Minya Labour Market Analysis
Final Qualitative Report – January 2014
V2.0 (Revised February 16th,2014)
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to LMA Research Project 5 1.1. Study Objectives 5 1.2. Methodology 6 1.3. Geographical Coverage 7 1.4. Primary Research Sample Definitions 7 1.5. Primary Research Sample Structure 8
2. Growth Summary 9
3. Secondary Research Findings 13 3.1. Minya Governorate Overview 13 3.2. Minya Population Distribution 13 3.3. Education in Minya 15 3.3.1. Elementary Education 17 3.3.2. Preparatory Education 18 3.3.3. Secondary Education 20 3.3.4. Technical Secondary Education 22 3.3.5. University Education 26 3.3.6. Vocational Training 27 3.4. Employment in Minya 28 3.5. Economic Activities in Minya 31 3.5.1. Industry in Minya 31 3.5.1.1. New Industrial Zones in Minya 38 3.5.1.1.1. New Minya Industrial Zone 38 3.5.1.1.2. Other Industrial Zones 39 3.5.2. Agriculture in Minya 40 3.5.3. Mining and Quarrying in Minya 42 3.6. Small and Medium Enterprises in Minya 43 3.6.1. Governmental Bodies 44
4. Primary Research Findings 46 4.1. Minya Workers’ Perspective 46 4.1.1. Associations to “Work” 49 4.1.2. Job Classification 50 4.1.2.1. Public Sector 51 4.1.2.2. Craftsmanship 51 4.1.3. Challenges and Frustrations of Minya’s Labour 54 4.1.3.1. Challenges Facing Farming 54 4.1.3.2. Challenges Facing Other Craftsmen 57 4.1.4. Employment Seeking Channels 58 4.1.5. Perceptions to Education and Training 59 4.1.6. Unemployment Coping Mechanisms 61 4.1.7. Migration 62 4.1.7.1. Challenges Facing Migrating Labour 64
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4.1.7.2. Means of Finding work Abroad 65 4.1.8. Starting a Business in Minya 67 4.1.8.1. Drivers for Starting a Business 67 4.1.8.2. Challenges Facing Startups 68 4.2. Employers’ Perspective 70 4.2.1. Introduction to Chapter 70 4.2.2. Spontaneous Perceptions to Labour in Minya 73 4.2.3. Worker Classification 73 4.2.4. Recruitment Methods 75 4.2.4.1. Referral 75 4.2.4.2. Civil Society Advertisements 76 4.2.4.3. Street Pickups 76 4.2.4.4. Recruitment Process Challenges 77 4.2.5. The Working Relationship 78 4.2.5.1. Daily Vs. Stable Hiring 78 4.2.5.2. Contracts and Insurance 79 4.2.5.3. Turnover and Challenges Facing Employment Stability 79 4.2.6. Training 81 4.2.7. Women 83 4.2.7.1. Women in Agriculture 83 4.2.7.2. Women in Industry 83 4.2.7.3. Women in MSE’s 83 4.2.7.4. Barriers Against Employing Women 84 4.2.8. Employing Returnees 86 4.3. A Collective Look on Employment in Minya 87 4.3.1. Introduction to Chapter 87 4.3.2. Factors Driving Unemployment in Minya 90 4.3.2.1. Education 90 4.3.2.2. Peer Pressure 91 4.3.2.3. Deteriorating Economy 92 4.3.2.4. Transportation Difficulty 93 4.3.3. Evaluating Available Opportunities 94 4.3.4. Existent Efforts Countering Unemployment in Minya 95 4.3.4.1. Governmental Efforts 95 4.3.4.2. Civil Society 96 4.3.4.2.1. Small Development Organizations 96 4.3.4.2.2. Large Civil Society Organizations 96 4.3.4.2.3. Challenges Facing Civil Society Efforts 98 4.4. Evaluating the ICRS Concept 99 4.4.1. Introduction and Methodology 99 4.4.2. Reactions to Concept 99
APPENDIX A: Mapping Labour Market Stakeholders in Minya 102 A1. Mapping by activity 103 1. Technical Schools 103 2. Training Academies 105 3. Vocational Training Centers 107 4. Medium and Large Enterprises 108 5. Organizations Providing Microfinance 111 6. Private Job Matching and Employment Service Providers 114 A2. Mapping by location 115 1. Minya 115 2. Abu Qurqas 118
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3. Mallawi 119 4. Dayr Mawas 120 5. Samalut 121 6. Matay 124 7. Beni Mazar 126 8. Maghagha 128 9. Edwa 130
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1. INTRODUCTION TO LMA RESEARCH PROJECT
Contracted by IOM, TNS has conducted an extensive research project for a Labour Market Analysis in Minya.
1.1 Study objectives:
1. Understand and provide analysis of the labour market needs identifying priority and emerging economic sectors
2. Understand and provide an analysis of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE) immediate needs gaps, and solutions to enhance their productivity, sustainability and growth\
3. Understand and provide analysis on employers’ (Medium and Large Enterprises) needs for recruitment and their projection for future recruitment needs
4. Understand and provide an analysis on the gaps between jobseekers’ needs and employers’ needs within and throughout the governorate with a focus on the emerging, prominent and promising sectors of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs).
5. Providing labour market relevant statistics on the governorate
6. Conduct mapping of local labour market related stakeholders
7. Provide information regarding feasibility of using different media to reach out to beneficiary groups
8. Formulate recommendations to enhance job matching and promote self- employment efficiently and effectively
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1.2 Methodology
To achieve the desired study objectives, TNS conducted three simultaneous research methodologies
Target Output: All available background information on Minya and its labour market; providing the 1 . needed background to understand the current situation as revealed in following
Secondary Research methodologies . Gathering all available and relevant data that is published online or through previous research by other parties
Target Output: Validating existing stakeholders revealed in secondary research. Revealing only active and 2. existent stakeholders on the ground in Minya Mapping Exercise . Research field team roaming the streets in key administrative centers of Minya and noting all available labour market stakeholders present
Target Output: Understanding and analyzing different 3. stakeholders’ points of view, needs and need Primary Research gaps for a comprehensive labour market understanding . Interviews and focus groups with labour market stakeholders such as: (un/underemployed – business sector – civil society – education stakeholders)
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1.3 Geographical Coverage
The research covered the nine key administrative centers in the Governorate of Minya:
Edwa Maghagha Beni Mazar Matay Samalut Minya Abu Qurqas Mallawi Dayr Mawas
Locations depicted by a Blue pin are only covered through secondary research; namely:
Beni Mazar Matay Dayr Mawas
1.4 Primary Research Sample Definitions
Our interviewed sample was divided into the following segments
Private Sector Stakeholders o Medium and Large Scale Enterprises (having over 50 employees) o Private Employment Services o Businessmen Associations Micro and Small Enterprises o Startups and smaller scale businesses o Having less than 50 employees Educational Sector o Technical and Vocational Education Institutions o Local Community Organizations o Training Institutions providing skill enhancement and employment generation related activities o Organizations offering job matching and training activities Local unemployed and under employed beneficiaries o Seasonal workers o Returnees o Agricultural and Industrial workers
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1.5 Primary Research Sample Structure
Minya Edwa Maghagha Samalut Abu Mallawi Total Qurqas IDI 26
Private 3 2 1 2 1 1 10 Sector MSE 2 2 1 1 1 1 8
Ed. Sector 3 1 1 1 1 1 8
MFG 16
LME 2 2
MSE 2 2 1 1 1 1 8
Ed. Sector 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
Focus 2 1 1 1 1 1 7 Groups
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2. GROWTH SUMMARY
Contrasting to its economic hardships, Minya is a very rich governorate in terms of resources and raw materials. It has rich agricultural lands with great existing and future potential of expanding in the desert. It also has an active limestone and marble mining industry.
Consequently, Minya is expected to have a large industrial landscape revolving around such raw materials. Yet, in reality, and while such a scene was once present in the past, the current situation is much different. Many of Minya’s public sector factories have either been privatized or have significantly reduced in size. Interviewees blame several factors such as corruption, economic deterioration or loss of essential crops (such as cotton which used to support a large weaving industry); yet the end result remains that there is a general lack in job supply in the large industrial sector of Minya compared to its potential.
New industrial zones have been created yet prior to the 2011 revolution, yet have since then failed to work at their planned potential due to various security and economic difficulties. Especially that some of such industries do not rely on the widely available raw materials in the governorate.
This sets farming as the backbone and highest potential economic activity in Minya. But in reality, farming is the least favorable of all possible economic activities among Minya’s inhabitants. Farming is a highly seasonal industry. And with limited governmental support in providing the needed seeds, fertilizers, and insecticides, farming entrepreneurs are forced to buy unsubsidized products which decrease their profits and put them under financial strain. To make matters worse, new farming entrepreneurs bear huge expenses in reclaiming desert lands with limited to no governmental support. In fact, often face difficulties with the government which poses numerous bureaucratic obstacles against them; especially with registering ownership of their desert plots.
With such financial strain, farming entrepreneurs are forced to only hire labour on a daily basis, when needing. Therefore, most farming labour find themselves without an income for long periods of time when crops are growing without much human support. As the prime labour of Minya is pushed into financial stress, all other economic and labour market stakeholders eventually share the same fate.
While other fields of work (industrial crafts, and commerce) are perceived to have better potential than farming, most work is still perceived seasonal and is carried out on a day-to-day basis. Very limited workers have contracts or can guarantee work for a full month.
Minya is rich in manpower; it is the seventh most populated governorate in Egypt, with half its population in suitable age for work. Yet with farming being a repulsive activity as explained above, Minya’s population seeks more aspirational fields of work, especially in the public sector. Education is a key prerequisite for such aspirational jobs, yet most are unable to sustain education and are forced into labour at a young age.
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Straying away from farming, most take up other skilled crafts which do not require education prerequisites to support their families. Further education is then perceived as wasted time without any generated income. In time, skilled non-agricultural crafts became the primary source of income for the agricultural governorate.
Another attractive aspect of skilled crafts is the limited need for capital to establish a business. Most craftsmen rely on their reputation in establishing a client base and unlike agriculture, expensive vast land plots are not required to start an enterprise.
Most labour in Minya relies on referral in seeking jobs. However they are note proactive and refuse to actively seek employment for fear of their social image and to avoid appearing in a vulnerable state amidst their peers.
Furthermore, there is limited awareness and visibility of civil society job matching efforts; this is mostly justified by the limited availability of jobs in Minya to cater for the large demand. Moreover, jobseekers lack trust in available initiatives (especially governmental) and refuse to seek them; this is especially common among job seekers in rural location who would not travel for an unguaranteed chance of employment.
