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BISHOP SCOTT BOYS’ SCHOOL (Affiliated to CBSE, ) Affiliation No.: 330726, School Campus: Chainpur, Jaganpura, By-Pass, Patna 804453. Phone Number: 7061717782, 9798903550. , Web: www.bishopscottboysschool.com Email: [email protected]

STUDY COURSE MATERIAL SOCIAL SCIENCE SESSION-2020-21 CLASS-VIII

DAY-1

*HISTORY*

 TEACHING MATERIAL: - CHAPTER-1 (FROM TRADERS TO RULERS)

Objective of the chapter – To highlight or glimpse upon the ways and means the Britishers expanded and annexed on pretext of Colonization.

Company comes East: -

In 1600 royal charter granted to granting the sole right to trade with the East.

East India Company bought goods at a cheap price and sold them at higher price in Europe.

Cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe.

Pepper, cloves, cardamom, and cinnamon were in great demand.

East India company and its officials accumulated wealth by the trade of India and caught attention of other European powers.

English east India company had to compete with other Europian companies such as Franch, Dutch, and Portugese.

Page 1 of 17

Because of the powerful naval force, British won over other European powers and became the champion of struggle of monotony of trade.

 East India Company begins Trade in Bengal: In 1651, the first English factory was set up on the banks of river Hugli and first English factory was opened up at Surat in 1608. Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty- free. The company tried to press for more concessions and manipulate existing privileges. For trading purpose, the passes were issued to company officials but they misused these passes for private trade and accumulate wealth on the name of company. Soon because of private trade company suffered and went into loses. To cure this anamoly British made strict rules. Page 2 of 17

 How did Trade Lead to Battles:

After the death of Aurangzeb, the Bengal Nawabs asserted their power and autonomy. The Nawabs of Bengal refused to grant the company concessions as it was making the revenue from Bengal trade less profitable. The British wanted the duties to be abolished but Bengal nawabs refused. British official knew the condition of administration in Bengal and tried their autonomy by use of force.

*The : *

 As a result of denial of trading rights, on 23rd June 1757, Battle of Plassey was fought and it was the first major victory of English in India. Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal. In 1757, led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey. Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, betrayed sirajuddaula and never fought the battle. Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah.

Page 3 of 17 As par the deal Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal after the defeat and death of Sirajuddaula. But he was the nominal head of Bengal and actual power remained in the hands of British.

*The : *

 After the defeat at Plassey, Sirajuddaulah was assassinated and Mir Jafar was made the Nawab. Mir Jafar was just a puppet in the hands of Britishers. In 1764, the battle of Buxar was fought between Britishers and , when Mir Qasim denied the privilages given to Britishers. Mir Qasim abolished the trade duty for everyone and transfered his capital from Murshidabad to Mungair. But this was against the interest of British and they declared war. In this battle Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; Shujauddaula, the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam the Mughal King fought against British and British forces were led by Hector Munro. In this battle British become victorious and they decided to control the territory by there own. In 1765, the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal and they also got the Diwani rights of Bihar and Odisha.

 VIDEOS

LINK 1 https://youtu.be/ojSfPZjIg0U

LINK 2

https://youtu.be/ojSfPZjIg0U

DAY-2

 TEACHING MATERIAL: -

Page 4 of 17

 Company Officials become ‘Nabobs’:

In 1764, Robert Clive was appointed of Bengal. ‘Nabobs’-an anglicized version of the Indian word Nawab as British were leading a levish life similar to nawabs and everyone was on the mercy of British.

 Company Rule Expands: The process of annexation of Indian states by the East India Company from 1757 to 1857 brought forth some key aspects like the company rarely launched a direct military attack on as unknown territory. After battle of Buxar, the company appointed residents in Indian states. The company forced the states into a ‘subsidiary alliance’ and the king had to put an army of British. In the case of non payment to army the nawab or the king had to give some part of its territory. The Nawab of Awadh and the Nizam of were forced to cede territories and accept the subsidiary alliances.

-‘The Tiger of Mysore’:

Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali, ruler of Mysore.

Page 5 of 17 Tipu Sultan ruled Mysore from 1782 to 1799. Tipu Sultan took the help of French to modernise his army and sent foreign delegates to gether the foreign help against British. Four wars were fought between Britishers and Mysore and were known as the Anglo-Mysore wars(1767-1769, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799). In 1799, the Britishers won the battle of Seringapatam against Mysore. Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam.

