Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08485-8 — Taking Liberty Ann Curthoys , Jessie Mitchell Index More Information

Index

Aboriginal cricket team, 284 Adelaide Chronicle, 96 Aboriginal Evidence Act 1840 (WA), 135 Adelaide River settlement, 352–53 Aboriginal Evidence Act 1846 (SA), 135 agriculture, 307 Aboriginal missions. See missions Albert (Prince of Wales) Aboriginal people. See Indigenous people celebrations to mark his marriage, 280–83 Aboriginal policy gifts from Kulin nation, 281 Britain. See British Aboriginal policy Alexandra (Princess), gift from Kulin nation, colonies. See headings for each colony e.g. 281 Queensland — Aboriginal policy Alfred (Prince, Duke of Edinburgh) Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 (Vic), 286 Aboriginal people banned from Victorian Aboriginal Protection Association, 386 towns during visit, 285–86 Aboriginal reserves. See reserves attempted assassination in Sydney, 310 Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA), cricket match for, 310 391–92, 396 grand corroboree in Sydney, 310 Aborigines Protection Board (WA), 392, 395, meeting with Oyster Cove residents, 259 396, 402, 403 meeting with residents of Point McLeay Aborigines Protection Society (APS) (NSW), mission and surrounding districts, 78, 80, 81, 138 355–57 Aborigines Protection Society (APS) (UK), 9, royal tour of Australian colonies, 251 22, 92, 135, 393 visit to Queensland, 331–33 Aboriginal policy and representative gov- visit to Western Australia, 363 ernment in Australia, 177 Allan, John McMahon, 278, 279 amalgamation policy, 238 Allbrook, Malcolm, 363 debate over colonial constitutions, 237 Allen, George, 193 frontier violence in Queensland, 239 Allen, Jack, 149 impact of convictism, 166 Allison, William Race, 203, 264 imperial control over Aboriginal policy, 115 Allport, Morton, 260 New Zealand self-government, 215 amalgamation/assimilation theory, 117–19 protection of Canadian Indians, 109–11 Angas, George Fife, 338, 342 recognition of Maori rights, 175 Angas, George French, 309 rights of Aboriginal people, 12 Angelo, E. F., 390 settler criticisms of, 144 Annan, William, 137 and slavery controversy in Western Anthropological Society, 247 Australia, 389–90 anti-slavery movement, 105 Aborigines’ Friends’ Association (AFA), 338, anti-transportation movement 339, 341, 353 and campaign for responsible government, Acheron station, 277 162–64 Act to Provide for the Better Government of success of, 173 South Australia (1842), 125, 160 views on Aboriginal-settler relations, Act to Regulate the Execution of Criminals 164–71 1861 (SA), 348 apolgy to Indigenous Australians, 409 Adams, Charles V., 303 Apsley mission, 90 Adams, Thomas, 189 Archer brothers, 143 413

414 Index

Arden, George, 84, 131 Benbow (Boonwurrung man), 192 Arendt, Hannah, 11 Bendyshe, Thomas, 247 Argus (newspaper), 275 Bennett, Mary, 328 Arnold, Thomas, 265 Bentham, Jeremy, 44, 45 Arthur, George Berry, Alexander, 193 as Governor of Upper Canada, 108 Berry, R. J. A., 261 as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen’s Bethesda mission, 331 Land, 9, 29–30, 40–43, 60, 69, 71 Big River people, 40, 41, 42, 65 recommendations regarding Protectorate, 73 Bigambul people, 200 Arthur, Mary Ann, 149, 248, 258, 259, 260 Bigge reports, 35 Arthur, Walter George (Ben Lomond man), Bigge, John Thomas, 35 13, 66, 149, 150, 151, 264 Billibellary (Woiwurrung man), 187, 274 assimilation policy, 136 Bingham, Henry, 139 assimilation/amalgamation theory, 117–19 Biraban (Awabakal man), 37, 39 Attwood, Bain, 55, 60, 284 Black Line of Tasmania, 41 Australasian Chronicle, 124 Black War of Southern Queensland, 142 Australia Felix, 52 Black Wars Australian (newspaper), 77, 83, 106, 113 Black Line of Tasmania, 41 Australian colonial historiography Black War of Southern Queensland, 142 division within, 1–6 in Tasmania, 40–41 on anti-transportation movement, 163 Black, J. K., 331 treatment of Aboriginal matters, 4–6 Black, Niel, 278 Australian Colonies Government Act 1850, Blakewell, William, 341 155, 173–79, 216 Bland, Revett (or Rivett) Henry, 99, Australian Constitutions Act 1842, 125 101, 202 Australian Courts Act 1828, 37, 62 Bland, William, 288 Australian Patriotic Association, 62, 63, 103, Blaxland, John, 76 107, 109, 125 Bligh, John O’Connell, 321, 323 Auty, Kate, 79 Bligh, William, 34, 123 Awabakal people, 38, 57, 90, 182 Blight, William, 319 Board for the Protection of the Aborigines, Backhouse, James, 57 286 Baggama (Wiradjuri man), 64 Board to Watch over the Interests of the Bagot Commission, 137 Aborigines, 284–86 Bagot, Charles, 137 Bonwick, James Baker, John, 342, 356 on British instructions to governors, 13 Baldwin, Robert, 158 on Governor Denison, 205 Ballantyne, Tony, 10 on Indigenous survivors of warfare, 43 Banks, Joseph, 32 interest in Indigneous Tasmanians, 248 Bannister, Saxe, 45–47, 60, 68, 71, 105, 116, The Last of the Tasmanians, 248–50, 260 118 on Oyster Cove Aboriginal settlement, 204, Barak, William (Woiwurrung man), 278, 281 205, 258 Barkly, Henry, 280, 283 on transfer of Flinders Islanders to Port Barlee, Frederick, 367, 369 Phillip, 79 Barrow, Henry, 338 on William Lanney, 257, 259 Barrow, Peter, 99 Boonwurrung people, 55, 146, 192 Barwick, Diane, 55, 192, 271, 280, 283 Border Police, 86, 146, 147 Bass Strait islanders. See Furneaux Botany Bay penal settlement, occupation of Islanders land, 32–33 Batman treaty, 55, 64 Boucher, Leigh, 285, 286, 287 Batman, John, 55, 187, 281 Bourke, Richard, 51, 55, 106, 115 Bearringa (Daungwurrung man), 274 Aboriginal policy, 54, 56 Beedon, Lucy, 19, 264, 265, 267 annexation of Port Phillip district, 55 Behrendt, Larissa, 16 on political representation, 62, 63 Ben Lomond people, 65 recognition of squatters’ rights, 53

Index 415

Bowen, Diamantina, 314 Prince Alfred. See Alfred (Prince, Duke of Bowen, George, 243, 244, 314, 316, 320, 330 Wales) Boyce, James, 80, 223 Princess Alexandra, 281 Boyd, Benjamin, 168 Queen Victoria. See Victoria (Queen) Brett, Andre, 240 British North America Act 1840 (Union Act), Brisbane, Thomas, 40 113, 158 British Aboriginal policy Brock, Peggy, 94, 336 amalgamation/assimilation theory, 117–19 Bromley, Walter, 92, 93 assimilation policy, 136 Broome, Frederick Napier, 374, 386, 390, 401 Australia before 1830, 31–38 Aboriginal policy, 376–84, 387, 391, 392, in Canada, 119, 176 395 colonisation and, 43–47 conlict with Onslow, 394 costs and funding, 136 and self-government for WA, 394–96, 399 and destruction of Indigenous societies, Broome, Richard, 146, 200, 283, 284, 286 19–20, 410–12 Brough Smyth, Robert, 281, 285 equal treatment before the law, 96, 174, Brougham, Henry Peter (1st Baron), 106 202, 203 Broughton, William Grant, 68, 76, 77 evangelical humanitarianism and, 9, 58–61 Brown, Joan, 263 imperial control over colonial legislatures, Brown, Maitland, 373, 378, 388 70–71, 131 Browne, Thomas Gore, 240, 241, 258, 259, legal practices adapted to frontier situations, 267 202 Brownrigg, Marcus, 265 and pastoral expansion (1831–4), 53–58 Bruce, James (8th Earl of Elgin), 158, 176 protection. See protection of Aborigines Brune, Thomas, 66 self-government and, 114–19 Bruny Island people, 42 transfer of control to colonies, 208, 220, Bruny, Davy, 149 235, 237, 240 Buller, Charles, 45, 104, 109, 111, 115, 125, British Association for the Advancement of 128, 156 Science, 273 Bulwer Lytton, Edward, 240, 302, 326 British colonisation Bumsted, J. M., 108 decline of indigenous peoples in wake of, Bunce, Daniel, 285 248–50 Buntingdale mission, 183 imperial control over land, 64, 128, 217 bunyip aristocracy, 227–28 liberal opposition to, 44 Burke, Edmund, 11 liberal support for, 44–45 Burruppin (Daungwurrung man), 274 and native policy, 43–47 Burt, Septimus, 392, 397 and protection of Aborigines, 58–61 Burton, William, 81 as source of shame to Britain, 59 Bush, Edward, 374 Whig enthusiasm for, 48–53, 109 Buxton, Edward, 215 Whig opposition to, 44 Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 59, 67, 109 British imperial history historical denialism, 410 Cahir, Fred, 210 and modern British historical conscious- Calder, James Erskine, 67 ness, 410–12 Campbell, Alexander J., 330 native policy and colonial self-government, Canada 2–4 assimilation policy, 242 new imperial history, 6–10 Bagot Commission, 137 British imperialism, as God’s will, 207 British Aboriginal policy, 119, 176 British military protection, 172–73 control over Indigenous policy, 242 British monarchy Legislative Assemblies, 108 celebrations associated with, 280 protection of Indigenous people, 109–11 Indigenous people’s connection with, rebellion against the British authorities, 250–51, 282, 311, 333, 355 108 King Charles II, 47 representative government, 34 Prince Albert. See Albert (Prince of Wales) responsible government, 158, 159