With such financial and social pressure, many workers in Minya perceive migration as the ultimate solution. Working abroad is perceived to provide better pay, away from all social pressure. This becomes evident with workers admitting working jobs abroad they reportedly would never accept working in Minya.
Migrating labour locate jobs through referrals from relatives or acquaintances who had already migrated earlier. Alternatively, there are foreign employment agencies disguised as tourism companies that capitalize on the need for migration by providing labour with job opportunities in neighboring countries at high fees.
Many workers with experience with such agencies indicate they receive limited to no support abroad from their agencies and are subjected to hard working and life conditions. However, they are forced to stay to compensate for the already spent funds to make them travel, and to save up enough money to return and establish themselves in society by opening a business of their own or buying land. Without such achievement, their experience with migration would be perceived as a failure and their reputation will suffer among society and might reduce their chances of being employed as many employers would perceive them as failures and be reluctant to hire them in their enterprises.
Women are highly active stakeholders in Minya’s labour market. They constitute almost half of Minya’s population and equally positive perceptions among both workers and entrepreneurs. Women are perceived more proactive in seeking employment and are favored by employers due to being more loyal and less picky regarding the tasks. However, women are physically restricted to certain tasks in various industries that do not require high physical power.
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In rural locations where it is less socially acceptable for women to work, they often frequent civil society organizations and enroll in training programs. This often leads to women starting up their own micro enterprises than men.
Challenges facing women’s employment start at time for marriage when they are forced to quit their jobs. They soon return to the labour market due to their husband’s struggling financial condition. This creates a growing trend of women who are the sole financial providers for their families.
The biggest challenge facing entrepreneurs in Minya is financial. With a stagnating economy, many entrepreneurs face difficulty in fundraising their projects. Despite the availability of microfinance organizations in Minya, many entrepreneurs are reluctant to engage with them due to perceived high interest rates, and fear of legal liability in case the project does not succeed (Interest rates are also the largest barrier against dealing with banks).
Many startups, as well as established enterprises, also lack skills essential to their sustainability; such include skills in business management, legal awareness and marketing. Many agricultural and small industrial enterprises indicate they face difficulty in understanding other aspects of business beyond the technical aspects of their jobs. Further understanding on the legal framework, business management, and marketing would highly help in enhancing their productivity and sustainability.
In conclusion, an ICRS center is highly needed in Minya. Yet, to support the work of such a center other essential factors/activities need to be considered. Most needed of these are campaigns and activities to counter the negative stigma associated with agriculture and agricultural workers. With the largest potential for work and economic growth in Minya lying in agriculture, workers and entrepreneurs both need to be more willing to invest in the trade.
To ensure such feats are successful, there is a need to stimulate governmental support for agricultural projects; especially those relying on desert land reclamation. Such governmental support could include the following:
. Facilitating land ownership procedures for agricultural entrepreneurs . Assistance in well drilling . Constructing irrigation projects/canals to connect the Nile river with newly reclaimed lands . Meeting promised governmental responsibilities in providing the needed subsidized seeds, fertilizers, and insecticides . Insuring reasonable sales prices for crops sold to the government such as wheat and corn
Another factor that should be taken into consideration is the current scarcity of job opportunities in Minya. Therefore, the initial focus for the ICRS center should be on the Information and Consultancy elements to help existing enterprises and startups achieve their full growth potential. Marketing, management, and legal awareness are highly
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needed among all small startups and enterprises. With such enterprises growing, there is expected to be an increase in their employment capacity.
Moreover, large existent enterprises expressed the need for health and safety training for their employees. Such can be provided in conjunction with employment activities in such enterprises to create mutual benefit for both employer and job seeker.
To encourage job seekers to enroll in training programs, the ICRS center should strive to provide trainees with an annual wage or meals along with their training. Trainings are also preferably conducted in partnership existent employers promising available job opportunities to successfully passing attendees.
Referral services should be the last focus of the ICRS center and should only be pursued upon decrease of the gap between the job supply and demand in the market. Otherwise, the center would lack credibility among the general public; much like existent efforts conducted by the government.
The physical presence of the ICRS center would preferably be in partnership with known figures and civil society organization in their respective locations. Such would enhance credibility among job seekers and would make them less reluctant to seek its assistance. Moreover, it should have physical presence in all administrative centers in Minya as most workers are reportedly unwilling to travel to seek unguaranteed employment opportunities.
Application procedures in the center should be simple to avoid intimidating job seekers, and should have good customer service for applicants unlike the repulsive treatment they often receive in other governmental establishments.
To ensure efficient operation, a comprehensive database needs to be established with the different enterprises and job seekers in Minya. Such an endeavor has reportedly already been established by Masr El-Kheir (a database of labour requiring beneficiaries) and the Egyptian Banking Institute (a nationwide census of small and medium enterprises)
Finally, promoting the ICRS center should primarily rely on public venues and word of mouth; announcements and fliers on Fridays in front of mosques, for example. Also, association with reputable figures and civil society organizations would help create the needed word of mouth.
Due to high illiteracy rates and poverty, traditional forms of media such as newspaper and the internet have very low usership among Minya’s labour market stakeholders and would not be successful in promoting the ICRS center.
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3. SECONDARY RESEARCH FINDINGS
3.1 Minya Governorate Overview
. Minya Governorate or the beautiful Nile bride stretches along the Nile for a distance of almost 108 KMs length between Beni Suef and Assiut Governorates and with an average width of about 18 km. . It borders the east with the Red Sea governorate and the west with the New Valley Governorate. It occupies an area of 32,279 square kilometers. . The most recent CAPMAS census in 2006 indicates a population is almost 4.16 Million; ranking 7th among all Egyptian governorates. . Birth rate is 33 births per 1,000 inhabitants and mortality rate is 7 per 1,000 inhabitants. Population density reaches up to 1,528.41 people per square kilometer. . Minya includes 9 districts, 61 rural units, 3460 villages and 1713 residential clusters (farms and hamlets)
3.2 Minya Population Distribution
The following figures highlight the population distribution in the governorate of Minya
Population distribution by Age, and Gender
. A youthful population in which 45% of population is between 15 and 45 years . Women comprise almost 49% of the population; though they exceed the number of men in the 15-45 years age bracket
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Minya Gender Distribution Minya Population Age
Males Females 1-4 yo 5-14 yo 15-44 yo 45-59 yo 60+
6% 11% 12% 49% 25% 51% 46%
Dwellings
. Minya is a highly rural community. Over 80% of the Urban Rural Minya population reside in rural locations
19%
81%
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3.3 Education in Minya
To better understand education figures of Minya, the following chart provides an overview of the structure of Egypt’s education system
Elementary/ General Preparatory University Primary Secondary Education Education Education Education
Number of years: 6 Number of years: 3 Number of years: 3 Number of years: 4-5 Age: 5-11 years old Age: 12-14 years old Age: 15-17 years old years Prerequisites: NA Prerequisites: Passing Prerequisites: over 60% Prerequisites: General Grade in Elementary/ score in Preparatory Secondary Education. Primary Education Education Minimum grade required varies with university
Technical Technical Secondary Institutes Education
Number of years: 3-5 Number of years: 2-4 years years Age: minimum 15 years Prerequisite: Secondary old Education Prerequisites: Minimum grade Preparatory Education required lower than university
. Minya is ranked number 20 among 22 Egyptian Governorates in Human Development Index rank. . 46% of Minya population of an age above 15 years suffers illiteracy, 66% are females while 34% are males. . While illiteracy classes are available, 54% of registered students in those classes drop out and never continue their education. . Despite the high rate of illiteracy in villages, families are keen to enroll their children in education; 77% of children from 6-7 years are enrolled at the primary level of education, however, the percentage of dropouts reaches 37% between the ages 16 - 18 years. . A collective look at education within Minya’s inhabitants (above 15 years old) can be seen in the following table
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. While illiteracy is high at 41.3%. It is clear from the above table that the majority of education seekers stop at an intermediate level (secondary education), almost 17% drop out of education in prep stage, while only less than 5% graduate from university. . The above figures also indicate that 13.3% of Minya’s population can read and write without acquisition of formal education.
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3.3.1 Elementary Education
Elementary (Primary) education is the first step of public education in Egypt. Students usually enroll at the age of 5 years old. It comprises six years (grades). Graduates of the last year (grade 6) are provided with the certificate of completion of Primary education.
Elementary/Primary schools are available in all key districts of Minya as indicated in the following table (SOURCE: CAPMAS 2009)
By looking deeper into the table, it is clear that gender distribution across elementary students are almost equal (53% Males); same applies for teachers (51% females).
Elementary Schools in Al-Minya Governorate
Number of Number of students Teachers Number of Number of Administrative Center Status schools classes Male Female Male Female
Urban 12 149 3098 2805 86 77
Edwa Rural 60 735 14795 13386 623 259
Urban 27 359 8020 7436 223 377
Maghagha Rural 80 1173 28428 24848 743 798
Urban 31 383 7802 7143 159 191
Bani Mazar Rural 89 1371 30198 27193 837 704
Urban 17 242 4786 4197 115 265
Matay Rural 62 787 16121 14707 404 300
Urban 50 691 15786 14764 389 528
Samalut Rural 102 1491 35187 30268 1014 845
Urban 62 732 16999 16068 665 1637
Al-Minya Rural 112 1558 41770 37220 1507 1151
Urban 14 173 4209 3958 115 202
Abo Qurqas Rural 90 1312 32338 26859 830 742
Urban 30 430 10026 9521
Mallawy Rural 125 1726 43448 36869
Deir Mawas Urban 10 136 2015 2818 80 146
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Rural 77 950 20406 18024 565 467
Total 1050 14398 336432 298084 8355 8689
Elementary Students Elementary Teachers
Males Females Males Females
47% 49% 53% 51%
3.3.2 Preparatory Education
Preparatory stage in the Egyptian education system comprises three years. Following the last of these years, a student with passing score is granted the certificate of preparatory education. With this certificate, the student has completed all requirements of “Essential Education”.
High scoring students in preparatory education are qualified to enroll in General Secondary education and are en route to university. While lower scoring students not qualifying for general secondary education are allowed to join technical secondary schools which provide a higher focus on crafts and vocational training.
Preparatory schools are available in all key districts in Minya as indicated in the following table (source: CAPMAS 2009)
Figures in the table show that trends of preparatory education are quite similar to those of elementary (Primary education) as gender ratios of both students are almost the same. On the other hand, male teachers in preparatory education are clearly more in number than female teachers.