 Anglo – Maratha wars:

After the defeat of Maratha in battle of Panipat in 1761, they get divided in various small dynastied such as Sindhia, Holkars, Gaikwad and Bonsle. Three wars were fought between Marathas and British in 1782,1803-05 and 1817-19. The third war was the decisive war and after this peshwa was deposed and the sent to the Northern India on a pension. Now the company had control over the south of vindhiyas..

 Britishers annex Sind

Fearing Russian expansion on the , through the north west, the Britishers planned to take control of the entire Sindh area through Subsidiary Alliance. The formality of subsidiary alliance was completed under Charles Napier.

 Britishers annex Punjab

Ranjeet Singh Maharaja was the king of Punjab province. With Britishers he had a friendly agreement not to interfere in each other matters. After Ranjeet Singh died his son Dileep Singh ascended the throne. The Britishers broke the agreement and attacked upon Dileep Singh called as the First Anglo Sikh war. He lost the battle and had to fulfill the Britishers demands of (a) ceding Kashmir in their hands (b) compensate for the loss of the wars by a huge amount in return. After some time for once again the Britishers made a full fledged attack on Dileep Singh’s kingdom once again in which he was defeated with a full blow. While now defeated, his entire empire went into the hands of Britishers. Later on was exiled to England as a pensioner in the hands of Britishers.

Page 6 of 17  Claim to Paramountcy:

As British were proving themselves as the best power across the India, this enhanced their desire to rule whole territories and they started direct conquest under lord Hastings (1813-23). British also wanted to sercure North West front of their empire in India. For this they fought wars with Afganistan and Punjab and finally won over its territories in 1843 and 1849 respectively.

 Doctrine of Lapse:

Under the reign of Lord Dalhousie (1848-56), they adopted the policy of Lapse . According to this policy, the rulers who does not have any legal heir could not pass on their to the adopted son and it would be taken over by British. Satara (1848), Sambhalpur (1850), Jhansi (1854) were annexed by this policy.

 Administration under British:

In 1773, become the Governor General of Bengal and controled the governors of other presidencies of Madras and Bombay. Separate civil and criminal courts were set up under the supervision of collector. New set of were compiled by muftis and Brahmins for the religious interpretation.

 VIDEOS

LINK 1

https://youtu.be/KBGjNQJXg6o

LINK 2 https://youtu.be/ojSfPZjIg0U

LINK 3

https://youtu.be/KBGjNQJXg6o

Page 7 of 17 LINK 4

https://youtu.be/KBGjNQJXg6o

 ASSIGNMENT

Q.Write a note on Tipu Sultan—The ‘Tiger of Mysore’.

Ans. Tipu Sultan—The ‘Tiger of Mysore’

1) i.Tipu Sultan, son of Haidar Ali (ruled from 1782 to 1799) was known as Tiger of Mysore’. Mysore controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar coast where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom.

2) ii. In 1785 Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through the ports of his kingdom, and disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company.

3) iii.He also established a close relationship with the French in India, and modernized his army with their help.

4) iv.In the last – the Battle of Seringapatam, the Company ultimately win a victory. Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam.

DAY-3

 TEACHING MATERIAL: -

Objective of Day 3 – Look into the questions as given below along with the answers so as to relate the chapter in a better way.

Q. What is mercantilism? Ans.Trading with other nations only for the sake of profit is mercantilism. India was a famous destination when it came to trading of commodities such as spices, precious stones etc unlikely to be found in Europe but high in demand. In this hoard of trading various European nations such as French, Portuguese and Britishers had

Page 8 of 17 their deep interest of trading in India with maximum control. While their interest into same nature of commodities with maximum land area under control, this led to a competitive spirit between them and at times maritime battles to oppose each other’s occupancy. While commodities purchased were sent in bulk to their own nations to be sold at a much higher price reaching high yields to them, this led to increase in profit of the various European agencies involved in trade and business. The greed of maximizing ones profit in course of trading increased their tendency to sail towards India. In order to declare ones supremacy and perform trade successfully at times with no further obstruction there were sea wars or battles even before the trade destination reached. The opponent ships attacked each other. The more superior the European powers militarily, naval and navigation wise with best of ships the more successful they were in terms of annexation of the colonies and dominate by creating self monopoly. In short it can be said mercantilism was to plunder poor nation of the east in the hands of west. The mercantilism led them further develop the concept of colonization. Under mercantilism the control over the land and its people was least and hence no scope of governance while by colonization the control could be wholly socially politically and administarbly.