416 Index

Cape Colony appointment, 53 Bourke’s governorship, 54 assistance to Native Police, 292 convict transportation, 162, 215 powers and role, 86 imperial native policy, 46, 59, 67 and proposal for Aboriginal reserves, 191 new constitution, 219, 228 squatters’ opposition to, 130 representative government, 215–16 Connors, Libby, 143, 290 Captain Jack (Kadlitpinna), 93 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment Cardwell, Edward, 244, 327 of the Crime of Genocide, 12 Carley, David, 389 convict transportation Carlyle, Thomas, 245 anti-transportation movement, 162–64 Cave, Helen, 390 to Cape Colony, 162, 215 Cell, John, 3 ends to New South Wales, 107, 120, 174 Central Board to Watch over the Interests of ends to Tasmania, 174, 218, 219 the Aborigines, 276–78 impact of gold rushes, 218 chaining of Indigenous people impact on Indigenous population, 165–66 in South Australia, 98, 346, 347 investigation by select committee, 63, in Western Australia, 364, 366, 372, 377, 104–5 387 likened to slavery, 105 Thackabiddy case, 379 opposition by British reformers, 104–8, Challinor, Henry, 318, 320, 324 218 Chamberlain, Joseph, 403 and political representation, 63 Charles II (King), 47 and representative government, 103, 107, Chauncy, William Snell, 161 120 Chesson, Frederick, 244, 389, 390 resumption to New South Wales, 162, 174 Chinese immigration, opposition to, 213 and self-government, 161–64 Chinese indentured labour, 212–13 to Tasmania, 104, 161 Christison, Robert, 328 to Western Australia, 170, 362, 364 Church Missionary Society, 57, 60, 90 convicts Clark, Bessy, 258, 260 role in frontier violence, 105, 165–66 Clark, Ian D., 278 Cook, James, 32 Clark, Robert, 150, 205 Coolie Association, 134 Clarke, Andrew, 169 Coolyerberri (Yabuarara man), 366 class divisions, 18 Cooper, Charles, 95 Clifford, Charles, 379 Coranderrk reserve, 278, 282, 283 Clutterbuck, James Bennett, 147 Cornwall Chronicle, 204 Cochrane, Fanny, 149 Council of Foreign Plantations, 47 Cochrane, Peter, 5, 133, 163, 178 Courier (Brisbane), 324 Cockburn-Campbell, Thomas, 401 Courier (Hobart), 173, 204 Collins, David, 249 Cowper government (NSW), 298 colonial liberalism Cowper, Charles, 168, 192, 194, 289, 299 critique of squatter land and labour policies, Cowper-Robertson government (NSW), 302 168 Crimean War, 243, 288, 294 form articulated in Empire, 226 Crook, – (Reverend), 78 in New South Wales, 311 Crookes, John, 165 opposition to indentured labour trade, 212 Crown Colonies, government of, 16 in Victoria, 312 Crown Lands Occupation Act 1836, 53 Colonial Observer, 121, 123, 124, 130 Cullin-la-ringo station massacre, 298, 325, Colonial Times, 114 347, 366 colonisation, settler philosophy of, 82 Cunningham, Richard, 64 Colonist, 77, 83 Commercial Journal and Advertiser, 82, 83, da Costa, Ravi, 280 120 Daily News (Perth), 392 Commissioners of Crown Lands Dalla people, 143 and proposal for Aboriginal reserves, 195 Dalleburra people, 329 annual reports, 141, 188, 221, 239, 305 Daly, Dominick, 350, 354, 355

Index 417

Dan-dan-nook (or King Jerry) (Barrabool Dutton, C. B., 325 clan), 285 Dutton, Francis, 161, 337 Dandridge, J. S., 264 Dangar, Thomas, 303 Eardley-Wilmot, John, 149 Dark Deeds in a Sunny Land (Gribble), 390 East India Company, 134 Darling, Ralph, 33, 37, 38, 40, 46, 49 Ebenezer mission, 273 Darlot, Everard, 374 Elbourne, Elizabeth, 7, 20, 48 Darlot, Leonard, 374 Electoral Act 1856 (SA), 335 Darvall, John Bayley, 229 Electoral Reform Act 1858 (NSW), 299, 315 Darwin, Charles, 245, 246, 249 Ellinghaus, Katherine, 262 Daungwurrung people, 55, 88, 274, 276, 277, emancipists, 113 280 Empire (newspaper), 212, 216, 226 Davenport, Samuel, 161, 339, 342 Etherington, Norman, 361 Davies, John, 323 Ethnographical Society of Paris, 273 Day, Edward, 76 ethnography, 273, 285, 287, 309 de Garis, Brian, 394 Ethnological Society, 247 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Eurkea, 231 Peoples, 12 evangelical humanitarianism defence of colonies and imperial native policy, 9, 58–61, 68 lack of military threat, 172–73 loss of ground in public discourse, 183 self-government and, 243 Evans, Julie, 7, 145, 301 Deniehy, Daniel, 227, 228 Evans, Raymond, 33, 315, 316, 326, 328 Deniliquin Chronicle, 308, 309 Everett, George, 267 Denison, Caroline, 205 evolutionary theory, 247 Denison, William, 150, 151, 162, 205, 206, exclusives, 35, 36, 62, 63, 113 232 exploratory expeditions Diamond, Marion, 168 massacres of Indigenous people, 54 Dickens, Charles, 245 pastoral expansion and, 52 Dickson, John, 194 Eyre, Edward John, 245 Disraeli, Benjamin, 369 Djabwurrung people, 88, 196 Fairbairn, Robert, 372, 374, 386 Djadjawurrung people, 88, 196 federation movement, 400, 401 Djerimanga people, 352 Fels, Marie, 146 Donaldson, Stuart, 288, 289 Fereday, George, 265 Donovan, P. F., 350 Ferrett, John, 317 Douglas, James (14th Earl of Morton), 32, 148 Finnane, Mark, 316, 402 Douglass, Henry, 212 Finnis, Boyle Travers, 351, 352, 353 Draper, Nicholas, 8, 410 ish traps, 305 Dredge, James, 73, 78, 88, 89 Fisher, Robin, 187 Duffy, Charles, 274, 276 Fitzgerald, Charles, 170, 185 Duncan, William A., 120, 132 Fitzgerald, Robert, 192 Dunlop, David, 139 Fitzroy, Charles, 192 Durack, Mary, 385 abolition of Protectorate, 196 Durham (Lord). See Lambton, John (1st Earl and Aboriginal policy, 194 of Durham) annual blanket distribution, 140, 199 Durham Report (1839) deployment of Native Mounted Police, 200 content, 109, 111 and Indigenous access to pastoral leases, failure to mention Indigenous people, 109 196 manifesto for effective settler colonialism, as New Zealand Governor, 129 112 on institutions for Indigenous people, 197, recommendations, 111, 112 220 response to, 112–14 on Protectorate, 190 stance on Aboriginal rights, 111 response to Grey’s 11/2/1848 despatch, 190 Durundur station, 143 Fleming, John, 76 Dussart, Fae, 9, 41, 70 Fletcher Moore, George, 99