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Preparatory Schools in Al-Mina Governorate
Number of Number of students Teachers Number of Number of Administrative Center Status schools classes Male Female Male Female
Urban 2 33 627 727 28 26
Edwa Rural 26 339 7389 6711 310 52
Urban 13 120 2119 2638 121 131
Maghagha Rural 50 573 13356 11045 585 289
Urban 26 241 4429 4537 212 174
Bani Mazar Rural 48 571 1213 10959 468 246
Urban 11 111 2167 1932 93 79
Matay Rural 33 336 6635 6413 309 106
Urban 15 202 4440 4410 248 164
Samalut Rural 56 633 14320 13645 798 306
Urban 35 407 6927 6965 935 1250
Al-Minya Rural 58 595 15913 14124 1328 738
Urban 9 124 2203 2182 121 123
Abo Qurqas Rural 53 579 12754 10685 649 314
Urban 16 199 4822 4954 234 261
Mallawy Rural 70 736 16780 15616 754 348
Urban 5 77 1573 1397 75 63
Deir Mawas Rural 29 408 8999 7700 376 141
Total 555 6284 136484 126640 6686 4202
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Preparatory Students Preparatory Teachers
Males Females Males Females
39% 48% 52% 61%
3.3.3 Secondary Education
With regards to secondary education (high school level), there is a variety of options for students in Minya. As explained earlier, this includes both general schools offering the General Certificate of Secondary Education as well as technical schools. The following table shows the distribution of general schools across the key districts of Minya.
General Secondary Schools in Al-Minya Governorate
Number of students Number of Teachers Number of Number of Administrative Center Status schools classes Male Female Male Female
Urban 1 28 694 566 46 5
Edwa Rural 3 31 597 473 26 13
Urban 6 106 2275 1435 79 101
Maghagha Rural 2 29 717 438 7 36
Urban 3 80 1402 1571 133 47
Bani Mazar Rural 6 78 1588 1510 156 18
Urban 3 55 1016 1132 96 23
Matay Rural 1 20 418 250 32 5
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Urban 4 88 1340 1874 175 74
Samalut Rural 4 75 1558 1492 153 33
Urban 16 267 4807 5099 749 542
Al-Minya Rural 9 116 1772 1929 248 55
Urban 3 95 1588 1905 167 83
Abo Qurqas Rural 4 40 701 760 75 13
Urban 3 95 1554 1922 153 104
Mallawy Rural 10 132 2285 2318 251 51
Urban 1 16 665 0 82 20
Deir Mawas Rural 6 71 914 1926 94 9
Total 85 1422 25891 26600 2722 1232
Figures in the above table show (for the first time) female students exceed their male colleagues in number. This is probably due to males seeking technical schools qualifying them for jobs at a younger age
. Teacher gender distribution remain almost unchanged
Secondary Students Preparatory Teachers
Males Females Males Females
31%
49% 51%
69%
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3.3.4 Technical Secondary Education
Technical secondary schools accept students with lower minimum scores from preparatory education than General Secondary schools. Technical schools provide vocation focused education where students learn certain crafts to qualify them directly for the job market. Unlike general secondary schools, most enrolled students in technical education do not pursue a university degree.
Technical schools in Minya provide a high school certificate with a vocational focus; such focus is one of three types: agricultural, industrial, or commercial.
The following are key figures regarding technical secondary education in Minya:
تطور إجمالي خريجي المدارس الثانوية الفنية الزراعية بمحافظة المنيا خالل الفترة 6000/6000-6002/6002
Graduates of Technical Agricultural Secondary Schools in Minya between 2006 - 2011
2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011
العدد # العدد # العدد # العدد # العدد #
7001 7394 5979 5685 6989
تطور إجمالي خريجي المدارس الثانوية الفنية التجارية عام وفندقي بمحافظة المنيا خالل الفترة 6000/6000-6002/6002
Graduates of Technical Commercial Secondary Schools in Minya 2006-2011
2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011
العدد # العدد # العدد # العدد # العدد #
10957 10684 11637 4916 12442
تطور إجمالي خريجي المدارس الثانوية الفنية الصناعية بمحافظة المنيا خالل الفترة 6000/6000-6002/6002
Graduates of Technical Industrial Secondary Schools in Minya 2006-2011
2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011
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العدد # العدد # العدد # العدد # العدد #
22276 22971 21601 10215 22004
. By far the most popular form of technical secondary education in Minya is industrial. This is evident in the significantly increased number of students from this type of education in comparison to others. . Taking the academic year 2010/2011, a distribution of graduates from the three forms of technical secondary education would look as follows:
Tec. Secondary Education Graduates
Agricultural Commercial Industrial
6989, 17%
22004, 53% 12442, 30%
As indicated by the previous tables, industrial education appears to be the most popular among the youth of Minya. Industrial schools in Minya offer a variety of specializations. Figures of these are presented in the following table (Source: CAPMAS)
خريجو التعليم الفني الصناعي وفقا لشعب التخصص الرئيسية والمحافظة خالل العام الدراسي 6000/6002
Graduates from Technical Industrial Secondary Schools by field of specialization
in Minya 2009/2010
architectural Textiles Electrical Carpentry Electronics Cooling & air conditioning decorative Mechanical Manufacturing ships, land & river transport Total 523 1952 1672 465 87 658 2252 1621 985 10215
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Industrial School Graduates by Specialization Architecure 5%
Maritime 10% Textiles Mechanical 19% 16%
Electrical decorative 16% 22%
Carpentry Air Condition Electronics 5% 6% 1%
The following table highlights the availability and distribution of technical industrial schools across Minya’s main centers (Source CAPMAS: 2011)
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Technical Education Data in Minya
Secondary Industrial Education Data
# of students # of teachers
Admin. # of # of Center Stage standard schools classes Males Females Total Females Males Total
Secondary Abu Qurqas Industrial urban 2 131 3196 2484 5680 164 300 464
Secondary El Edwa Industrial urban 1 76 1136 1069 2205 34 92 126
Secondary Minya Industrial urban 4 225 4104 3173 7277 543 589 1132
5 Years Minya Industrial urban 1 34 873 0 873 52 149 201
Industrial Minya Cole urban 1 14 219 47 266 12 16 28
Industrial Minya vocational urban 3 17 369 150 519 12 12 24
Secondary Beni Mazar Industrial urban 2 194 2862 2527 5389 119 341 460
Secondary Deir Mawas Industrial urban 1 75 3222 0 3222 30 198 228
Secondary Samalut Industrial urban 1 62 2449 0 2449 31 170 201
Secondary Samalut Industrial urban 2 79 1030 2431 3461 176 130 306
Secondary Matai Industrial urban 2 123 1846 1788 3634 84 200 284
Secondary Maghagha Industrial urban 2 145 2930 2646 5576 97 26 123
Secondary Maghagha Industrial rural 1 85 2930 0 2930 0 0 0
Secondary Mallawi Industrial urban 3 215 4209 4527 8736 293 325 618
Industrial Mallawi Cole urban 1 4 86 0 86 1 7 8
Total 25 1479 31461 20842 52303 1648 2555 4203
Note: Mubarak Cole classes for industrial education annexed to Malawi Males Industrial school is not counted among the school numbers
. In with previous trends, males constitute 60% of technical industrial school students AND teachers across Minya
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3.3.5 University Education
Mina University is the only university in the governorate. It graduates approximately 10,000 graduates per annum. Below is a table depicting Mina University graduates' total numbers, since the academic year 2001-2002, until 2010-2011. (Source: CAPMAS)
University Graduates by Genderخريجو الجامعات طبقا للجامعة والنوع
Academic 02/01 03/02 04/03 05/04 06/05 07/06 08/07 09/08 10/09 11/10 year date
Minya Universityجامعة المنيـا
10 10 Total 7 642 7 363 7 316 7 975 7 886 8 644 9 113 9 196 472 348
Male 4 512 3 891 3 663 3 856 3 623 3 943 3 897 4 145 4 421 4 312 students
Female 3 130 3 472 3 653 4 119 4 263 4 701 5 216 5 051 6 051 6 036 students
Contrary to technical secondary education, there is a higher ratio of female university graduates than male. This is justified by high rate of male school drop outs for work.
University Graduates (2011)
Male Female
43%
57%
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3.3.6 Vocational Training
Minya hosts a variety of institutes and training centers. Such training facilities exist in the form of methodical and extracurricular basis.
Methodical facilities provide a full curriculum on a full time basis such as with regular schools. Extracurricular facilities provide courses that extend over a limited period of time.
Below is a table depicting key figures regarding such facilities in Minya.
Distribution of training institutions (schools, institutes, and training centers), students, and graduates in Minya for 2011/2012
Trainingالمؤسسات التدريبية Studentsالدارسين Graduatesالخريجين
Institutions
Total extracurricular methodical Total extracurricular methodical Total extracurricular methodical
8688 8372 316 9790 8619 1171 22 14 8
The above figures show extracurricular centers receive and graduate much more students than regular methodical centers with a full curriculum (8619 students are enrolled on extracurricular basis compared to only 1171 students enrolled on a full time/methodical basis). This is due to extracurricular (short) courses suit the nature of the majority working youth of Minya.
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3.4 Employment in Minya
According to latest CAPMAS figures in 2012, the total labor workforce in Minya is estimated at approximately 1.6 Million workers. Working age starts as young as six years old due to many children being forced into labor work with their families and in agricultural fields.
The following table shows the distribution of work force in Minya by age as well as type of location (urban – rural) in CAPMAS statistic dating 2012
Estimation of available workforce in Minya by gender 2012 Numbers in hundreds Total +65 -60 -50 -40 -30 -25 -20 -15 Gender Age المنيا 1188 2485 2269 3638 2981 2256 602 513 15932 3269 55 88 521 602 725 575 559 144 Urban 2356 37 77 375 449 515 394 381 128 M 913 18 11 146 153 210 181 178 16 F 12663 458 514 1735 2379 2913 1694 1926 1044 Rural 9610 383 400 1320 1681 2144 1266 1559 857 M 3053 75 114 415 698 769 428 367 187 F The following table shows the employment status of the available workforce in Minya
Estimation of work force (over 15 years old) by employment type and status
2012
Numbers are in Hundreds
Gender Workers and Work-related Unemployed Total
Business Works Business owner for a Works for owner and Worked Never and family wages hires no previously worked hiring without employees others salary
7198 3051 1257 3010 253 1167 15936
Urban 1918 379 283 184 70 438 3272
M 1458 370 205 106 68 150 2357ذ-
F 460 9 78 78 2 288 915أ-
Rural 5280 2672 974 2826 183 729 12664
M 4928 2517 579 1107 177 304 9612ذ-
F 352 155 395 1719 6 425 3052أ-
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Employment in Minya
Employed Unemployed According to the latest CAPMAS data (2012) the unemployment rate in Minya is 9%. While this seems lower than perceived in reality, this is possibly 9% because of the predominant seasonality of available work rendering workers unemployed for most of the year.
