216–1225 DOI 10.1007/s00284-017-1307-x Microbial Communities in Different Tissues of Atta sexdens rubropilosa Leaf-cutting Ants 1 1 2 1 Alexsandro S. Vieira • Manuela O. Ramalho • Cintia Martins • Vanderlei G. Martins • Odair C. Bueno1 Received: 6 February 2017 / Accepted: 11 July 2017 / Published online: 18 July 2017 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017 Abstract Bacterial endosymbionts are common in all were Burkholderiales, Clostridiales, Syntrophobacterales, insects, and symbiosis has played an integral role in ant Lactobacillales, Bacillales, and Actinomycetales (midgut) evolution. Atta sexdens rubropilosa leaf-cutting ants cul- and Entomoplasmatales, unclassified c-proteobacteria, and tivate their symbiotic fungus using fresh leaves. They need Actinomycetales (postpharyngeal glands). The high abun- to defend themselves and their brood against diseases, but dance of Entomoplasmatales in the postpharyngeal glands they also need to defend their obligate fungus gardens, (77%) of the queens was an unprecedented finding. We their primary food source, from infection, parasitism, and discuss the role of microbial communities in different tis- usurpation by competitors. This study aimed to character- sues and castes. Bacteria are likely to play a role in ize the microbial communities in whole workers and dif- nutrition and immune defense as well as helping antimi- ferent tissues of A. sexdens rubropilosa queens using Ion crobial defense in this ant species. Torrent NGS. Our results showed that the microbial com- munity in the midgut differs in abundance and diversity Keywords Attini Á Endosymbiont Á Entomoplasmatales Á from the communities in the postpharyngeal gland of the Next-generation sequencing queen and in whole workers.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Genome Website
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.18.388454; this version posted November 19, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Characterization of the first cultured free-living representative of 2 Candidatus Izimaplasma uncovers its unique biology 3 Rikuan Zheng1,2,3,4, Rui Liu1,2,4, Yeqi Shan1,2,3,4, Ruining Cai1,2,3,4, Ge Liu1,2,4, Chaomin Sun1,2,4* 1 4 CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea 5 Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China 2 6 Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory 7 for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China 3 8 College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 9 China 10 4Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China 11 12 * Corresponding author 13 Chaomin Sun Tel.: +86 532 82898857; fax: +86 532 82898857. 14 E-mail address: [email protected] 15 16 17 Key words: Candidatus Izimaplasma, uncultivation, biogeochemical cycling, 18 extracellular DNA, in situ, deep sea 19 Running title: Characterization of the first cultured Izimaplasma 20 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.18.388454; this version posted November 19, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 22 Abstract 23 Candidatus Izimaplasma, an intermediate in the reductive evolution from Firmicutes 24 to Mollicutes, was proposed to represent a novel class of free-living wall-less bacteria 25 within the phylum Tenericutes found in deep-sea methane seeps.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Network Percolation Quantifies Biosynthetic Capabilities
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Metabolic network percolation quantifies biosynthetic capabilities across the human oral microbiome David B Bernstein1,2, Floyd E Dewhirst3,4, Daniel Segre` 1,2,5,6,7* 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States; 2Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, United States; 3The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, United States; 4Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, United States; 5Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, United States; 6Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, United States; 7Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, United States Abstract The biosynthetic capabilities of microbes underlie their growth and interactions, playing a prominent role in microbial community structure. For large, diverse microbial communities, prediction of these capabilities is limited by uncertainty about metabolic functions and environmental conditions. To address this challenge, we propose a probabilistic method, inspired by percolation theory, to computationally quantify how robustly a genome-derived metabolic network produces a given set of metabolites under an ensemble of variable environments. We used this method to compile an atlas of predicted biosynthetic capabilities for 97 metabolites across 456 human oral microbes. This atlas captures taxonomically-related trends in biomass composition, and makes it possible to estimate inter-microbial metabolic distances that correlate with microbial co-occurrences. We also found a distinct cluster of fastidious/uncultivated taxa, including several Saccharibacteria (TM7) species, characterized by their abundant metabolic deficiencies. By embracing uncertainty, our approach can be broadly applied to understanding metabolic interactions in complex microbial ecosystems. *For correspondence: DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.39733.001 [email protected] Competing interests: The authors declare that no Introduction competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • The Field Museum 2011 Annual Report to the Board of Trustees