418 Index

Flinders Island Aboriginal settlement Gamalarai people, 38 campaign to remove superintendent Ganter, Regina, 331 Jeanneret, 149–51 Gara, Tom, 365 closure, 151 Gawler, George, 92, 93, 96 conditions, 77 genocide, 15–16 petition to Governor Gipps, 78–80 New South Wales, 224 petition to Queen Victoria, 150 see also Lemkin, Raphaël protest over conditions, 65–67 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment regime under Robinson, 57 of the Crime of Genocide, 12 removal of survivors to Oyster Cove, 151 in New Zealand, 241, 242 return of Islanders from Port Phillip, 149 history wars over, 411 Tasmanian Aborigines taken to, 43, 68, 69 in Queensland, 313, 325 transfer of residents to Port Phillip, 77, Tasmanian Aborigines, 31, 204, 250, 411 78–80 Gibbes, John, 76 Flinders Island Chronicle, 65 Gibson, John, 199 Flood, Edward, 299 Gill, J. C. H., 243 Flying Foam Passage massacre, 365 Gilmore, Mary, 305 Ford, Lisa, 8, 16, 23, 36 Gipps, George, 73, 75 Forrest, Alexander, 377, 394, 398 and admissibility of Aboriginal evidence, Forrest, David, 391 85, 135 Forrest, John, 377, 378, 391, 398, 402, 403, annual blanket distribution, 136, 137–40 404 defeat by squatters on land issue, 140 Forrest, Kay, 365, 366 increases tax paid by squatters, 132 Fortescue, Chichester, 240 on Indian indentured labour, 106, 107, 134 Foss, Charles, 374, 386, 391 on Indigenous labour, 136 Foster, John L., 192, 193, 194 on land regulations and Aboriginal policy, 130 Foster, Robert, 97, 189, 211, 344, 345, 346 and Myall Creek massacre, 76, 82 Foucault, Michel, 348, 349, 366 protection of Aborigines, 74, 76, 89, 141 Framlingham reserve, 278–79 on public funding of missions, 90 Franklin, Jane, 67, 114 squatters opposition to, 136, 137 Franklin, John, 67, 114, 149, 262 and Waterloo Creek massacre, 75 Franklinford station, 196 Giraiwurrung people, 278 Fraser, Malcolm, 392, 398 Giustiniani, Louis, 57 free trade policy, 156 Gladstone, William, 140, 162, 236 Fremantle School, 184 Glenelg (Lord). See Grant, Charles (1st Baron French, Maurice, 142 Glenelg) Frith, Henry, 258 Glyde, Lavington, 339 frontier conlict. See headings for each colony, Goderich (Viscount). See Robinson, Frederick e.g. Queensland — Aboriginal-settler John conlict Godwin, Luke, 325 Furneaux Islanders, 206, 222, 258 gold rushes ancestry, 261 anti-Chinese sentiment, 213 government neglect, 265 convict transportation and, 218 growth of community, 261 and Eurkea rebellion, 231 marginal status, 267 impact on Indigenous people, 209–12, 238 meeting with Governor Browne, 267 Queensland, 326 offer to take in Oyster Cove survivors, 264 and self-government, 219 oficial denial of Aboriginality, 206, 262, transformation of colonial life and politics, 209 264 Western Australia, 385, 401 pension recipients, 262 Goldsmith, F. E., 351, 352 petition for land, 263 Gooch, George, 379 request for assistance to fund a school, Goodall, Heather, 181, 307 265–68 Goodman, David, 4 visit by Bishop Nixon, 222–23 Gossner Mission institute, 91 Gouger, Robert, 45 Gaden, William Henry, 296 governors

Index 419

powers, 34 Guardian of Natives, 202 recognition of Indigenous leaders, 93 Guardian of Natives and Protector of Settlers, relationship with Indigenous leaders, 37 196 relationship with Indigenous people, 37–38, Gunditjmara people, 310 65, 94, 192, 205, 212, 250, 258–59, Gunnai people, 192, 279, 282 354, 363 Gurnett, Edward, 284 Grant, Charles (1st Baron Glenelg), 60, 67, Gurney, Samuel, 176 72–74, 106 Grant, James, 263, 266, 267 Hackett, John W., 394 Granville (Earl). See Leveson-Gower, Hagenauer, Friedrich Augustus, 279, 284 Granville George (2nd Earl Granville) Haines, William, 269 great chain of being, 39, 183 Hale, Matthew, 185, 336, 337, 353, 363 Green, John, 276, 277 Hall, Catherine, 7, 8, 183, 245, 410 Green, Mary, 276 Hall, E. S., 81 Green, Neville, 102, 371 Hall, George, 342 Grey, Charles (2nd Earl), 49 Hamilton, Edward, 194 Grey, George, 9, 106, 118 Hammond, Octavius, 337 background and views on Aboriginal policy, Hampton, John, 362, 363, 365 96 Handt, J. C. S., 57, 90 draft constitution for New Zealand, 214 Hardie, John, 321 as Governor of New Zealand, 157, 214 Hargrave, John, 304 as Governor of South Australia, 96–98, 125, Hargrave, Richard, 291 135, 160 Harper, Charles, 393, 397 and Maori wars, 241 Harris, Alexander, 147 response to frontier violence, 97–98 Harris, William, 404 Grey, Henry George (3rd Earl) (formerly Haussmann, Johann Gottfried, 331 Vicount Howick) Hawes, Benjamin, 159, 174, 177 on admissibility of Aboriginal evidence, Hawkes, G. W., 337 190 Hawksley, E. J., 12, 124, 228 and convict transportation, 162, 174 Hay, Charles, 323 on convictism and representative govern- Haydon, George Henry, 147 ment, 62 Haygarth, H. W., 308 on Indigenous rights to land, 188 Head, Edmund Walker, 242 inluences on, 49, 115 Hensman, Alfred, 379, 381 on land policy, 217 Herbert, Robert, 315, 327, 331 on medical aid to Indigenous people, 198 Hickford, Mark, 128 membership of Molesworth Committee, Hindmarsh, John, 61 104 Hirst, John, 4, 163, 178 model of self-government for Australia, 158 historical denialism, 410 on New Zealand self-government, 156, historiography. See Australian colonial 214, 215 historigraphy protection of Aborigines, 22, 60 history wars, 411 on reserves for Aboriginal use, 188 Hitchin, Edward, 336, 337 on responsible government in Canada, 158 Hodgkin, Thomas, 109, 176, 238 on schooling for Indigenous people, 190, Hodgson, Arthur, 295, 296 197, 198, 220 Holdridge, Chris, 164 as Secretary of State for the Colonies, 187 Holland, Henry, 396 on summary punishment, 202 Horgan, John, 397 Gribble affair, 387–91 Hornet Bank massacre, 293, 294, 319, 325, Gribble, John, 386, 393 366 Gribble, Mary Ann Elizabeth, 19 Horsman, Reginald, 340 Grifis, William, 366 Horton, Robert Wilmot, 45 Grifiths, Charles, 145 Howard government (1996–2007), 409 Grimshaw, Patricia, 7, 109, 301 Howe, Joseph, 158 Grundy, Edward, 349 Howick (Viscount). See Grey, Henry George Guardian of Aborigines, 196, 272 (3rd Earl)