91% The following table provides a deeper look into the qualifications of the employed in Minya
(NOTE: For definitions of various education levels kindly review the education section starting page 13)
Estimation of employed (over 15years old) by education level
2012
Numbers in hundreds
Read, General Above Graduate write & Less than Secondary Technical Intermediate gender Literate & post Total illiteracy intermediate & Azhary Intermediate & lower than graduate certificate Secondary University
6066 1112 1252 93 4214 359 1417 14513
Urban 643 135 210 33 953 122 666 2762
M 504 126 205 22 800 88 394 2139ذ-
F 139 9 5 11 153 34 272 623أ-
Rural 5423 977 1042 60 3261 237 751 11751
M 3468 872 943 56 2990 211 590 9130ذ-
F 1955 105 99 4 271 26 161 2621أ-
Education figures among the employed in Minya indicate the majority are of technical intermediate (secondary) education or lower. This segment is present in abundance in Minya as indicated by the education figures stated in the previous section; this also emphasizes primary research findings indicating males predominantly seek work besides education; which makes pursuing higher education significantly more difficult.
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The following table indicates the qualifications of the unemployed population in Minya
Estimation of unemployed (aged 15-64) by education and gender
2012
Numbers are in Hundreds
Educational status Gender Literate Read, write & illiteracy certificate Less than intermediate General Secondary Azhary & Secondary Technical Intermediate Above Intermediate & lower than University Graduate & post graduate Total
80 36 128 15 861 51 250 1421
9 2 31 9 319 16 123 509
M 9 2 31 0 97 7 73 219ذ- Urban
F 0 0 0 9 222 9 50 290أ-
71 34 97 6 542 35 127 912
M 60 34 78 4 228 24 52 480ذ- Rural
F 11 0 19 2 314 11 75 432أ-
The majority of the available unemployed population is of technical high school education. While this seems logical being the predominant educational qualification of Minya’s population, it also emphasizes the inability of existent businesses to cater for the abundant technical resources available. Moreover, there is a significant surge in unemployment among females in urban locations.
Qualifications of the unemployed in Minya
2% Literate 6% 18% Illiteracy Promgram Graduate 9% 1% 3% Less than Intermediate General Secondary or Equivalent Technical Secondary
61% Above Intermediate University and post-graduate
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3.5 Economic Activities in Minya
3.5.1 Industry in Minya
Driven by Minya’s agricultural and mining resources, key industrial sectors in Minya include:
. Food and Beverage Industries . Weaving and Textiles . Building Materials
While most factories and workshops exist around the governorates main administrative centers (Minya and Mallawi alone account for 56% of existent factories), three new industrial zones have been established to encourage bigger factories and industries to be established in Minya (hence create job opportunities for its workforce)
The following tables across the upcoming pages illustrate the distribution of various industries across Minya’s different centers
(Data source: Egyptian Industrial Development Authority – ida.gov.eg)
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Distribution of Industrial Establishments by Activity
Location Inside Minya City
Activity # of Companies Investment (M EGP) Number of Workers
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 25 98.84 899
Textiles and Leather 1 2 66
Wood Products 8 0.13 20
Paper, printing and publishing 8 0.26 22
Chemical Products 4 0.72 18
Building materials, and bricks 14 2.33 82
Engineering and Electronics 15 3.24 67
Location Total 75 108 1174
Location Minya Administrative Center
(outside Minya City)
Mining Products 1 0.04 3
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 11 75.98 421
Textiles and Leather 3 72.53 718
Wood Products 1 0.02 2
Paper, printing and publishing 1 0.18 3
Building materials, and bricks 12 0.63 63
Engineering and Electronics 1 0.23 9
Location Total 30 150 1219
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Location Matahra Industrial Zone
Activity # of Entities Investment (M EGP) Labour Amount
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 6 86.29 190
Textiles and Leather 1 87 20
Paper, printing and publishing 1 0.41 6
Chemical Products 4 57.70 180
Building materials, and bricks 7 46.85 195
Engineering and Electronics 3 6.36 90
Location Total 22 198 681
Location New Minya Industrial Zone
Coal Mining and Industry 1 1.85 4
Mining Products 1 0.36 31
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 10 18.92 161
Textiles and Leather 1 0.18 6
Wood Products 2 0.85 6
Paper, printing and publishing 1 0.06 2
Basic Chemical Products 5 5.98 59
Building materials, and bricks 13 10.18 123
Minerals 2 4.55 12
Engineering and Electronics 7 4.45 72
Location Total 43 47 476
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Location Samalut
Activity # of Entities Investment (M EGP) Labour Amount
Mining Production 2 8.48 501
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 16 69.33 727
Paper, printing and publishing 1 0.03 5
Building materials, and bricks 3 338.27 313
Engineering and Electronics 1 0.62 10
Location Total 23 417 1556
Location Matay
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 4 9.15 106
Location Total 4 9.15 106
Location Maghagha
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 8 14.85 554
Basic Chemical Products 2 0.71 33
Engineering and Electronics 1 1.19 34
Location Total 11 17 621
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Location Abu Qurqas
Activity # of Entities Investment (M EGP) Labour Amount
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 11 452.39 1708
Paper, printing and publishing 1 0.01 3
Building materials, and bricks 2 0.02 9
Engineering and Electronics 5 1.03 33
Location Total 19 453 1753
Location Edwa
Activity # of Entities Investment (M EGP) Labour Amount
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 1 3.12 30
Basic Chemical Products 1 0.25 34
Location Total 2 3.37 64
Location Beni Mazar
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 13 5.56 445
Textiles and Leather 2 1.1 71
Building materials, and bricks 2 19.1 110
Location Total 17 26 626
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Location Deir Mawas
Activity # of Entities Investment (M EGP) Labour Amount
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 10 0.43 96
Building materials, and bricks 1 0.13 4
Location Total 11 1 100
Location Inside Malawi City
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 15 15.10 261
Textiles and Leather 1 0.55 43
Wood Products 30 0.26 86
Paper, printing and publishing 1 0.03 5
Basic Chemical Products 3 1.21 48
Building materials, and bricks 6 0.39 26
Minerals 1 0.01 2
Engineering and Electronics 11 2.3 40
Location Total 68 20 511
Location Malawi Administrative Center
(Outside Malawi City)
Food, Beverage and Tobacco 4 9.05 27
Textiles and Leather 1 0.37 5
Wood Products 4 0.07 8
Building materials, and bricks 2 0.02 5
Minerals 1 5 7
Engineering and Electronics 11 0.38 45
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Location Total 23 15 97
Minya Grand Total 348 1463 8984
Below is a chart depicting the distribution of industrial activities across different locations in Minya
Industrial Establishments By Administrative Center
Malawi Minya 26% 30%
Deir Mwas 3%
Beni Mazar 5% Matahra Industrial Edwa New Minya Zone 1% Industrial Zone 6% Samalut 12% Abu Qurqas 7% 6% Maghagha 3% Matay 1%
The above figure clearly indicates that much of the industrial activity in Minya is distributed between Minya and Malawi Centers. Northern centers of the governorate such as Maghagha, Edwa, Matay, and Beni Mazar have very limited economic/industrial activities.
th . In February 2010, the 4 conference on Investment in Upper Egypt announced the following industrial projects to be established in Minya governorate: . 80 industrial projects to employ 8799 workers . Establishing a molasses factory in Tuna-El-Gabal village . Building two cement factories . Building a white cement factory in the industrial zone in Sarareya . Building a gray cement factory in Sheikh Fadl industrial zone
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3.5.1.1 New Industrial Zones in Minya
. Minya is en route to major expansions in its industrial sector
. Expansion is set through establishment of three new industrial zones
New Minya City Sarareya Industrial Sheikh Fadl Industrial Zone Zone (Samalut) Industrial Zone • For light • Cement • Cement and industries Industries Heavy Industries
3.5.1.1.1 New Minya Industrial Zone
The following are figures of the industrial zone in New Minya
No. of producing 176 Key Industrial Sectors in New Minya factories industrial zone 1 Food and Beverage
No. of factories 28 2 Wood and Furniture under construction
3 Engineering Products
No. of factories in 96 4 Building Materials registration phase (awaiting governmental 5 Minerals approval to operate)
No. of struggling 43 6 Chemical Industries factories (stopped production)
Industrial zone is divided into 6 respective Source: Primary research with industrial areas, each catering for a specific industrial zone officials sector
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The following are the key industrial projects in New Minya City’s industrial zone: (Source: Ministry of Investment Website)
Key projects in New Minya Industrial Zone
Name Industry Labour Capacity
Asfour Crystal Crystal Manufacturing 10,000
Horus Food Industries Processing agricultural products and 600 oil production
Forsan El Sahara’ Poultry 27
El-Ekhwa Flour Mills 72% Flour 400
Edward Atia Poultry 25
Al-Nahas Furniture Wood and Furniture 54
Al-Serag Marble and Granite Cutting 25
Al-Adnan Marble and Granite 14
Nazmy Abdel Barr Minerals 30
Al-Haitham Natural Gas Petroleum Gas Packaging 30
3.5.1.1.2 Other New Industrial Zones
As indicated above, two other industrial zones were created in Sheikh Fadl and Sarereya areas. Each of these zones is centered around a big cement factory which provides a labour capacity of almost 300 workers each. Apart from stable employment, the two cement factories also employ seasonal/daily workers on primitive tasks such as manual labour. No exact figure is available on the capacity of seasonal/daily workers in either of both factories.
The following table indicates the key projects in the other new industrial zones in Minya
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Key projects in Minya Industrial Zones
Industrial Zone Sheikh Fadl
Name Industry Labour Capacity
Arab National Cement Company Gray Cement 400 (excluding seasonal workers)
Industrial Zone Saryreya
Royal Al-Minya Cement Company White Cement 300 (excluding seasonal workers)
3.5.2 Agriculture in Minya
Agriculture is the primary economic activity in Minya.
Throughout its history it has been the primary profession of its inhabitants. There are two types of agriculture taking place in Minya. Nile Valley agriculture takes place in land plots neighboring the river Nile and Al-Ibrahimeya canal. On the other hand, and with the saturation of lands around the Nile’s valley, there is another direction of reclaiming land in the desert to expand the total area of agricultural land. This is currently the growing trend in Minya.
Irrigation of such reclaimed land takes place from ground water by digging wells. This is because no irrigation channels extend to such locations from the Nile.
As expressed by the below figures, the government is said to support such reclamation of large amounts of land in Minya’s desert which if successfully reclaimed and maintained would almost triple the area of agricultural land.
