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Stem Cell Research Is Murder 39 Judie Brown 6 干细胞之家www.stemcell8.cn ←点击进入 Stem Cell Research 干细胞之家www.stemcell8.cn ←点击进入 StemStem CellCell ResearchResearch Jennifer L. Skancke, Book Editor 干细胞之家www.stemcell8.cn ←点击进入 Christine Nasso, Publisher Elizabeth Des Chenes, Managing Editor © 2009 Greenhaven Press, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning Gale and Greenhaven Press are registered trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact: Greenhaven Press 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at gale.cengage.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmit- ted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Gale Customer Support, 1-800-877-4253 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to [email protected] Articles in Greenhaven Press anthologies are often edited for length to meet page requirements. In addition, original titles of these works are changed to clearly present the main thesis and to explicitly indicate the author’s opinion. Every effort is made to ensure that Greenhaven Press accurately reflects the original intent of the authors. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyrighted material. Cover image copyright sgame, 2008. Used under license from Shutterstock.com. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Stem cell research / Jennifer L. Skancke, book editor. p. cm. — (Introducing issues with opposing viewpoints) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7377-4175-9 (hardcover) 1. Stem cells. 2. Stem cell—Research. 3. Stem cells—Social aspects. I. Skancke, Jennifer. QH588.S83S7382 2009 616'.02774—dc22 2008041244 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 干细胞之家www.stemcell8.cn ←点击进入 Contents Foreword 5 Introduction 7 Chapter 1: Is Stem Cell Research Moral? 1. Stem Cell Research Is Immoral 12 William L. Saunders Jr. 2. Stem Cell Research Is Moral 18 Robert Menendez 3. Embryos Used in Stem Cell Research Are Human Beings 25 William L. Saunders Jr. 4. Embryos Used in Stem Cell Research Are Not Human Beings 32 Michael J. Sandel and Paul McHugh 5. Stem Cell Research Is Murder 39 Judie Brown 6. Stem Cell Research Is Not Murder 47 David Holcberg and Alex Epstein Chapter 2: Can Stem Cell Research Cure Disease? 1. Stem Cell Research Can Cure Many Diseases 53 Barack Obama 2. The Benefits of Stem Cell Research Have Been Exaggerated 60 Richard M. Doerflinger 3. Alternatives to Embryonic Stem Cell Research Can Cure 66 Disease David Christensen 4. Alternatives to Embryonic Stem Cell Research Cannot 73 Effectively Cure Disease Coalition for the Advancement of Medical Research 5. Stem Cells Made from Skin Are Effective 81 Bernadine Healy 干细胞之家www.stemcell8.cn ←点击进入 6. Stem Cells Made from Skin Are Not Effective 87 Sharon Begley Chapter 3: What Role Should the Government Play in Stem Cell Research? 1. The Government Should Fund Stem Cell Research 94 Julie Hutto 2. The Government Should Not Fund Stem Cell Research 101 Steve Lonegan 3. State Governments Will Fund Stem Cell Research 107 If the Federal Government Does Not Ronald Bailey 4. Stem Cell Research Policies Hurt the United States 114 Barbara A. Mikulski 5. Stem Cell Research Policies Do Not Hurt the United States 120 Eric Cohen Facts About Stem Cell Research 128 Glossary 136 Organizations to Contact 139 For Further Reading 147 Index 152 Picture Credits 159 干细胞之家www.stemcell8.cn ←点击进入 ForewordForeword ndulging in a wide spectrum of ideas, beliefs, and perspectives is a critical cornerstone of democracy. After all, it is often debates over I differences of opinion, such as whether to legalize abortion, how to treat prisoners, or when to enact the death penalty, that shape our society and drive it forward. Such diversity of thought is frequently regarded as the hallmark of a healthy and civilized culture. As the Reverend Clifford Schutjer of the First Congregational Church in Mansfield, Ohio, declared in a 2001 sermon, “Surrounding oneself with only like-minded people, restricting what we listen to or read only to what we find agreeable is irresponsible. Refusing to entertain doubts once we make up our minds is a subtle but deadly form of arro- gance.” With this advice in mind, Introducing Issues with Opposing Viewpoints books aim to open readers’ minds to the critically diver- gent views that comprise our world’s most important debates. Introducing Issues with Opposing Viewpoints simplifies for stu- dents the enormous and often overwhelming mass of material now available via print and electronic media. Collected in every volume is an array of opinions that captures the essence of a particular contro- versy or topic. Introducing Issues with Opposing Viewpoints books embody the spirit of nineteenth-century journalist Charles A. Dana’s axiom: “Fight for your