420 Index

Hull, Hugh Munro, 258 calls for a treaty, 408 human origins, debate over, 245–46 conlict with settlers. See headings for each Humane Policy (Bannister), 43–47, 68 colony, e.g. Queensland — Aboriginal- Hume, L. J., 121 settler conlict Hunt, James, 247 connection with monarchy, 251, 311, 333, Hunt, Su Jane, 391 355 Hunter River Black Association, 81, 82 constitutional recognition, 407, 408 Hunter, Ann, 98, 99, 100, 202 debasement following European contact, Hutt, John, 98–102, 367 307 Hutt, William, 98 as doomed to extinction, 182, 198, 210, 240, 309 indentured labour equal treatment as British subjects, 61, 96, association with servility, 107 97, 174, 176–77, 177 association with slavery, 106, 134 as foreign enemies, 95 Chinese indentured labour, 212–13 intelligence, 308 from Paciic islands, 168 land rights. See Indigenous rights in land in Western Australia, 99 massacres. See massacres of Indigenous people Indian indentured labour, 107, 133–35, place in settlers’ political rights discourse, 168, 212 119–24 liberal opposition to, 212 political participation, 123–24, 172, 233, public debate in NSW over Asian inden- 301, 339 tured labour, 106 relationship with Australia’s political insti- racial thinking and, 134 tutions, 406–10 Indian indentured labour, 106–7, 133–35, relationship with governors, 37–38, 65, 94, 168, 212 192, 205, 212, 250, 258–59, 354, 363 Indian Lands and Properties Act 1860, 242 Tasmanians. See Tasmanian Aborigines Indian Rebellion (Indian Mutiny), 292, 293, traditional food-getting and employment, 294, 295, 297, 349 189, 305, 307 Indigenous activism voting rights, 10–12, 339 forms in South Australia in 1860s, 353–57 Indigenous protest and negotiation on Flinders Island, 148–51 complaints to protectors, 86–87 petition from Flinders Islanders to Queen mid to late 1830s, 67 Victoria, 150 petition from Flinders Islanders to Governor petitioning as political tactic, 278 Gipps, 78–80 strategies, 274 written protest, 65 Indigenous labour Indigenous rights, 12–13 abuses in pastoral industry, 371 missionaries’ support for, 183 employment in Victoria, 284 Indigenous rights in land forced labour and trickery in pearling access to pastoral and other lands, 188, industry, 365 187–88, 191, 195, 196, 201, 237, forced labour on pastoral stations, 372 307, 393 importance, 15, 106 failure of Britain to recognise, 32 in New South Wales, 305–6 ignored in South Australia, 94 on pastoral stations, 202, 210, 305, 328–29, Indigenous demands for recognition, 87 371–72 land policy and, 127–31 place in colonial society and economy, 106 minimal recognition, 129 regulation in pearling industry, 370, 371, not recognised in South Australia Act, 51 382 recognition in South Australia, 13, 61, 92 in Western Australia, 99 as threat to British sovereignty, 129 Indigenous leaders Inquirer (newspaper), 374, 380, 388 acknowledgement by governors, 37 Intervention policy, 407 relationship with governors, 93 Irving, Terry, 5, 121, 172, 226 Indigenous people. See also names of nations Irwin, Frederick, 169, 185, 203 or groups, e.g. Noongar people admissibility of evidence, 85, 135–36, Jamaica, suppression of rebellion, 245 192–94, 304 Jamblyn, Allan, 353

Index 421

Jamison, John, 62 declaration of independence, 133 Jardine, John, 243 election to Legislative Council, 132 Jardwadjali people, 310 evidence to British Select Committee, 68 Jeanneret, Henry, 149, 151 evidence to Molesworth Committee, 105 Jiman people, 293 on frontier violence, 164 Johnston, Anna, 38, 68 on Indian indentured labour, 134 Johnston, W. Ross, 316 on missions, 39, 77 Jones, Benjamin, 164 on extinction of Indigenous people, 309 Jones, Benjamin T., 5 on political representation, 121, 125 republicanism, 172 Kamilaraay people, 74, 224 Zion Hill mission, 90 Kartinyeri, Doreen, 336 Langhorne, George, 57 Kaurna people, 93, 94 Lanney (or Lanne), William, 257, 258, 259, Keith, Arthur Berriedale, 2 260, 273 Kennedy, Arthur, 362, 363, 364 Larkin, W. J., 330 Kenny, Robert, 55 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 85, 249 Kilcoy station, poisoning of Indigenous The Last of the Tasmanians, 248–50 visitors, 143 Lawson, Tom, 20, 249, 250, 410 King, George, 184 Lee Steere, James George, 369 king-plates, 37 Lee, Richard, 247 Konishi, Shino, 29 Lee, William, 130 Kooyan (Daungwurrung man), 274 Legislative Council Act 1870 (WA), 367 Koppernamanna mission, 344 Lemkin, Raphaël, 15, 16, 31, 250 Kudnarto, Mary Ann, 189 Lester, Alan, 7, 9, 24, 41, 48, 70, 119, 214 Kulin nations, 55, 192, 272, 282 Leveson-Gower, Granville George (2nd Earl delegation to lobby for agricultural reserve, Granville), 390 274–76 Lewis, George Cornewall, 115 gifts for British royal family, 281, 283 liberty, 10–12 loyal address to Queen Victoria, 280, as founding princple of South Australia, 161 281–83 Indigenous claims for, 148 Indigenous peoples’ right to, 116 La Fontaine, Louis-Hyppolyte, 158 multi-racial population as threat to, 168 La Trobe, Charles, 74, 88, 89, 90, 190, 191 as right of Britons, 120, 121, 171 Lackland, Jacob, 165 Ligar, Charles, 274 Laidlaw, Zoë, 7, 24, 48, 69, 410 Lithgow, William, 76 laissez faire, 44 Liverpool Plains, 54, 74 Lake Boga mission, 184, 224, 273 logic of elimination, 14, 15, 362 Lake Killalpaninna mission, 344 London Missionary Society (LMS), 38, 39, Lake Macquarie mission, 38, 76, 77, 90, 182, 57, 68 183 Lonsdale, William, 53 Lamb, John, 303 Lowe, Jacob, 323 Lamb, William (2nd Viscount Melbourne), Lowe, Robert, 120, 125, 132, 168, 171, 172, 60, 63 192, 193 Lambton, John (1st Earl of Durham), 108–12, Lutheran missions, 184 171 Lydon, Jane, 10, 259, 276, 280, 282, 372, 380, land policy 386, 388 and Aboriginal rights, 127–31 British control over, 64, 128 Mabo case, 180 control by colonial legislatures, 217–18, Macarthur, Hannibal, 76 218, 236 Macarthur, James, 62, 120, 124, 130, 133, 192 Land Regulations 1887 (WA), 393 Macarthur, John, 36, 62 Lang, Gideon Scott, 308 Macarthur, William, 194 Lang, John Dunmore Macdermott, Henry, 121 and Aborgines Protection Society, 78 MacDonnell, Richard, 350 on colonial nobility, 228 MacHughes, William, 354 on convict transportation, 218 Mackay, John, 106

422 Index

Mackenzie, Evan, 143 Melbourne (Lord). See Lamb, William (2nd Mackenzie, Robert, 320 Viscount Melbourne) Maconochie, Alexander, 146 Melbourne, A. C. V., 4 Macquarie, Lachlan, 35, 37, 38, 56, 304 Melville, Henry, 114 Madden, Robert, 203 Mercury (Hobart), 258 Magarey, Thomas, 349 Merivale, Herman, 171, 188 Maguire, John, 348 on Aboriginal reserves, 198 Mahroot (Eora man), 138 amalgamation policy, 117–19 Main, J. M., 160 background, 117 Mandler, Peter, 120 on colonial control of Aboriginal policy, Mansell, Edward, 223 221, 237 Mar, Tracey Banivanua, 328 on employment of Indigenous people, 15 Maraura people, 97 on granting of responsible government, 214 Maria shipwreck, murder of survivors, on legal adaption in frontier situtations, 202 95–96 on schooling for Indigenous people, 221 Marmion, William, 397, 399 on self-government and Aboriginal policy, Marsden, Samuel, 39, 68 244 Marsh, Matthew, 229 support for establishment of Queensland, Martens, Jeremy, 394, 400 239 Martin, James, 83 Merri Creek school, 184 Marx, Karl, 50 Michie, Archibald, 171 massacres of Indigenous people, 193 Mill, John Stuart, 17, 45, 50, 241–42, 245, 270 by Mitchell’s third exploratory expedition Miller, Edmund K., 337, 346 party, 54 Milligan, Joseph, 149 Fassifern incident, 318 Milloy, John, 137 Flying Foam Passage massacre, 365 Milmenrura people, 95, 96 Macintyre River region, 200 Milne, William, 338 Myall Creek, 75, 193 missionaries poisoning at Kilcoy, 143 and Aboriginal policy, 38–39 Port Phillip district, 56 relationships with Indigenous people, 196 Queensland, 244 in South Australia, 92 reprisals for Cullin-la-ringo station killings, support for Aboriginal rights, 183 325, 366 in Victoria, 273 reprisals for Hornet Bank station killings, missionary colonialism, 18 293, 294, 319, 325, 366 Missionary Cotton Company, 324 South Australia, 97 missions. See also names of mission, e.g. Lake Waterloo Creek, 75, 83 Macquarie mission Masters and Servants Act 1847, 168, 212 criticisms of, 77 Masters and Servants Acts, 372 failure, 90, 91, 182, 183, 309 Matilda (Pyterrunner), 149 funding for, 225 Matthews, Daniel, 386 New South Wales, 56, 90, 183, 301, 309, May, Dawn, 315, 329 386 Mayne, William, 191 Queensland, 90, 143, 183, 329–31 McClelland, Keith, 8, 410 South Australia, 184, 185, 336–38, 341, McCombie, Thomas, 148, 270–71, 272, 312 344, 354 McDonald, Helen, 246 successes, 185 McEachern, James, 120 Victoria, 183, 224 McGuire, John, 402 Western Australia, 184, 185, 363, 371, 378, McHugh, Paul, 23 383, 386 McKenna, Mark, 129, 133, 280, 282, 366 Mitchell, Jessie, 39, 196, 285 McKenzie, Kirsten, 104, 105 Mitchell, Thomas, 52, 54, 183, 190 McLeod, Don, 403 Mohican Station, 277 McMinn, W. G., 4 Molesworth Report, 105, 107, 108 McNab, David, 117, 119, 242 Molesworth, William, 45, 104, 106, 107, McNab, Duncan, 375 174, 236