However, primary research has shown that agriculture entrepreneurs face various difficulties when reclaiming land in the desert starting with difficulties in registering their ownership of the land, to significant expenses in digging the needed wells for water. (Further details are available in the primary research section of this report)
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Source: Ministry of Investment website (Feb 2010)
The following table illustrates the distribution of reclaimed land across the different centers of Minya. A deeper look at the figures indicate show a great focus and allocation of such efforts in Edwa, and Samalut which comprise almost 75% of the total reclaimed land.
Center Reclaimed Area (Feddans)
Edwa 28,281
Maghagha 71
Beni Mazar 3268
Matay 2411
Samalut 55920
Minya 12941
Abu Qurqas 2040
Malawi 3080
Dayr Mawas 5010
Total 113,022
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. Agriculture feeds into the following industries in Minya
. Textiles . Aromatic oils . Drying onions, garlic, and chives . Molasses . Freezing and packing vegetables . Tahini and Halawa (Sesame) . Molokheya . Flour Mills (Wheat and Corn) . Beans . Vegetable Oils . Okra . Margarine . Carrots . Pasta . Tomato Sauce and Ketchup . Cattle Feed . Fruit Juice and Concentrates . Honey . Dairy Products including Butter and Cheese
3.5.3 Mining and Quarrying in Minya
Minya is rich in raw materials that are utilized in various industries such as:
. Iron and steel . White cement . Grey cement . Clay brick . Calcium carbonate paste and granules . Basalt wool
Such industries are available in the governorate thanks to the widespread of mines providing the needed raw materials. The key minerals and materials mined in Minya are listed as follows:
. Limestone . Siliceous and quartz gravel . Tuff Source: Ministry of Investment website (Feb 2010) . Basalt . White sand . Multicolored marble
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3.6 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)in Minya
Minya is among the lowest Egyptian governorates in human development ratings.
With high unemployment rates and low incomes, small, and medium enterprises (SMEs) offer a solution for individuals to generate their own income and improve their financial situation.
Establishing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) has been encouraged and facilitated by the government over the years and has been the prime focus of many development activities conducted in the governorate through NGOs and international development organizations alike.
The following charts depict key Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) indicators regarding Minya:
Small and Medium enterprises in Minya constitute 6% of the total SME landscape in Egypt
Source: (Egyptian Banking Institute – SME Unit) sme-egypt.org
Majority of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Minya operate in manufacturing activities.
Very few operate on agriculture
Source: (Egyptian Banking Institute – SME Unit) sme-egypt.org
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3.6.1 Governmental bodies
Further research (secondary and primary) of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Minya bring reference to three main governmental bodies involved with SMEs by providing assistance and funding, namely:
. Young Graduates Employment Authority . Social Fund for Development (SFD) . Local Development Fund (Ministry of Local Development)
As indicated by the following figures, total investments by such organizations prior to 2010 approach 600 Million EGPs in value. They are also claimed to have created almost One hundred and fifty thousand jobs. (Source: Ministry of Investment website – Feb 2010)
Funding Party No. of Funded No. of Activities of funded Small Total Funding Small and created jobs and Medium Enterprises Value Medium Enterprises
Young Graduates 107.861 2,662 13,593 N/A Employment Million EGP Authority
Social Fund for 7,555 Small Development Enterprises 466.942 + 131,598 N/A Million EGP 77,487 Micro Enterprises
Local . Raising Cattle Development Fund . Raising Sheep
. Milk 5.655 N/A 1627 . Bee Hives Million EGP . Agricultural Machinery
. Sewing Machines
. Tricot Machines
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There are very limited sources available with exact indication on the number of small and medium enterprises in Minya. However, the Egyptian Banking Institute (EBI) and CAPMAS have announced a National SME Census.
The results of the census are presented on both Macro and Micro levels .On the Macro level; aggregate analysis and relative distribution Source: http://sme- of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) according to the egypt.org/Pages/smedb.aspx different qualitative and quantitative factors are presented. This includes analyzing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) according to the governorate, economic activity, invested capital, sales turnover and also identifying and analyzing the percentage of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) dealing with banks and the problems facing them in this aspect. While on the Micro, level quantitative and qualitative analysis are presented specific to the company or unit. This includes identifying the number of employees, legal status, economic activity, level of exports, sales turnover, invested capital and the problems facing each company in dealing with banks, etc.
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4. PRIMARY RESEARCH FINDINGS
To gain an in depth understanding of the different factors affecting the labour market, focus group discussions and in depth interviews were conducted with various labour market stakeholders in Minya.
Sample criteria and geographical coverage can be seen in more detail in section 1 of this report.
4.0 Minya Workers’ Perspective
This section provides the point of view of unemployed and underemployed residents of Minya. Discussions with this segment were carried out through seven focus group discussions in administrative centers in Minya (as detailed in section 1). Moreover, complementary data was collected from other interviews with civil society experts.
In summary, Minya’s youth regard work as an essential means of survival, providing them with the needed income to sustain their life as well as acquire their life needs of marriage and stability.
Furthermore, work has many emotional and social associations as well. The kind of work one does is perceived to tell a lot about his social and economic status. Hence, despite the economic hardship most workers are going through, they are very picky in accepting only the kind of work that would reflect the desired image of themselves.
Types of work are divided into three from the workers’ perspective:
Public Craftsmanship Private Business Employment
Being a public employee is aspirational, as it provides high social regard, a secure income, and benefits without having to work as hard. However, acquiring such employment is difficult due to increasing scarcity as well as the perceived need of connections.
Craftsmanship is the most popular form of employment for workers in Minya. It is defined here as freelancing in a practical vocation such as farming, carpentry, iron works, mechanical work, plumbing, etc.
It is the most suitable and common form of employment in Minya due to the lack of supply of stable jobs. Moreover, they provide workers with relative freedom to change employers in pursuit of the highest possible pay.
Most labour in Minya suffer from very high economic stress. The most common form of employment is daily employment, which means they only have an income on days where work is available and lacking any form of income on other days. In recent years of stagnating economy, this financial stress is constantly on the rise.
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This great seasonality and economic degradation has especially damaged farming. Farmers only find jobs in intensive work seasons such as harvest and planting. Yet, throughout the remainder of the year, and with most employers only paying on a daily basis, they remain without an income.
This leads farmers to pursue other forms of manual labour. It also generates a negative perceptions that farmers are the poorest and most struggling sector of society and are consequently looked down upon by the rest of society (with the exception of land owners). Therefore, the entire profession has become extremely retardant.
While the situation for other professions seems slightly better, seasonality and the stagnating economy are still the key elements suffered from among craftsmen. Yet, crafts are more popular than farming as forms of work as they are perceived to generate faster income and have fewer requirements for growing on socially and financially. Starting a vocational trade, for example, does not require buying expensive plots of land; many craftsmen operate out of their own home and require building nothing to secure their income rather than a reputation for expertise.
No matter the kind of work, most labour in Minya relies on referrals for work; depending on their social contacts to relay any available work opportunity to them. Interestingly, they lack proactivity in seeking employment and prefer to be contacted instead. This is due the fear of social burdens and damaging their pride by appearing vulnerable in front of others if they were to ask for employment themselves.
With respect to education, the economic situation forces majority of Minya’s males (especially in rural locations) into work at a young age besides their education. Education is mostly pursued as it is a prerequisite to all aspirational forms of employment, especially governmental employment. However, many struggle to achieve enough grades in preparatory education to qualify for general secondary education and the university stage to follow. Consequently, many of Minya’s youth enroll in technical secondary education that provides them with some background of craftsmanship or drop out of school altogether and start their crafting careers.
Training is hardly sought by males as they perceive that time invested in training could alternatively be used in income generating work. Therefore, most workers (with the exception of females) would only agree to participate in a training program if some income/compensation is provided alongside it. Moreover, many stated they would continue being reluctant to enroll in training unless guaranteed a working opportunity in a factory upon completion.
With the economic situation constantly deteriorating and employment becoming scarcer, labour in Minya cope by continuously limiting their spending and relying on family support. In most desperate times, they rely on selling assets to finance their immediate needs. This constant stress and deterioration positions migration as the ultimate solution in the mind of most workers
Workers from Minya seek migration in more active economic centers in Egypt as well as neighboring, more affluent Arab countries. However, such opportunities are mostly
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accessible to those who have contacts such as relatives in such locations referring them to available employment opportunities. Alternatively, employment agencies (disguised as tourism companies) utilize this high need for employment abroad to solicit such opportunities to migration seekers at a cost. Migration seekers pay high prices reaching tens of thousands Egyptian pounds for such opportunities and are not provided with any legal support. Once abroad, they usually operate under a local benefactor who confiscates their passports and are often put to harsh working and living conditions. Yet, still most are willing to migrate due the perceived higher financial potential abroad. Ultimately, migration is perceived as an opportunity to generate enough income to establish one’s self in society; upon return many aspire to utilize these funds in buying land, getting married, or starting a private business promising a higher standard of living for themselves and their families compared to before. Returning without such achievements is perceived as a failure that stains the reputation of the migrating worker and often hinders his abilities to seek employment locally upon his return.
Setting up a private business is highly aspirational for most workers. They regard it as more profitable and socially acceptable compared to working for an unguaranteed daily salary. However the biggest perceived challenge is financial as the current stagnating economy makes it difficult to fundraise. Moreover, most have very limited management or legal awareness necessary to operate a business which causes them to struggle if the financial barriers are passed.
Starting a farming enterprise is perceived especially hard due to the saturation and high costs of land in the Nile valley. Alternatively new farming enterprises are moving to the desert where entrepreneurs face many difficulties registering their ownership of land with the government. Moreover, the government provides limited to no support for digging wells for ground water; the only source of irrigation in desert lands. Entrepreneurs carry out these endeavors themselves which further strains their budgets.
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4.0.0 Associations to “WORK”
Work has four key associations in the mind of Minya’s youth.