Q. What was the main cause of the Battle of Plassey? Or What led to the Battle of Plassey and what was the result? Ans. Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to stop meddling in the political affairs of his , stop fortification, and pay the revenues. After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched with 30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kassimbazar, captured the Company officials, locked the warehouse, disarmed all Englishmen, and blockaded English ships. Then he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company’s fort there. On hearing the news of the fall of Calcutta, Company officials in Madras sent forces under the command of Robert Clive, reinforced by naval fleets. Prolonged negotiations with the Nawab followed. Finally, in 1757, Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey. The Battle of Plassey was the first major victory the Company won in India.

Q. What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company? Ans. The areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company were: i.The nawabs refused to grant the Company concessions, demanded large tributes for the Company’s right to trade, denied it any right to mint coins, and stopped it from extending its fortifications.

Page 9 of 17 ii.They claimed that the Company was depriving the Bengal government of huge amounts of revenue and undermining the authority of the nawab by refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to humiliate the nawab and his officials.

iii.The Company on its part declared that the unjust demands of the local officials were ruining the trade of the Company, and trade could flourish only if the duties were removed.

Q. In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers? Ans. Administration of the Company British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies: Bengal, Madras and Bombay. Each was ruled by a Governor. The supreme head of the administration was the Governor-General. From 1772 a new system of was established. Each district was to have two courts – a criminal court (faujdari adalat ) and a civil court (diwani adalat ).Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new was established, while a court of appeal – the Sadar Nizamat Adalat – was also set up at Calcutta. Administration of Indian rulers The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector. As the title suggests, his main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain and order in his district with the help of judges, police officers and darogas.

Q. Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army. Ans. Several changes occurred in the composition of the Company’s army: The East India Company started recruiting peasants into their armies and training them as professional soldiers, which came to be known as the sepoy army. As warfare technology changed from the 1820s, the cavalry requirements of the Company’s army declined. iii.The soldiers of the Company’s army had to keep pace with changing military requirements and its infantry regiments now became more important. iv.In the early nineteenth century the British began to develop a uniform military culture. Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European-style training, drill and discipline that regulated their life far more than before.

Q. How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company? Ans. Finally, in 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the Company as the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal. The assumption of Diwani benefited the East India Company in several ways. i.The Diwani allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal.

Page 10 of 17 ii.From the early eighteenth century its trade with India had expanded. But it had to buy most of the goods in India with gold and silver imported from Britain. This was because at this time Britain had no goods to sell in India. The outflow of gold from Britain slowed after the Battle of Plassey, and entirely stopped after the assumption of Diwani. iii.Now revenues from India could finance Company expenses. These revenues could be used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain Company troops, and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.

Q. How did the East India Company begin trade in Bengal? Ans. East India Company begin trade in Bengal i.The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651. This was the base from which the Company’s traders, known at that time as “factors”, operated. The factory had a warehouse where goods for export were stored, and it had offices where Company officials sat. ii.As trade expanded, the Company persuaded merchants and traders to come and settle near the factory. By 1696 it began building a fort around the settlement. iii.Two years later it bribed Mughal officials into giving the Company zamindari rights over three villages. One of these was Kalikata, which later grew into the city of Calcutta or Kolkata as it is known today. It also persuaded the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to issue a farman granting the Company the right to trade free.

Q. What was Doctrine of Lapse? Ans. Under the reign of Lord Dalhousie (1848-56), the policy of Lapse was adopted. According to this policy, the rulers who does not have any legal heir could not pass on their property to the adopted son and it would be taken over by British. Satara (1848), Sambhalpur (1850), Jhansi (1854) were annexed by this policy.

Q. How did Britishers break the treaty with Ranjeet Singhs son? Ans. While Ranjeet Singh was the ruler of Punjab province he had a friendly treaty with Britishers under which both would comply to each other needs without any scope of domination or colonizing the Punjab province. Both sides promised to be intact as one on friendly grounds as close allies over the condition that Britishers shall never ever attack on or dominate the region of Punjab. But once demise of Ranjeet singh, the treaty was broken by Britishers . The Britishers interfered into the Punjab region to occupy it for final. There were two successive wars with the son of Ranjeet singh , the next ruler, but lost only to be deported towards the end to London as a pensioner in the hands of the Britishers.

Q. Write a short note on Battle of Buxar. Ans. After the defeat at Plassey, Sirajuddaulah was assassinated and Mir Jafar was made the Nawab. Mir Jafar was just a puppet in the hands of Britishers. Mr Jafar could not meet the demands of the Britishers and hence was asked to leave off the throne. In place Mir Page 11 of 17 Qasim, a close relative of Mir Jafar ascended the throne. Mir Qasim was made the ruler on the pretext that he shall be the one to abide by all the conditions as set by Britishers and fulfill their demands. Later on Mir Qasim changed his state of mind unprepared to be a puppet anymore in the hands of Britshers. He in aggression declined to meet demands of Britishers. He did not allow Britishers to trade in his area and focused on building a strong army. Thereafter in 1764, the battle of Buxar was fought between Britishers and Mir Qasim.In this battle Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; Shujauddaula, the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam the Mughal King fought against British and British forces were led by Hector Munro. In this battle British become victorious and they decided to control the territory by there own. In 1765, the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal and they also got the Diwani rights of Bihar and Odisha.