opinions, but do not believe that they con- tain the whole truth, or the only truth.” Absorbing such contrasting opinions teaches students to analyze the strength of an argument and compare it to its opposition. From this process readers can inform and strengthen their own opinions, or be exposed to new informa- tion that will change their minds. Introducing Issues with Opposing Viewpoints is a mosaic of different voices. The authors are statesmen, pundits, academics, journalists, corporations, and ordinary people who have felt compelled to share their experiences and ideas in a pub- lic forum. Their words have been collected from newspapers, journals, books, speeches, interviews, and the Internet, the fastest growing body of opinionated material in the world. Introducing Issues with Opposing Viewpoints shares many of the well-known features of its critically acclaimed parent series, Opposing Viewpoints. The articles are presented in a pro/con format, allowing readers to absorb divergent perspectives side by side. Active reading Foreword 5 干细胞之家www.stemcell8.cn ←点击进入 questions preface each viewpoint, requiring the student to approach the material thoughtfully and carefully. Useful charts, graphs, and cartoons supplement each article. A thorough introduction provides readers with crucial background on an issue. An annotated bibliography points the reader toward articles, books, and Web sites that contain additional in- formation on the topic. An appendix of organizations to contact con- tains a wide variety of charities, nonprofit organizations, political groups, and private enterprises that each hold a position on the issue at hand. Finally, a comprehensive index allows readers to locate content quickly and efficiently. Introducing Issues with Opposing Viewpoints is also significantly different from Opposing Viewpoints. As the series title implies, its presentation will help introduce students to the concept of opposing viewpoints, and learn to use this material to aid in critical writing and debate. The series’ four-color, accessible format makes the books at- tractive and inviting to readers of all levels. In addition, each view- point has been carefully edited to maximize a reader’s understanding of the content. Short but thorough viewpoints capture the essence of an argument. A substantial, thought-provoking essay question placed at the end of each viewpoint asks the student to further investigate the issues raised in the viewpoint, compare and contrast two authors’ arguments, or consider how one might go about forming an opinion on the topic at hand. Each viewpoint contains sidebars that include at-a-glance information and handy statistics. A Facts About section located in the back of the book further supplies students with relevant facts and figures. Following in the tradition of the Opposing Viewpoints series, Green- haven Press continues to provide readers with invaluable exposure to the controversial issues that shape our world. As John Stuart Mill once wrote: “The only way in which a human being can make some ap- proach to knowing the whole of a subject is by hearing what can be said about it by persons of every variety of opinion and studying all modes in which it can be looked at by every character of mind. No wise man ever acquired his wisdom in any mode but this.” It is to this principle that Introducing Issues with Opposing Viewpoints books are dedicated. 6 Stem Cell Research 干细胞之家www.stemcell8.cn ←点击进入 IntroductionIntroduction tem cells are “generic” cells found within the body that can make exact copies of themselves. They also have the ability to Sproduce a number of specialized cells, such as heart muscle cells, liver tissue cells, brain tissue cells, and others. As such, stem cells are emerging as a powerful new tool for replacing destroyed or damaged tissue in various parts of the body. There are two basic types: embry- onic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are obtained from aborted fetuses or embryos left over from in vitro fertilization, and adult stem cells are found in both children and adults. While adult stem cells can be turned into a limited number of other kinds of cells, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into over two hundred cell types. As a result many regard embryonic stem cells as a sort of cellular blank slate, and researchers think those cells may hold cures for conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, spinal cord injuries, heart disease, and cancer, to name just a few. While stem cell research has garnered a lot of support from people who believe it has the potential to treat and cure disease, many oth- ers oppose the technology—especially embryonic stem cell research, because it inherently causes the destruction of an embryo.
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