Survival
Stability Security
Self Worth
. Work is the primary source of . Having stable income, means one
Survival any income for any being. Security feels secure about tomorrow . This income is used to feed . Predicting tomorrow’s income oneself and family and is helps be more secure and planning essential for survival accordingly
’الواحد مننا بيحب يعمل حساب بكرة. انما لو مش عارف اّذا بكرة حيالقي لقمة ليه و لعياله حيفضل قلقان طول الوقت’ ’من غير شغل الواحد مش حيالقي ياكل one has to plan for tomorrow, if I am not sure“ عشان يعيش’ “without work, one can’t feed if I’ll find food for me or my family the next himself to just live” day, I will always be anxious” ~ unemployed male – Abu Qirqas ~ unemployed male ~ Samallut
. . Inline with “security”, people in Upper Working is the only means of Self Worth achievement on any level in life Stability Egypt are keen on starting a family. . Without such, many feel their . With young marriages and parenthood, entire lives are a waste work becomes essential for a stable family
’البلد كلها أملها تتجوز و تفتح بيت. ازاي ممكن أنا أو أهلي نقبل حد لو ’الزم الواحد يحس انه حقق حاجة في حياته عشان يبقى ليه لزمة. حيحقق معاهوش شغله تتطمنهم عليا معاه؟ ايه و هو قاعد عالقهوة ال شغلة وال مشغلة’ “one can only measure himself upon his achievements. "Everyone aspires to get married and have their own But how is he to achieve anything spending his time on a home. Neither I or my family can accept a suitor coffee shop without a job?” without a job that guarantees our future together” ~ unemployed male ~ Minya ~ unemployed female Maghagha
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4.1.2 Job Classification
Youth in Minya classify jobs as one of three types: Public Sector Employment, Craftsmanship & manual labour, and opening a private business. The following subsections shed light on each in more detail.
a. Public Sector
Jobs
b. Craftsmanship c. Private Business
4.1.2.1 Public Sector
To most job seekers in Minya, this is their dream job. occupation) in its generic term is used to) الوظيفة In fact refer ONLY to public sector jobs
This employment is perceived to provide the maximum on all key job related factors:
Maximum Stability: Once employed by the government, you cannot lose your job!
Maximum Security: Governmental Employment offers benefits not acquirable through other kinds of work; most importantly being Health Insurance and Social Insurance
High Self-Worth: an office worker is perceived to enjoy a higher social status than a regular farmer or skilled craftsman
Moreover, public sector jobs are perceived easy and ’كله بيتخرج و أمله في الوظيفة. يروح يمضي و يمشي, و آخر الشهر المرتب مضمون. ده طبعا غير التأمين و المعاش و كده’ .non-demanding “We all graduate aspiring for an ‘occupation’. You just This perception is especially common in Minya City sign in and leave, have a guaranteed salary, insurance, pension, everything” and Mallawi; large centers with plenty of Unemployed male – Minya City governmental offices.
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Despite the advantages, public sector jobs are associated with multiple negative associations:
. Scarcity:
’عشان تالقي وظيفة في أي شركة حكومة زي مصنع السكر هنا في .Public sector factories are perceived to down-size أبو قرقاص. الزم يكون عندك واسطة جوة أو تمشي حالك بالرشوة’ Several have completely shut down leading to a “To secure a job in any governmental company, like decline in number of jobs available the sugar factory here, you have to have connections inside. Alternatively you can bribe your . Corruption: way in” ~ unemployed male – Abu Qirqas Many perceive that a bribe is essential to become a public sector employee.
Many also perceive it is essential to have a capable relative in the governmental agency in question to be able to acquire a job
. Inconsistent pay
Since the revolution, the government is perceived to suffer a significant financial crisis
This often leads to the inability to pay public sector employees’ wages.
4.1.2.2 Craftsmanship
Majority of available work is in the form of crafts. (Ex: carpenters, blacksmiths, mechanics, plumbers, etc.). With scarcity of stable employment in public sectors and large enterprises; Minya’s workers seek craftsmanship as a more secure source of income as it is more feasible to practice on a freelancing basis and without much education prerequisites.
Most youth start learning crafts as children from their parents. Moreover, most children graduate from technical secondary schools which are more available and popular than general secondary schools
’الصنعة بقى البد منها و انت صغير. حتى لو جمب التعليم عشان الواحد يعرف يصرف ’كتير من هنا بيفضل يبقى معاه صنعة. حيشتغل من و هو صغير و بيكسب’ على نفسه و يخلي باله من أهله’ “may here prefer to have a craft/skill and use it to work at a young “A craft is essential when you are young, even if you still attend age; and they do make a living” school. It makes you able to get by and even help your family” ~ Unemployed Male - Edwa ~ unemployed male - Edwa
As stated above, many start learning and working with crafts as children. This is due one of the following possible factors:
. Supporting family:
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Many economically struggling families force their children to work to provide additional income.
This is especially common in summer vacations or after school hours
. Education Alternative:
Most families consider education as a prime priority
’أهلي لقوني سقطت في االعدادية فقالولي لو مش نافع في التعليم أتعلملي صنعة This is perceived to secure a better future for أحسن’ children “My parents decided learning a craft is better for me after I flunk my preparatory exams, they said education wasn’t my However, if children persistently score low grades, thing” parents often force them to vocational work as an ~ unemployed male – Edwa
’أبويا تعب و مبقاش ينزل الشغل, فكان الزم أنزل أنا عشان أعرف آخد بالي من alternative البيت. كان عندي 13 سنة’ . Securing Family Trade: “My father got sick and stopped working, so I had to go and work to support the house, I was 13 at the time” ~ underemployed male – Abu Qirqas Fathers with existing vocational trade ensure their ’احنا في الصعيد الواحد بيشتغل مع أبوه في األرض من صغره’ children start working the same trade early. This “It’s normal here is upper Egypt for one to start farming with helps prepare them to take over the family business his father at a young age” as they grow up. ~ Micro entrepreneur - Maghagha
When youth refer to crafts they learn, work and generate an income with at a young age, they usually include farming. However, compared to other crafts, farming and farmers are regarded with less respect and are believed to have much lower social status.
Crafts
Farming Skilled Crafts (carpenters, blacksmiths, mechanics, etc.)
Farming is perceived the least rewarding personally, socially and financially. This is mostly because the craft itself is perceived to require the least skill among all professions. It is also perceived to pay the least among all professions, so farmers are perceived to be poorer and with less secure futures, and hence, a lower social status. Consequently, many farmers admittedly encourage their children to learn other crafts to have a chance of a better future than theirs.
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’اي حد معاه حرفة ممكن يبقى كسيب. انما الفالح يوميته أخرها 33-03 جنيه, ودة لما يالقي شغل. يعيشوه ازاي دول؟ ال’ مؤاخذة الفالحة دلوقتي بقت شغالنة اللي مالوش شغل.’ “Anyone who has a skill can earn a living, but the farmer’s daily “Unfortunately, farming has become a job for the jobless” rate nowadays is between 30-50EGP, how can anyone live off of ~ unemployed male - Malawi that? ~ Small Farming Enterprise Owner – Abu Qirqas
Other industrial crafts, on the other hand, enjoy higher regard. Its workers enjoy a higher social status compared to farmers. The main factor behind this is a perception industrial craftsmen have a more solid chance to generate more income. Their daily income is higher than farmers’ and the availability of work is much less seasonal (compared to farming). Finally, it is perceived much easier to establish your own practice as a craftsman compared to farming as it does not require as much overhead costs.
’الواحد عشان يبقى صاحب أرض حيدفع فيها كام؟ انما لو صنايعي ممكن أي يشتغل حتى لو من بيتهم’ “You have to pay a lot of money to become a land owner, but a craftsman can work from his own home if he has to” ~ Small Project Owner - Maghagha
The only common factor among all crafts is they rely on daily incomes. This means their monthly income highly relies on the demand for work and the health of the economy as most employers in all fields are shifting towards this means of payment to cut down on running costs of their business.
Consequently, and with the current economic instability, all areas of work are becoming increasingly seasonal. With this increased seasonality workers are more prone to staying unemployed and without an income for longer periods of time. Under such economic pressure, it becomes normal for workers to end up seeking any available work opportunity even if outside of their specialization. Shifting careers has become a common practice.
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4.0.3 Challenges and Frustrations of Minya’s Labour
Most young workers in Minya perceive they are under tremendous financial stress. Even when work is present, the daily pay for the average worker varies between 30- 70EGP/day. Coupled with the seasonality of work, all workers perceive income from work in Minya insufficient to cater for their aspirations in life
Apart from financial stress resulting from low daily salaries, workers in Minya are faced with multiple other challenges and frustrations. The most mentioned of those is seasonality and scarcity; this is especially the case among farmers for the following reasons:
4.1.3.1 Challenges Facing Farming
. Intensive labor is only needed in times of plowing and harvest
. Due to financial stress, landowners prefer to hire labor on daily basis ONLY at these two seasons
. Consequently farming labor is left without employment or income for the majority of the year
’األرض طالما اتعزقت و اتزرعت مبيبقاش فيها شغل لمدة شهور لغاية Most then search for alternate means of . الحصاد. فأصحاب األرض مبقوش يشغلوا الفالحين اال فالعزيق و income in other physically demanding jobs like الحصاد عشان يوفروا’ construction “After plowing and planting, no work is needed for months in the land until harvest, so land owners do Coupled with negative social perceptions, farming has not employ or pay for labour except in plowing and harvest periods to save money” become a highly retardant profession ~ agriculture worker - Samallut
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Low Social Low Status Financial Reward . With lowest perceived benefit, agricultural workers are the least satisfied with their condition . Most already work in other professions to be High able to survive Seasonality . Most indicate they would abandon the farming profession if given the opportunity
Highly Retardant Profession
Alarmingly, the overall sense of frustration in the field of farming is not only restricted to the labour. Farming entrepreneurs and project owners are highly frustrated as well; summarizing the cause of their frustration into one factor: lack of governmental support.
Farming entrepreneurs perceive the following factors as key means by which the government is hindering their efforts:
. Paralyzing land ownership ’الحكومة نبتعملش حاجة غير التعسيف. مفيش تقاوي و ال مبيدات و كل procedures ميحددوا سعر بيقلل من مكسب المزارع’ New entrepreneurs cultivating the desert “the government’s only job is to make our job more difficult. They don’t provide the promised fertilizers and are often harassed by government officials insecticides, and when they set a selling price for our crops, and unable to register their ownerships of it highly reduces our profit” Farming Entrepreneur - Maghagha their projects’ lands. Consequently many starting new projects, buy unregistered lands from Bedouins to be able to start ’كان زمان بيبقى فيه مرشدين زراعيين بيساعدونا دلوقتي مافيش. و بقيت working without governmental harassment عشان أجيب مهندس زراعي بادفعلع أالفات و االقي نفسي فاهم أكتر منه’ and without governmental awareness. “The government used to send agriculture experts to guide us, not if I want to get an agricultural engineer I have to pay . Water shortage him thousands and then discover I have more knowledge than he does” Desert farmers endure high costs of digging ~ Farmer - Edwa wells which highly affects their profitability without any governmental support.
. Fertilizer and Pesticide Shortages
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The government does not provide its ’عشان أعرف أزرع, روحت في وسط الصحراء، و حفرت كذا بير لغايت لما promised rations of subsidized fertilizer and لقيت مياة أزرع بيها، و كل دة على حسابي من غير أي مساندة و ال حد منهم pesticide. Farmers are forced to purchase معبرني’ externally at high prices without any “to build my farm, I had to go to the desert, dig multiple wells to find any water to use. All this I did at my own guarantee of quality expense, without the government even offering to help ~ Farming entrepreneur - Edwa . Low selling price
For many strategic crops (especially wheat), the harvested crop is purchased by the government. The price, also set by the government, is usually perceived too low.