 VIDEOS

https://youtu.be/ojSfPZjIg0U

 ASSIGNMENT

 QUESTIONS AS ASSIGNMENT

1) Which was the battle that played a turning point in the ? 2) Write a short note on Battle of Buxar. 3) Why was Bengal important choice of annexation for Britishers? 4) Why does one consider Tipu Sultan a hero? 5) What was doctrine of Lapse?

DAY-4

*CIVICS*

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 TEACHING MATERIAL: - CHAPTER-1 (THE INDIAN )

The Constitution of the longest written constitution in the world. It is a set of rules by which the government rules our country. It is the supreme law of the land. It came into effect on 26th January 1950. Our Constitution is based on the principles of , socialism and secularism.

*Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as ‘The Father of Indian Constitution‘.*

 Why Does a Country Need a Constitution:

A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in. It tells us about the fundamental nature of our society. It helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed. This includes the type of government and also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold. When Nepal was a monarchy, it reflected the final authority of the king. After transition of Nepal into a democracy, it started the process of writing a new constitution for the country. In a democracy, leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people. It defines country’s political system. Page 13 of 17 In democratic societies, the constitution lays down the rules that guard against the misuse of authority by our political leaders. It lays certain important guidelines that govern decision making processes. A Constitution plays an important function in a democracy to ensure that a dominant groups does not use its power against any person, group, organization, etc. Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority. The Indian Constitution guarantees the right to equality to all citizens and says that no citizen can be discriminated on the basis of religion, caste, gender, race, etc.

 The Indian Constitution Key Feature: The Indian National Movement had been active in the struggle for Independence from British rule for several decades. Nationalists devoted a great deal of time to imagining and planning what a free India would be like. When the constitution was being written India was going through a turmoil because of and Pakistan. The final document reflects a respect for maintaining diversity with preserving national unity, along with eradication of poverty through socio-economic reforms.

 VIDEOS

LINK 1 https://youtu.be/285eeIwhNFs

LINK 2 https://youtu.be/F3fB7JjmWz4

LINK 3 https://youtu.be/KGQ-Hn3hbKk

LINK 4 https://youtu.be/mChzcRwPWzU

DAY-5

 TEACHING MATERIAL: - PREAMBLE OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION Page 14 of 17

 Following are the key features of Indian constitution.

Federalism: It refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country. These are at the state and at the central levels. Citizens are governed by laws & policies made by each of these levels of government. Parliamentary Form of Government: The Constitution of Indian guarantees universal adult for all citizens. This means every citizen of the country irrespective of his/her social background have a direct role in electing their representatives. Representatives are thus accountable to the people in a parliamentary form of government. : There are three organs of the State: (a) the (b) the and (c) the . o a)The legislature refers to our elected representative; those who makes laws. o b) The executive is a smaller group of people who are responsible for implementing laws and running the government. o c) The judiciary refers to the system of courts in the country; who settles disputes and makes sure that laws are obeyed. Each organ acts as a check on the other organs ofthe State and this ensures the balance of power between all three. : o The Fundamental Rights are referred to as the ‘conscience’ of Indian Constitution. Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute exercise of power by the state. o The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State as well as against other individuals. o There are six Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution, which are: (i) Right to Equality; (ii) Right to Freedom; (iii) Right against Exploitation; (iv) Right to Freedom of Religion; (v) Cultural and Educational Rights; (vi) Right to Freedom of Religion; (iv) Right to Constitution Remedies.

Page 15 of 17 o In addition to Fundamental Rights, the Constitution has a section called of State Policy. It ensures greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to independent Indian state to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses. Secularism o A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion. o The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to, including the representatives that we elect to rule us. o Constitution has been changed over the years to reflect new concerns of the polity that involves a change in the fundamental nature of the country.

 VIDEOS

https://youtu.be/PHdnrWngzKo

Page 16 of 17

 ASSIGNMENT

 QUESTIONS FOR HOME ASSIGNMENT.

1) WHAT IS CONSTITITION?

2) WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF CONSTITUTION?

3) TRACE THE HIATORY OF RISE OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION.

4) WHAT IS THE PREAMBLE OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION?

5) WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION?

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