Index 423

Monk, Frederick, 342 Queensland inquiry into eficiency, 318 Moor, Henry, 194 Queensland inquiry into organisation and Moore, Keith, 230 management, 320–25 Moorhouse, Matthew, 92, 97, 336 recruits from Victoria, 284 Mordialloc station, 196 size of force, 195, 200, 201, 289, 296 Moreton Bay warfare with Indigenous people, 201 extent of settlement, 33 Native Police, 75 labour shortage, 167 Native Training Institution, Poonindie, 185, 197 representatives on NSW Legislative Natives Convictions Validity Act 1883 (WA), Council, 142 374 separation movement, 141–45, 230 natural selection, 247, 249 Moreton Bay Aborigines’ Friends Society, 224 Nettelbeck, Amanda, 9, 97, 100, 189, 345, 346 Moreton Bay and Northern Districts New Norcia mission, 186, 363, 367, 368, 382, Separation Association, 230 386 Moreton Bay Courier, 144, 145, 230, 231, New South Wales. See also Port Phillip dis- 298, 318, 319 trict, See also Moreton Bay Morissett, E. M. V., 323 Aboriginal voting rights, 10–12 Morris, Augustus, 299, 340 banquet to celebrate opening of parliament Mortimer, John, 318, 320 (1856), 288 Motte, Standish, 12, 115 debate over constitution, 226–31 Mounted Police Force, NSW, 201 electoral reform, 298 Mounted Police Force, WA, 53 end of convict transportation, 107, 120, 174 Müller, Max, 310 irst elections, 131 Mundy, Godfrey, 206, 227 immigrants in 1830s, 119 Munnering, Tommy (Woiwurrung man), 274 moral corruption, 105, 107 Munro, Margery, 262 near universal male suffrage, 299 Murray, George, 29, 30, 40, 69, 405 oligarchy, 126, 131 Murrum-Murrum (Daungwurrung man), 274 pressure for political representation, 61–64 Myall Creek massacre, 75, 193 representative government, 126, 131 Myall Creek trials, 80, 81–84, 85, 135, 138, responsible government, 288 144, 181, 192, 193 resumption of convict transportation, 162, 174 Narrang Jackey (Wiradjuri man), 65 shift to liberal politics, 289 National Colonisation Society, 45 visit by Prince Alfred, 310 Native Institution, Parramatta, 38 New South Wales — Aboriginal policy Native Mounted Police (NMP) admissibility of Aboriginal evidence, 304 abolition in Victoria, 210 annual Aboriginal feasts, 37, 56 atrocities committed in Queensland, 320–25 annual blanket distribution, 56, 65, 136, Colonial Ofice view of, 200 137–40, 199, 302, 304 cost, 328 ban on sale of alcohol, 306–7 deployment to crush Aboriginal resistance, evolution 1788–1830, 31–38 23, 146, 201 following NSW Select Committee report, escort for Prince Albert and royal party, 332 194–97 establishment, 146 following self-government, 23 expansion of force, 292, 317 granting of boats, 304 formation by Gipps, 146 investigation by Legislative Council com- on goldields, 210 mittee, 76, 78 in parade celebrating Victorian separation, 179 Lands Department responsibility for, 302 in Port Phillip district, 200 legal assistance, 302 La Trobe’s view of, 191 liberal governments and, 298–301 northern force, 200–202 medical assistance, 198, 302, 303 NSW Executive Council support, 195 minimal care following responsible govern- NSW South Wales Select Committee ment, 305 inquiry into, 291–92 protection policy, 74–84 in Port Phillip district, 145–47 under Governor Bourke, 52, 54, 56

424 Index

New South Wales — Aboriginal-settler conlict Ngarrindjeri Regional Authority, 409 Dawson River district, 293–97 Ngiyamba people, 38 escalation in 1820s, 38 Nichols, Bob, 138 Hornet Bank massacre, 293, 294 Nichols, George, 192, 193, 289 in 1830s, 54 Ninghi Ninghi people, 33, 90, 143 Macintyre River region, 200 Nique, Peter, 91 Mounted Police deployed against Nixon, Francis Russell, 222–23, 267 Indigenous people, 54 Noongar people, 99, 101, 102, 409 Myall Creek massacre, 75 Noongar place names, 99 northern districts 1856–9, 298 Noongar Recognition Act 2016 (WA), 409 pre-1820s, 33 Northern Territory punitive expeditions, 84 Adelaide River settlement, 352–53 settler opposition and resistance to protec- colonisation by South Australia, 350–53 tion policy, 74–84 included within borders of South Australia, Waterloo Creek massacre, 75, 83 350 New South Wales — Legislative Assembly Northern Territory Act 1863 (SA), 350 franchise, 289 Northern Territory Intervention, 407 Select Committee on Murders by Aborines NSW Advertiser, 89 on the Dawson River (1858), 295–97 Nunn, James, 75, 83 New South Wales — Legislative Council composition, 62, 125, 131, 289 O’Brien, Anne, 181 defeat of Native Evidence Bill (1849), O’Brien, Bartholomew, 198 192–94 O’Brien, William Smith, 233–34 demand for greater powers, 178 O’Connell, Maurice, 123, 322, 331 establishment, 36 O’Farrell, Henry James, 310 irst election, 131 O’Halloran, Thomas, 95, 97 franchise, 131, 178 O’Sullivan, E. W., 400 powers, 63, 125, 131 Okaparinga Jack (Mullawirraburka), 93 Select Committee on the Condition of Onslow, Alexander, 394 Aborigines (1845), 194 Ord, Harry, 370 Select Committee on the Condition of the Ormerod, George, 354 Aborigines (1845), 138–40 Orphan School, Hobart, 205 squatter dominance, 132 Orsted-Jensen, Robert, 328 New South Wales Act 1823, 37 Orton, Joseph, 73 New South Wales Constitution Act 1842, 129, Outline of a system of legislation (Motte), 115 131 Oyster Bay people, 40, 41, 42 New South Wales Constitution Committee Oyster Cove Aboriginal settlement (1853), 227 closure, 260 New South Wales Legislative — Assembly conditions, 205, 248 Select Committee on the Native Police funding for, 257 Force (1856-7), 291–92 initial optimism of Indigenous people, 204 New York Times, 393 meeting of residents with Prince Alfred, 259 New Zealand number of residents, 257, 258 control over Maori policy, 215, 240–42, 326 relationship of residents with Governor, 205 Maori king movement, 282 resettlement of Flinders Islanders, 151, Maori wars, 241, 282 203–4 purchasing of land from Maori, 128 visits by residents to Government House, responsible government, 214–15 258–59 self-government, 156–58 Treaty of Waitangi, 129 Paciic Islander labour trade, 168, 329 New Zealand Company, 128 Paine, Tom, 11 New Zealand Constitution Act 1846, 157, Pakington, John, 214, 216, 217, 218, 236 175, 214 Palmer, Alison, 316 New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, 215 Pangerang people, 280, 282 Ngadjuri people, 347 Pangerian Cuper, Helen, 368 Ngarrindjeri people, 341, 353, 356 Pantuni, George, 355, 356