Such challenges facing farming entrepreneurs are said to have increased massively over the past 5 years.
Consequently, farming is becoming a retardant profession not just for workers, but for many of the small and medium entrepreneurs that work within it. With small project sizes, the profit generated is perceived too low compared to the effort exerted and the running costs.
This is leading to many such entrepreneurs to stop their activity. One coping mechanism for such farming entrepreneurs is to renting out their lands to larger farming enterprises for an annual rent perceived more worthwhile and guaranteed income.
’كان عندي 22 فدان, من غلو األسعار و التعب على الفاضي لقيت ان أوفرلي أأجر 33 فدان ب0333 جنيه في السنة عن أني أزرعهم بنفسي’ “I had 42 Feddans, with the prices going up and all the useless effort I found it more worthwhile to rent 30 of my Feddans for 7000EGP per year each than to rent them our myself ~ Farming micro entrepreneur – Abu Qirqas
Another alarming trend originating from farming entrepreneurs’ distress is construction on agricultural soil.
. Many farmers resort to turning their agricultural lands into construction
. This is perceived to generate high fast profit in return to low profits generated from agriculture
. Profits from construction are used in other commercial projects as farmers switch professions from agriculture and into trade
. Trade and commerce are much preferred due to high
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income vs. amount of effort and time consumed.
4.1.3.2 Challenges facing other craftsmen
While work is more abundant compared to farming, work for skilled craftsmen is still perceived to fluctuate and suffer from seasonality and instability.
This is always attributed to the following factors:
. Economic Seasonality: o Summer
Summer is considered the most lucrative season in Minya and migrants to neighboring countries return for their family visits. This results in a higher cash flow in the local market
o Harvest season
Upon harvest season, more cash is available among farmers and farming entrepreneurs upon selling their crop. This results in higher economic activity.
’الناس وقت القلق بتحوط على الفلوس اللي في إيديها. ما حدش بعرف Political Instability . بكرة فيه ايه’ Political unrest and the accompanying decline in “People are very careful with the money security highly affect economic activity. Many they have at hand at turbulent times, no become reluctant to invest or spend at unstable one knows what tomorrow will bring” periods which highly affect the workflow among craftsmen’s workshops ~Mechanic workshop owner - Maghagha
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This greatly leaves much skilled labour paid on a day-to-day basis without income
4.1.4 Employment Seeking Channels
Surprisingly, Minya workers lack proactivity when searching for work; most youth indicate they would wait for calls, referrals or employment opportunities to show up rather than take a proactive approach of searching themselves.
The primary means of finding employment are as follows:
. Referrals: o This is the primary source from which Minya’s labour finds jobs o Majority admit to waiting for calls on available jobs rather than pursuing the search themselves . Waiting in public locations o Every center has a key public place or market where workers gather each morning looking for work o Employers send their trucks and gather available workers to work in their lands from such areas o This is especially common for agriculture and construction workers . Door Knocking: o IF unsuccessful in finding a job, workers often frequent workshops or other venues searching for vacancies
Employment activities by the government of civil society have very low awareness among youth in Minya, and for those aware, most lack trust such venues are helpful in finding employment
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4.1.5 Perceptions to Education and Training
Discussions in primary research show that education is sought due to being a prerequisite in aspirational job opportunities or for social status. However, most workers perceive the quality of education (teaching content & facilities) at the available schools of Minya is too low. Yet, they still pursue education in hopes of a better social status or becoming qualified for the jobs they aspire to.
Public sector jobs have high education as a pre- requisite; this drives parents to regard educating their children as a top priority in hopes of a better future
Students unable to score the minimum grade to enroll in general secondary education have limited chance of acquiring a university degree. Hence, they usually switch to technical schools for a chance to learn a craft
If completely incapable of achieving educational success, they are forced to drop out of school and into the labour market. This is especially common in the presence of a family business/trade.
’عشان الواحد يعرف يالقي شغل في الحكومة الزم يكون معاه شهادة انما لو مش متعلم أخره حيشتغل في األرض أو عامل بناء’ “In order to secure a job in the public sector, you must have a degree. But if one is completely uneducated then the maximum he can hope for is become a farmer or a construction worker” ~ underemployed male - Minya
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Training, on the other hand, is not popular as most ’الغريب عندنا ان الرجالة عايزة كل حاجة تيجي عالجاهز. عايز يكسب دلوقتي فمش حيضيع وقت في تدريب وال كورسات طالما مفيش دخل’ youth are unwilling to participate in a training program to learn a craft/skill. They perceive that the “Men here want everything to come right to them. time spent in training is lost as no income is They want to earn a living immediately and won’t waste time on training or courses with no immediate income” generated while training. Therefore, existent training ~ NGO worker - Maghagha centers such as Vocational Development Centers established by the government enjoy low popularity. ’في جمعية عندنا في العدوة قايمة عليها واحدة اسمها مدام ايمان بتدي كورسات خياطة و بتعمل مشاريع. انا اشتركت فيها و بحاول اتعلم و Contrastingly, women show more willingness to اشتغل’ attend trainings and use the skills learnt to establish “there is an NGO here in Edwa run by a woman called their own micro enterprises. Males justify this Iman, she gives sewing courses and helped some phenomenon claiming women have more time and women start a sewing business. I just enrolled and am trying to learn” fewer responsibilities on their hands and hence can ~ underemployed female - Edwa afford the time for such training without any immediate threats to their families’ livelihood.
’لو حيضمنلي شغل مش حيبقى مضيعة وقت’ In conclusion, training and education are means to “I won’t consider it a waste of time if they can the desired ends of income, and social standard; and guarantee me a job” can only be attractive if workers believe in their ~ Unemployed male - Samalut efficacy is providing either benefits (provide them with an income, or give them the social status that sets them apart from their community)
Criteria of optimum training center 1. High visibility Most existent offerings enjoy low awareness. 2. Daily spending allowance for trainees This should diminish the primary barrier against enrolling in such programs 3. Job matching after training Most workers need an assurance an employment opportunity is waiting for them upon finishing their training.
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4.1.6 Unemployment Coping Mechanisms
To compensate for their limited income, Minya workers resort to variety of coping mechanisms:
Family Limited Selling at Selling and Migration Spending Loss Assets Friends
Order in consideration
When migration seizes to be Spontaneous Reactions an option
Limiting spending is the primary reaction to any ’الزم ماصرفش يوميتي كلها. ألني مش ضامن بكرة فيه شغل وال أل. perceived financial challenge. With daily payment و أهو القرش األبيض ينفع في اليوم األسود’ being the norm, most workers in Minya are already “I cannot spend my entire day’s pay because I can’t conscious with their spending in fear of tomorrow. In guarantee if there’s going to be work tomorrow” dire financial times, they limit this spending further so ~ Unemployed Male – Minya City the available funds can sustain them for longer periods of time ’حتى اللي بيشتغل حتالقيه الزم أهله يسندوه. اليومية حتكفي ايه ولال ايه؟’ Family Support is a primary coping mechanism “Even those who work rely on their parents, the daily among all Minya workers. Especially in big centers pay is just too low ~ Unemployed Male – Samallut (Minya, Malawi, Maghagha), it is common rely
’ممكن استلف بس الزم يبقى صاحبي قوي عشان أضمن أن الناس financially on family even after marriage. Borrowing متعرفش’ from friends is common in less urban locations (Samalut, Edwa, Abu-Qurqas) but is done in utmost “I can borrow but it has to be from a very trusted friend to be sure he won’t embarrass me in front of secrecy to avoid social embarrassment others” ~ Unemployed Male – Abu Qirqas Selling assets is a measure taken at extreme times. In times of extreme hardship some are forced to sell ’لو مفيش سغل خالص و الواحد مزنوق، بضطر أبيع عفش مش their valuable assets to be able to get by. Sold assets بستخدمه في البيت أو لو أزمت ببيع صيغة مراتي’ often include: “If I am broke and have no hopes of work, I can sell a piece of unused furniture or even my wife’s jewelry” . Furniture ~ Micro Entrepreneur - Edwa . Inherited Gold . Spouse’s Jewelry . Land
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Selling items at a loss is another coping mechanism recorded in discussion. Workers resort to selling appliances less than their real value to secure immediate income. Such appliances are purchased on installments and sold in cash at a lower price to guarantee immediate sale. Installments are then paid for an extended period of time to secure the debt. This is preferred than the social embarrassment of borrowing from friends or acquaintances
4.1.7 Migration
Migration is currently expressed as the youth’s ultimate aspiration. With the high seasonality and difficult economic situation being a constant in Minya’s labor market, all youth perceive migration as the ultimate solution to their financial hardship.
However, most migrating workers travel without the following essential elements for a safe trip:
. Preplanned accommodation . Preplanned job opportunities . Ample knowledge of their working condition abroad . Return tickets
However, most still willingly seek migration in hopes of the following perceived benefits:
. More Employment Opportunities Markets outside Minya are perceived more active and offer more employment opportunities than available locally
. Better Salaries In more lucrative markets, salaries are perceived much higher than ones available in Minya’s impoverished market
. Personal Development For skilled workers, working in more capable economies means exposure to different machinery and manufacturing techniques not available in the local market. This helps them gain new distinguishing skills. This is a major advantage over working locally as local workshop owners are perceived to conceal certain working techniques to prohibit workers from leaving and opening their own business operation
. Fair Treatment Many perceive their work is more appreciated (at least financially) when working in a foreign market
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Most common migration destinations include:
Local Destinations: . Cairo . Alexandria . Hurghada . Sharm El Sheikh Common Foreign Destinations . Libya . Jordan . Saudi Arabia Less Common Destinations: . UAE . Kuwait . Qatar
The ultimate goal of seeking employment away from Minya is generating enough capital to secure one’s future or achieve a certain goal. Desired outcomes upon a returnee’s return include:
. Building a house . Getting married . Starting a private business . Buying land
Returning before such any of the above has been achieved has negative effect on returnees’ social image and reputation. Thus, returnees are usually reluctant to work for someone else upon their return. Similarly, employers in Minya negatively perceive a returnee still seeking employment to be a failure and are reluctant to hire them.
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4.1.7.1 Challenges facing migrating workers:
A. Lack of Community
Lack of personal community in a new place is an important factor affecting travelling workers. Such imposes various challenges that emotionally affect workers. Namely:
. Difficulty to find jobs Most workers travel before acquiring a job at the destination
. Lack of emotional support Minya workers are very emotional and require much assurance and emotional support from their families
. Vulnerability to scams Most perceive workers from same country/city often conspire against each other benefits when abroad
B. High Cost of Living
Living away from one’s hometown incurs extra living cost they wouldn’t pay back home, such as (rent, eating out, and transportation).