    THE FIELD MUSEUM 2011 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES COLLECTIONS AND RESEARCH Office of Collections and Research, The Field Museum 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605-2496 USA Phone (312) 665-7811 Fax (312) 665-7806 http://www.fieldmuseum.org - This Report Printed on Recycled Paper - 1 CONTENTS 2011 Annual Report ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Collections and Research Committee of the Board of Trustees ................................................................. 8 Encyclopedia of Life Committee and Repatriation Committee of the Board of Trustees ............................ 9 Staff List ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 Publications ................................................................................................................................................. 15 Active Grants .............................................................................................................................................. 39 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Invited Lectures ........................................................................ 56 Museum and Public Service ...................................................................................................................... 64 Fieldwork and Research Travel ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors for Periodontitis Focusing on the Saliva Microbiome and Polymorphism
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors for Periodontitis Focusing on the Saliva Microbiome and Polymorphism Naoki Toyama 1,* , Daisuke Ekuni 1 , Daisuke Matsui 2, Teruhide Koyama 2 , Masahiro Nakatochi 3, Yukihide Momozawa 4, Michiaki Kubo 4 and Manabu Morita 1 1 Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; [email protected] (D.E.); [email protected] (M.M.) 2 Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (T.K.) 3 Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan; [email protected] 4 Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City 230-0045, Japan; [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (M.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-86-235-6712 Abstract: Few studies have exhaustively assessed relationships among polymorphisms, the micro- biome, and periodontitis. The objective of the present study was to assess associations simultaneously among polymorphisms, the microbiome, and periodontitis. We used propensity score matching with a 1:1 ratio to select subjects, and then 22 individuals (mean age ± standard deviation, 60.7 ± 9.9 years) Citation: Toyama, N.; Ekuni, D.; were analyzed.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequency and Prevalence of Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Asaia
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2013, Article ID 936341, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/936341 Research Article Bacterial Infections across the Ants: Frequency and Prevalence of Wolbachia, Spiroplasma,andAsaia Stefanie Kautz,1 Benjamin E. R. Rubin,1,2 and Corrie S. Moreau1 1 Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA 2 Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1025 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Stefanie Kautz; [email protected] Received 21 February 2013; Accepted 30 May 2013 Academic Editor: David P. Hughes Copyright © 2013 Stefanie Kautz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Bacterial endosymbionts are common across insects, but we often lack a deeper knowledge of their prevalence across most organisms. Next-generation sequencing approaches can characterize bacterial diversity associated with a host and at the same time facilitate the fast and simultaneous screening of infectious bacteria. In this study, we used 16S rRNA tag encoded amplicon pyrosequencing to survey bacterial communities of 310 samples representing 221 individuals, 176 colonies and 95 species of ants. We found three distinct endosymbiont groups—Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria: Rickettsiales), Spiroplasma (Firmicutes: Entomoplasmatales),
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the Functions of Endosymbiotic Mollicutes in Fungus
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Reconstructing the functions of endosymbiotic Mollicutes in fungus- growing ants Panagiotis Sapountzis*, Mariya Zhukova, Jonathan Z Shik, Morten Schiott, Jacobus J Boomsma* Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract Mollicutes, a widespread class of bacteria associated with animals and plants, were recently identified as abundant abdominal endosymbionts in healthy workers of attine fungus- farming leaf-cutting ants. We obtained draft genomes of the two most common strains harbored by Panamanian fungus-growing ants. Reconstructions of their functional significance showed that they are independently acquired symbionts, most likely to decompose excess arginine consistent with the farmed fungal cultivars providing this nitrogen-rich amino-acid in variable quantities. Across the attine lineages, the relative abundances of the two Mollicutes strains are associated with the substrate types that foraging workers offer to fungus gardens. One of the symbionts is specific to the leaf-cutting ants and has special genomic machinery to catabolize citrate/glucose into acetate, which appears to deliver direct metabolic energy to the ant workers. Unlike other Mollicutes associated with insect hosts, both attine ant strains have complete phage-defense systems, underlining that they are actively maintained as mutualistic symbionts. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.39209.001 *For correspondence: [email protected] (PS); Introduction [email protected] (JJB) Bacterial endosymbionts, defined here as comprising both intra- and extra-cellular symbionts Competing interests: The (Bourtzis and Miller, 2006), occur in all eukaryotic lineages and range from parasites to mutualists authors declare that no (Bourtzis and Miller, 2006; Martin et al., 2017).
    [Show full text]