Index 425

Parker government (NSW), 302 Plomley, N. J. B., 79 Parker, Edward Read, 376 Plunkett, John, 76, 81, 82, 135, 192, Parker, Edward Stone, 73, 78, 87, 88, 89, 196, 193 223 Point McLeay mission, 341, 353, 355 Parker, Henry Watson, 289, 291, 292 poisoning of Indigenous people, 143 Parker, Stephen Henry, 370, 373, 380, 394, Polding, John Bede, 185 397, 401 political representation Parkes, Henry, 212, 226, 229, 295, 296, 400 and control of lands, 64 Parkinson, Charles Frederick Doyle, 321 convict transportation and, 63 Parnegean (Daungwurrung man), 274 pressure for, 61–64 Parry, Henry, 375, 386, 387, 389 political rights discourse Parsons, Michael, 356 place of Indigenous people in, 119–24 Pastoral Association of New South Wales, 132 Poonindie mission, 190, 197, 212, 336–38, pastoral expansion 342, 353, 355 and Aboriginal policy (1831–34), 53–58 popular constitutionalism, 121 exploration for new lands, 52, 54 Port Phillip Association, 54–55 Northern Territory, 349 Port Phillip district. See also Victoria Queensland, 142, 315 annexation by New South Wales, 55 Western Australia, 365, 385, 401 establishment of government presence, 53 pastoral industry massacres of Indigenous people, 56 abuse of Indigenous labour, 371 occupation, 52 employment of Indigenous labour, 202, separation from New South Wales, 210, 305, 328–29, 371–72 178, 179 forced Indigenous labour, 372 separation movement, 145–48 pastoral leases settlement without government sanction, Indigenous people’s right of access, 188, 54–55 191, 195, 196, 201, 237, 307, 393 Western Districts, 52 pastoralists. See also squatters Port Phillip Gazette, 84, 148 desire for cheap labour, 167, 168, 169 Port Phillip Herald, 145, 172 electoral dominance in Queensland, 315 Port Phillip Patriot, 146 liberal critique of land and labour policies, Port Phillip Protectorate, 287 168, 169 abolition, 194, 195, 196 weakening of grip on power, 166 appointment of protectors, 73 Paul, Mandy, 189 closure of stations, 89 Pearce, Harry Midland, 296 cost of, 191 pearling industry demands for recognition of Indigenous land forced Indigenous labour, 365 ownership, 87 regulation of use of Indigenous labour, 368, establishment of stations, 86, 88 370, 371, 382 Indigenous people’s complaints to protectors, reliance on Indigenous labour, 365, 371 86–87 Peel, Robert, 124, 156 Indigenous people’s relationship with Pelham-Clinton, Henry (5th Duke of protectors, 84 Newcastle), 219, 232, 283, 350 settler opposition and resistance to, 84–90, penal settlements, 33 145, 147 Pepper, Nathanael, 273 Prentis, Malcolm, 320 petitioning as political tactic, 278 Price, Charles, 171 Petrie, Thomas, 332, 333 Pring, Ratcliff, 318 Petrow, Stefan, 256, 260 Prinsep, Henry, 404 Phelps, Joseph, 307 Proctor, Craig, 316 Phillip, Arthur, 32, 37, 61 protection of Aborigines Phillips, David, 7, 301 implementation of policy, 72–74 Phillips, Derek, 265 New South Wales, 74–84 Pickering, Paul, 121 Port Phillip District, 84–90 Pikampul people, 224 South Australia, 91–98 Pine, Benjamin, 362, 363, 367 uncertainty over method, 85 Pitts, Jennifer, 44 Western Australia, 98–102

426 Index

protectors Ramahyuck mission, 279, 283 appointment and duties, 71, 72–74 Rebellion Losses Act 1849 (Can), 158 funded from colonial revenues, 73 Redman, William, 303 Indigenous people’s relationship with, 92, Reece, R. H. W., 37, 56, 181 311 Reform Act 1832, 59 as intermediaries, 86 Reibey, Thomas, 262, 265, 266, 267 role, 196 Reid, Gordon, 293, 318, 325, 330 under authority of governors, 71 Repeal of Waste Lands (Australia) Act 1855, Pugh, Theophilus, 319, 324 236 Report from the Select Committee on Queensland. See also Moreton Bay Aborigines (British Settlements), 68, establishment of colony, 297, 314 69–71, 72, 73, 75, 104, 118 gold rushes, 326 Report on the Affairs of British North pastoral expansion, 142 America. See Durham Report public celebrations to mark separation, 314 Report on the Best Means of Promoting responsible government, 314–17 the Civilization of the Aboriginal restricted franchise, 315 Inhabitants of Australia (Grey) (1840), Royal Marine outpost on Cape York, 243 96, 119 separation from New South Wales, 239 representative government, 17, 34 visit by Prince Alfred, 331–33 and convict transportation, 103, 107, 120 Queensland — Aboriginal policy colonies. See names of colonies annual blanket distribution, 322 republicanism, 133, 171, 172 Britain’s concern over, 326 reserves controlled by local government under pasto- Christian missions in Victoria, 284 ralist control, 239, 244 control by Executive Government, 195 deployment of Native Mounted Police, creation welcomed by Indigenous poeple, 326–28 192 following self-government, 23 establishment recommended, 188 Queensland — Aboriginal-settler conlict government stations in Victoria, 284 Black War of Southern Queensland, 142 New South Wales, 194, 195, 197, 386 British concerns over extent of violence, Northern Territory, 351 239 possibility of creation, 128, 175, 187 Cape York, 243, 244, 326 Queensland, 330 Cullin-la-ringo station massacre, 325, 347 South Australia, 189, 352 Dawson River district, 293–97 Victorian policy and Indigenous agency, frontier violence, 142–45, 326 274–84 genocide, 313, 325 Western Australia, 363, 368, 371, 375, 383 and inquiry into Native Police, 320–25 responsible government, 17 number of Aboriginal deaths, 328 and Aboriginal rights, 233–34 open warfare, 313 British debates over new colonial reporting of frontier violence, 297 constitutions, 235–38 violent clashes on goldields, 326 British power of veto over colonial laws, Queensland — Legislative Assembly 236 Select Committee on Native Police Force colonies. See names of colonies (1861) (Qld), 320–25 dark side, 241–42, 242 Select Committee on Police (1860), 317–18 New Zealand, 214–15 Queensland — Legislative Council Reynolds, Henry, 60, 79, 188 appointment to, 316 on British Aboriginal policy prior to Queensland — settler-Aboriginal conlict, 181 responsible government, 181 on conlict in traditional Indigenous life, R v Jack Congo Murrell, 81 142 R v Kilmeister, 81 on cost of Native Mounted Police in race theory, 247 Queensland, 328 racial diversity, 18 on frontier violence in Queensland, 239, racial thinking, rise in, 245 313, 325, 326 Raftery, Judith, 339 on genocidal moments, 313, 325

Index 427

on genocide, 15 Salvado, Rosendo, 186, 367, 368 on Indigenous access to pastoral leases, 237 Sandeman, Gordon, 290 The Law of the the Land, 180 Sapphire, killing of shipwrecked crew, 243, 317 on protests by Flinders Islanders, 65, 150 Saunders, – (Reverend), 78, 81 on Robinson’s unwritten treaties with Schmidt, Karl Wilhelm, 91, 139 Tasmanian Aborigines, 42 Scott, Edward, 397 on self-government and Aboriginal policy, 6 Scott, Marian (or Maria), 262 on support for Aboriginal rights, 183 Scott, Robert, 77, 81 This Whispering in our Heart, 406 secret ballot, 269, 299 Reynolds, Thomas, 340 Select Committee of the Legislative Council Richards, Jonathon, 325 upon the Aborigines (1860) (SA), Richardson, Alexander, 397, 398 341–44 Ridley, William, 224–26, 309, 322 Select Committee on Aborigines in British Robe, Frederick, 160 Settlements (1836–7), 67–71 Roberts, Stephen, 129, 131, 140, 217 Select Committee on Murders by Aborines on Robertson, John, 292 the Dawson River (1858), 295–97 Robinson, Frederick John (Viscount Select Committee on Native Police Force Goderich), 49 (1861) (Qld), 320–25 Robinson, George Augustus Select Committee on Police (1860) (Qld), approach to protection of Aborigines, 71, 85 317–18 as Chief Protector of Aborigines, 73, 87, 89, Select Committee on the Aborigines (1858) 188, 190 (Vic), 271–73 on creation of reserves, 188 Select Committee on the Bill for Responsible Friendly Mission to Tasmanian Aborigines, Government in Western Australia 42–43 (1890), 401 supervision of Bruny Island settlement, 42 Select Committee on the Condition of the supervision of Flinders Island settlement, Aborigines (NSW) (1845), 138–40, 58, 65, 67 194 transfer of Flinders Island residents to Port Select Committee on the Disposal of Lands in Phillip, 77, 78–80 the British Colonies (1836), 64, 112 on using force against Aboriginal people, 77 Select Committee on the Native Police Force visit to Oyster Cove settlement, 205 (1856–7), 291–92 Robinson, Shirleene, 331 Select Committee on Transportation (1837), Robinson, William, 370, 371–74, 376, 401, 402 63, 104–5 Robson, Lloyd, 265 self-governing colonies, and Indigenous Rode, Augustus, 322 people, 22–24 Roe, Michael, 129 self-government, 16–17 Rogers, Frederick, 3, 22, 236, 244, 245 advantages for Britain in granting, 242 Rosaldo, Renato, 261 background, 20–21 Ross, William, 307 and British Aboriginal policy, 114–19, 244 Roth Report, 403 as British birthright, 120–21 Rottnest Island Aboriginal prison, 101–2, 184, British views on, 155–60 372, 373, 374, 376, 382 colonial demands for, 160–64, 216 Royal Society of Tasmania, 260 convict transportation and, 161–64 Royds, Edmund, 296 devising of new colonial constitutions, Rusden, Thomas, 292 226–34 Russell, John (1st Earl), 100, 104, 107, 112, Indigenous political participation, 123–24, 115, 124, 156, 174, 214, 236 172 Russell, Lynette, 79, 287 New Zealand, 156–58 Ryan, Lyndall, 40, 42, 56, 58, 65, 79, 206, 250 place of Aboriginal people in future, 171–73 Sadlier, – (Lieutenant), 78 political rights discourse of settlers, 123–24 Sale of Waste Lands Act 1842, 127, 129, 132, separation movements 175, 187 Moreton Bay, 141–45, 230 Sale of Waste Lands Amendment Act 1846, northern districts of New South Wales, 290 141, 187, 217 Port Phillip, 145–48

428 Index

Serle, Geoffrey, 4 demands for self-government, 160–61 Serocold, George, 294 early public image, 91 settler colonial studies, 14 establishment of colony, 50–51, 61 settler colonialism Executive Council, 113 attention to Indigenous histories, 405 extension of borders to include Northern and decolonisation, 409 Territory, 350 Durham Report as manifesto for, 112 founding values, 161 logic of elimination, 14, 15, 362 German settlers included within Anglo- logic of exploitation, 384 Saxon subjecthood, 340–41 nature of, 13–16 limited representative government, 178 reverse narratives of victimhood, 204 representative government, 51, 125 tension between moral anxiety and trium- self government, 113 phalism, 406 voting rights of Indigenous people, 339 settler philosophy of colonisation, 82 South Australia — Aboriginal policy settler society annual Aboriginal feast, 93 assumption of Indigenous inferiority, 39, 183 chaining of Indigenous prisoners/suspects, sources of conlict within, 17–19 98, 346, 347 settler-Aboriginal conlict. See headings for expenditure, 336 each colony, e.g. Queensland — following responsible government, 335–39 settler-Aboriginal conlict following self-government, 23 Sharpe, T., 308 ignoring of Indigenous rights in land, 94 Shaw, A. G. L., 85 Indigenous people as British subjects, 61, Shaw, George, 315 97, 345 Shenton, George, 378, 393 Indigenous people as foreign enemies, 95 Sholl, Robert, 366, 368, 382, 397, 398 initial protection plan, 60 Short, Augustus, 338 inquiry into spending, reserves and condi- Sievwright, Charles, 73, 89 tion of popuation, 341–44 Singleton, John, 279 land grants to Aboriginal women married to Skira, Irynej, 263 white men, 189 slavery legal pluralism, 345 abolition in British colonies, 59 policing of Indigenous people, 346 anti-slavery movement, 105 protection policy, 94–98 in British Empire, 8 public hangings of Aboriginal offenders, controversy over abuse of Indigenous labour 348–49 in WA, 387–91 ration distribution, 189, 212, 336, 344 convict system likened to, 105, 168 recognition of Indigenous rights in land, debates over abolition, 62 13, 61, 92 forced Indigenous labour in pearling indus- responsibility of Crown Lands and try, 362, 365, 367, 371, 391 Immigration department, 336 forced Indigenous labour on pastoral sta- restoration of protectorate, 338, 344 tions, 362, 372 summary execution of Indigenous offend- in British Empire, 410 ers, 95, 96, 348 Slavery Abolition Act 1833, 8, 62 summary punishments for Indigenous in Tasmania, 249 offenders, 98 smallpox, 51, 56, 365 uncertainty over political and legal status of Smillie, William, 92 Indigenous people, 339–41 Smith, Adam, 11, 44 South Australia — Aboriginal-settler conlict Smith, Benjamin, 155 Adelaide River settlement, 352–53 Smith, Charles, 138 frontier violence, 95, 181 Smith, Harry, 216 massacres of Indigenous people, 97 Smithies, John, 100, 184 murder of Maria shipwreck survivors, Snodgrass, Kenneth, 75 95–96, 348 South Australia murder of Rainbird family, 347 banning of public executions, 348 Rufus River region, 97 colonisation of Northern Territory, 350–53 settler opposition and resistance to protec- debate over new constitution, 231 tion policy, 94–98

Index 429

South Australia - Legislative Council opposition to protection policy, 78, 80 establishment, 125 settler philosophy of colonisation, 82 South Australia — Legislative Council Sydney Monitor, 113 composition, 160 Sydney Morning Herald (formerly Sydney franchise, 178 Herald), 132, 288, 295, 297 Select Committee upon the Aborigines Symmons, Charles, 99, 101, 102, 184, 196, (1860), 341–44 202 South Australia Act 1834, 51, 61, 113, 160 South Australian Advertiser, 343 Taplin, George, 342, 353, 355, 356 South Australian Association, 50, 104 Tasmania South Australian Colonization Commission, bushrangers, 71 51, 98 convict transportation, 104, 161 South Australian Gazette, 94 corruption, 105 South Australian Legislative Council, 135 devising of new constitution, 232 South Australian Register, 96, 113, 344 education system, 265 South West Native Title Settlement,, 409 end of convict transportation, 174, 218, Southern Australian (newspaper), 96, 113 219 Spiekese, Friedrich Wilhelm, 273 free assisted immigration, 49 squatters Indigenous activism on Flinders Island, approach to colonisation, 164 148–51 cancelling of licenses, 130 limited representative government, 178 dominance of NSW Legislative Council, name change, 237 132 relections on extinction of Indigenous licensing system in New South Wales, 53 population, 207 outrage at Land Sales Act, 129 representative government, 126 residence qualiication for voting rights, separation from New South Wales, 36 299 Tasmania — Aboriginal policy. See also Stanley, Edward (14th Earl of Derby), 124, Oyster Cove Aboriginal settlement, 134, 137, 140, 380, 381 See also Flinders Island Aboriginal Statham, Pamela, 169 settlement Stephen, Alfred, 305, 315 Black Line, 41 Stephen, James, 60, 134, 135, 159 closure of Flinders Island settlement, 151 Stephens, Ward, 77, 81 denial of Aboriginality of Furneaux Stevenson, George, 92 Islanders, 206, 262, 264 Stirling, James, 53, 60, 101 evolution 1788–1830, 31–38 Stone, John Frederick, 378 following self-government, 22 Stradbroke Island mission, 183 marital law, 40 strategic outposts, 33 neglect of Furneaux Islanders, 264–65 Stuart, John McDonnell, 349 relocation of Flinders Islanders to Oyster Sturt, Charles, 92 Cove, 151, 203–4 supersessionist beliefs, 40, 122 removal of Indigenous population to Supreme Court of New South Wales, 36 Flinders Island, 41–43, 68, 69, 206 Suttor, George, 81 schooling in Furneaux islands, 266 Suttor, William, 194 under responsible government, Swain, Shurlee, 7, 301 256–58 Swainson, William, 157 Tasmania — Aboriginal-settler conlict Swan River Colony. See Western Australia escalation in 1820s, 38 Sydney Aborigines Committee, 199, 304 prior to 1830, 29–30 Sydney Chronicle, 123, 163 warfare, 40–41 Sydney Gazette, 89 Tasmania — Legislative Assembly Sydney Herald (later Sydney Morning Herald) property-based franchise, 256 on Asian indentured labour, 106 Tasmania — Legislative Council on Durham Report, 113 appointment to, 126 on missionaries, 81 composition, 36, 256 on Myall Creek trials, 81, 82 establishment, 36 on protection policy, 77 franchise, 178, 256

430 Index

Tasmanian Aborigines. See also Furneaux UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Islanders Peoples, 12 and debate over human origins, 245–46 Unaipon, James, 353, 354 declared extinct, 260, 261 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 380 expected extinction, 257, 258, 259 Undanbi people, 33, 90 explanations for supposed extinction, 246–48, 249 Van Diemen’s Land (VDL). See on Flinders Island. See Flinders Island Tasmania Aboriginal settlement van Toorn, Penny, 280, 283 genocide, 31, 250, 411 Vassilief, Lilia, 331 histories of, 248–50 Victoria. See also Port Phillip district at Oyster Cove. See Oyster Cove Aboriginal celebration of separation from New South settlement Wales, 179 scientiic interest in human remains, 246, devising of new constitution, 231 248, 260 establishment of colony, 178 so-called last man, 259, 260 Eurkea rebellion, 231 Taylor, Miles, 156 limited representative government, 178 Taylor, Rebe, 246, 261 local government, 231 Thackabiddy case, 379, 382, 389 promotion of cultural progress and scientiic Thomas, Judy (Pollerelberner), 223 enlightenment, 271 Thomas, William responsible government, 269 appointment as assistant protector of secret ballot, 269 Aborigines, 73 self-government, 269 appointment as Guardian of Aborigines, 196 treaty with Aboriginal Victorians, 409 arrival in Sydney, 78 Victoria — Aboriginal policy boundaries of Woiwurrung country, 87 Aboriginal Protection Act 1869, 286 evidence given to Select Committee (1858), banning of Indigenous people from towns 272 during royal visit, 285–86 Indigenous people’s complaints to, 87, 187 Board for the Protection of the Aborigines, recruitment of police, 146 286 support for Indigenous demands for Board to Watch over the Interests of the reserves, 192, 274, 276, 277, 311 Aborigines, 284–86 support for Kulin address to Queen Victoria, British humanitarian inheritance, 269 281 Central Board to Watch over the Interests of Thompson, Deas, 193 the Aborigines, 276–78 Thompson, Thomas Perronet, 174 following self-government, 23, 269, Threlkeld, Lancelot, 38, 39, 46, 57, 68, 77, 270 78, 182, 196 intervention, micro-management, and Times (London), 209, 218, 260, 399 control, 269, 284–87 Timperley, W. H., 384 La Trobe’s views on, 191 Toorbul (Turrbal) people, 33, 90, 143 protection. See Port Phillip Protectorate Towns, Robert, 213 reserves policy and Indigenous agency, Townsley, W. A., 265 274–84 Treaty of Waitangi, 129 restrictions on sale of alcohol, 285 Trial and Summary Punishment Act 1849, 203 Victoria — Aboriginal-settler conlict Truganini, 149, 258, 259, 260, 261, 264, 273 duration of frontier violence, 181 Tuckield, Francis, 88, 184, 196 end of frontier violence, 200 Turnbull, Clive, 250 massacres of Indigenous people, 56 Turnbull, Paul, 247 Native Police deployed to crush Aboriginal Tyers, C. J., 272 resistance, 146 Tylor, Edward, 246 settler opposition and resistance to protection policy, 84–90 Uluru Statement from the Heart, 408 Victoria — Legislative Assembly UN Convention on the Prevention and elections every three years, 270 Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 12 manhood suffrage, 269

Index 431

Victoria — Legislative Council convict transportation, 170, 203, 362, 364 franchise, 178 early economic failure, 50 Select Committee on the Aborigines (1858), employment of Aboriginal labour, 99 271–73 foundation as colony, 50 Victoria (Queen), 150, 151, 251 Gibble affair, 387–91 address from Port McLeay mission, 355 gold rushes, 385, 401 celebrations in Melbourne to mark birthday Government Residents’ powers, 364 (1863), 280–83 indentured Chinese labour, 170 gifts from Kulin nations, 281 labour shortage, 99, 169, 365 response to Kulin loyal address and gifts, pastoral expansion, 365, 401 283 proposed division into two colonies, 381, Vincent, Henry, 102, 184 395 representative government, 126, 178, 366 Wadawurrung people, 179 responsible government, 369–70, 381 Wakeield, Edward Gibbon, 43, 44–45, 49, 64, royal visit by Prince Alfred, 363 98, 109 self-government, 160, 373, 401–4 Walker, Frederick, 202, 319, 325 slavery controversy, 385, 387–91 Walker, George Washington, 57, 149, 248 Western Australia — Aboriginal policy Walker, John, 344, 347 Aboriginal Native Offenders Bill, 377 Wallace, Alfred Russell, 247 Aborigines Protection Act 1886, Warburton, Peter, 345, 346, 347 391–92 Ward, John M., 3, 133, 163, 186 Aborigines Protection Board, 392, 395, Warrandyte station, 196 396, 402, 403 Warton, Charles, 392, 393, 399 authorisation of punitive expeditions, 53 Waswo, Richard, 11, 131 before representative government, Waterhouse, George, 342 362–66 Waterhouse, Richard, 5 before self-government, 24 Waterloo Creek massacre, 75, 83 chaining of Indigenous offenders/suspects, Wathawurrung people, 285 364, 366, 372, 377, 387 Watherston, Alexander, 353, 355 expenditure, 403 Watson, Henry, 92 logging of Aboriginal offenders, 378, Watson, William, 57, 64, 90, 196 402 Waylen, Alfred Robert, 376, 378, 392 following representative government, Weiman, John, 311 367–69 Weld, Frederick, 24, 367–69, 369, 402 following self-government, 25, 401–4 Wellington Valley mission, 57, 64, 76, 90, inquiry into treatment of Aboriginal 183, 301 prisoners, 378, 382–84, 387 Wentworth, William Charles, 192 management of Aboriginal labour, 365 advocacy for representative government, 36, military actions against Indigenous people, 62, 114, 133 54, 60 dissatisfaction with Australian Colonies protection, 98–102 Government Act, 178 public conlict over, 386 on Myall Creek trials, 135, 193 regulation of use of Indigenous labour in opposition to democracy, 229 pearling industry, 368, 370, 371 opposition to representative upper house, responsible government campaign and, 227, 228 393–401 support for Indian indentured labour, 134 Rottnest Island Aboriginal prison, 101–2, Weraerai people, 76 184, 372, 373, 374, 376, 382 West Australian (newspaper), 370, 376, 380, summary trial and punishment of 386, 388, 394, 396, 397 Indigenous offenders, 100, 202–3, West Australian Times, 364, 370 364, 369 West, John, 79, 164, 206–7, 234, 298 under Governor Broome, 376–84, 387, 391, Western Australia 392, 395 campaign for responsible government, under Governor Robinson, 371–74 393–401 welfare proposals from churches, 375

432 Index

Western Australia — Aboriginal-settler conlict Wilson, Edward, 271 Aboriginal resistance and reprisals in Wilson, John Ker, 321, 323 1890s, 402 Windeyer, Richard, 78, 82, 135, criticism of settler behaviour, 57 138, 140 Flying Foam Passage massacre, 365 Wiradjuri people, 38, 57, 65, 90, 130, 306 government response to frontier violence, Wiradjuri wars, 74 100 Woiwurrung language, 196 in 1830s, 53 Woiwurrung people, 55, 87, 146, 192, 276, Mounted Police force role, 53 277, 280 policing, arrest, and imprisonment, 363, 377 Wolfe, Patrick, 14, 72, 362 reprisals for taking or abuse of Indigenous Wonga, Simon (Woiwurrung man), 274, 276, women, 373 278, 281 settler dissatisfaction with protection pro- Wonnarua people, 77 vided, 364, 373 Wood, Rebecca, 80 stock theft and stock killing, 364, 372–74 Woollacott, Angela, 10 Thackabiddy case, 379–81 Woolley, Charles, 259 Western Australia — Legislative Council Wotjobaluk people, 273, 310 composition and role, 53 Wrensfordley, Henry Thomas, 374 Western Australian Constitution (1899) Wyatt, William, 92 Section 70, 25, 399, 401, 403, 405, 408 Wynyard, R. H., 240 Western Australian Enabling Act (1890), 399–401 Yaburara people, 365, 366 Western Australian Journal, 114 Yelta mission, 224, 273 Western Australian Missionary Society, 57 Yougarla, Crow, 403 Western Districts of Port Phillip, 52 Young Ireland insurrection, 233 Western Mail, 392, 394 Young, Henry, 231, 257, 258, 305 Westgarth, William, 147 Yunupingu, Galaway, 299 Wheeler, Frederick, 318, 321 Wik case, 180 Zillman, John, 322, 324 Wills, Horatio, 325 Zion Hill mission, 90, 91, 138, 143, 183