Moreover, prices of products/food and other living essentials are perceived cheaper in Minya than Cairo, Gulf, or any other migratory destination
This high cost prevents workers from bringing their family along with them. Hence contributes to homesickness and emotional stress while away; making the experience more temporary
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(الكفيل) C. Benefactors
This concept is only applicable to labour working abroad in Arab Countries. Workers are only allowed inside the Arab state under supervision of a local benefactor
Benefactors usually confiscate workers’ passports upon arrival as means of ensuring they do not escape his supervision. Such measures are required by local laws in Arab countries to control illegal migration.
However, and with such measures, benefactors acquire excessive authority over the workers. This often leads to numerous hardships and ill- treatment to the worker. Such practices include:
. Seizing passports and preventing return home . Demanding a percentage of each workers’ pay . Not meeting promised payments/job positions . Unbearable working and living conditions
D. Segregation ’زي ما المثل بيقول. من خرج من داره اتقل مقداره. و لو مديرك هندي تالقيه بي ّدي األفضلية للهندي اللي زيّه’ Whether travelling within or outside Egypt, most “if your manager is Indian, he’ll always place other Indians at a workers feel discriminated against local workers higher priority than you” ~ MSE - Maghagha This entails unfair treatment and being a lower ’موضوع التفرقة دة مش بس برة, أنا رحت اشتغلت في شرم. و مديري كان priority when being considered for any growth اسكندراني و كان بيفضل االسكندراني زيه عن أي حد حتى لو شغله أقل’ .opportunity “You don’t need to travel abroad to suffer from discrimination. I was working in Sharm and my supervisor was from Alexandria. Other Alexandrians were always preferred even if they worked less hard ~ unemployed male - Samallut
4.1.7.2 Means of finding work abroad
Workers rely on two methods in seeking work opportunities outside Minya:
A. Relying on friends/relatives:
Referrals through friends or relatives already working abroad is very common among migrants. This is quite similar to the referral dynamic for findings work in Minya. This is most common in locations such as:
. Sharm El-Sheikh
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. Hurghada . Gulf Countries
Another way is to seek travel and seek refuge at friends/relatives who already work in the country then searching for jobs. This happens more commonly in locations such as:
. Libya . Cairo . Alexandria
B. Foreign Employment Companies
Often disguised as tourism companies, these are ’أنا جالي فترة كنت خالي شغل. و جاتلي فرصة برة بس companies offering employment contracts and الراجل كانت طالب 13333 جنيه. استلفت من كل الناس و opportunities abroad at a fee. Fees are usually high with اتنصب علينا. الراجل خد الفلوس و مشوفناهوش تاني’ application fees reaching 20-40 Thousand Egyptian “There was a time when I couldn’t find a job Pounds. and had an opportunity to work abroad. The agent was asking for 10,000EGP. I had to borrow from everyone I know. Then it Many such companies lack trust among the general public; turned out to be a hoax; the man took the mostly due to high fees and recorded incidents of fraud. money and was never seen again”
Another factor affecting their reputation is the word of Underemployed male – Abu Qirqas mouth generated by returnees who suffered bad experience with benefactors. In case of problems arising, such companies do not provide any support to the labourer. Moreover, the lack of governmental supervision creates much room for such companies to practice fraud against youth seeking better employment opportunities.
In conclusion, and looking at the entire situation of migrating labour from Minya, it becomes clear the primary need gap for migrating labour from Minya is security. They are driven by financial desperation which forces them to take risks that highly jeopardizes their goals from migration. Hence, unless work could be provided for them in their home country, there is a strong need for more secure sources of employment abroad and other support services providing a more guaranteed safe migration experience. Such services could include:
. Accommodation . Credible contracts . Detailed information on working terms and conditions . Insurance and legal support in case benefactors or employers fail to meet their contracted agreements
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4.1.8 Starting a business in Minya
Eventually, all workers in Minya aspire to become business owners and would rather work for themselves than for anyone else. Being a business owner satisfies the much needed social status all workers in Minya aspire to have, while is also perceived to generate more profit and income than relying on daily salaries as farmers of craftsmen.
However, owning a business is also associated with many difficulties, especially fundraising. With meager salaries and a stagnant economy, entrepreneurs are finding great difficulties in acquiring the needed capital to start their business. Moreover, most entrepreneurs rely solely on their craftsmanship experience and have limited knowledge and expertise in other fields essential in operating an enterprise such as and especially with respect to marketing, and legal procedures.
4.1.8.1 Drivers for establishing a business
. Business owners have higher status
As expressed in multiple sections in this report, social ’و انت داخل تتقدم، بصة الناس ليك و انت صاحب ورشة .image is a strong driver for behavior, especially for males غير لو شغال في ورشة’ Most youth aspire to the kind of work and working “when you are proposing, you will be looked situation that would create the best possible social image at much differently being a workshop owner than a workshop worker” of themselves. This concept is very difficult to compromise Underemployed male – Abu Qirqas upon.
Consequently, owning a business is highly more aspirational than being employed by someone else; because being employed by someone constantly reminds them that they enjoy a lower standard than their employer; something they find difficult to accept.
. Competitiveness
Skilled crafts often build their equity around the reputation of its owner’s skill and expertise in the craft. Not being the leading craftsmen (the workshop owner) is perceived to imply they are not the best within the workshop. Opening one’s own practice creates the emotional satisfaction of being the one with the highest level of expertise in the practice
’أنا لو فتحت ورشة، المكسب ك ّله حيبقى ل ّيا سواء من شغلي Higher Income . أو من شغل العمال. انما لو أنا عامل اشتغلت كتير أو قليل ماليش غير اليومية’ Business owners are perceived to generate a higher “If I am the owner, all the profit will be income than workers. Consequently workers aspire to mine, whether from my work or the other workers in my shop. But being a worker, become owners of their own practice to be eligible to whether or not I work hard, I will only earn collect the entire profit from a task rather than settle for the small daily fee” Underemployed male – Samallut the meager daily pay.
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4.1.8.2 Challenges facing startups
Of course, starting one’s business is not always easy. The following are the perceived challenges against starting one’s own business in Minya
. Financial Difficulty
The most spontaneously mentioned barrier mentioned by ’دايما الماديات حتقف في طريقك. انا مكفي نفسي بالعافية all youth in Minya. With current seasonality of work and حجيب منين افتح شركة’ low fees when work is available, many perceive raising “Financing is always a problem, I can barely enough capital to create one’s own business to be a get by, how am I to gather enough money for a company?” daunting task. Underemployed male – Minya
Many are reluctant to deal with financing institutions, and especially banks, dealing with interest. Such interest is perceived religiously unacceptable by most. In addition, most workers who do not religiously object to interest perceive the existent interest rates to be exaggerated. Such interest creates extra burdens on the startup and makes the entrepreneur perceive the entire rewards of his effort being collected by the bank rather than himself and his family.
. Fear of Legal Liability
’انا اروح و اتغرب و ادفع فلوسي جاهزة بدل ماتعامل مع Many perceive that with their current income, the only بنك يقطم فلوسي بالفايدة و في اآلخر لو شهر ألي ظرف way to finance a project is through loans. With such ربنا ما رزقش بشغل أتحبس" loans always being bound by timely payment, many fear “I would rather go abroad and come back the risk of not being able to pay due in time. This is with my money ready than deal with a bank that burdens me in interest and incase for any associated with many feared consequences such as reason work doesn’t go well find myself imprisonment. behind bars” Workshop Owner - Maghagha . Saturation and Redundancy
New startups in Minya are perceived redundant to existent market offerings. Entrepreneurs perceive that the economy is already ’لو واحد فتح محل موبايالت. كل البلد تفتح محل موبايالت stagnant; thus unless they are able to come up with new جمبه. ال هو يالقي ياكل و ال ه ّما. و السوق مش ماشي قوي ideas for businesses in the market, they will not be able عشان يساع كل دول’ to yield enough profit to make all the effort of starting a “If someone opens a mobile shop, everyone new business worthwhile. else opens mobile shops right next to his. So all of them end up losing. The economy is not that strong to support them all” . Government Bureaucracy and taxation Workshop Owner – Abu Qurqas
Creating a business usually implies exposure to governmental bureaucracy and much paper work to register the business or provide the new establishment with the needed facilities (ex: electricity). Such processes are perceived daunting and involving much corruption and bribery.
Another fear is taxation which is a barrier against formally registering one’s business. Many perceive tax calculations inaccurate and leading to excessive payments which further decrease revenues for starting entrepreneurs.
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. Low Awareness of Business Essentials
Perhaps the biggest need for new entrepreneurs is more awareness of marketing techniques and other business management and administrative essentials. Most new startups emerge upon the expertise in a craft. Yet most entrepreneurs lack the needed ability to market their products and services.
An notable example of such is in agriculture where farmers are forced to sell their products to the government at government-set prices. Alternatively if they intend to export, they deal through export companies that act as mediators between the farmer and buyers abroad. Farmers perceive that such companies sell their crops for a much higher profit than their own.
Same challenge faces female entrepreneurs with micro enterprises. They carry out simple production and most express their inability to market their product beyond their immediate social circle. Being more able to market their products on a bigger scale increases their chances of sustainability.
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4.2 EMPLOYERS’ PERSPECTIVE
4.2.1 Introduction to chapter
This chapter offers a different perspective of the labour market in Minya; that of the employers such as business owners and entrepreneurs.
This chapter looks deeper into the general perceptions employers have on workers in Minya, recruitment methods and dynamics, the different challenges they face with their workforce and means by which they try to counter such challenges
This information was acquired through interviews with employers and entrepreneurs in various centers in Minya. Two types of interviews were conducted in this phase, namely:
Mini-focus groups: Group discussions with 4-5 of our target respondents. This provides a dynamic setting to provide a wealth of insight In-Depth Interviews: One-on-one interviews; conducted mainly with respondents of busy schedule or of difficult criteria who would be difficult to interview in a group setting
Exact split of entrepreneur interviews can be seen in the following table:
Interviews with Public Sector Enterprises
Minya Edwa Maghagha Samalut Abu Mallawi Total Qurqas IDI 18
LME 3 2 1 2 1 1 10
MSE 2 2 1 1 1 1 8
MFG 10
LME 2 2
MSE 2 2 1 1 1 1 8
Fieldwork for abovementioned interviews took place between December 17 th, 2013 and January 13th, 2014
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In summary, employers perceive workers in Minya as lazy, greedy individuals who require highest possible pay for minimum possible work.
Most employers perceive tasks carried out in their enterprises to be very simple and requiring minimum skill beyond the regular manual labour. Only exceptions in farming lie in special crops grown in the desert frontier (such as grapes) where specialized tasks require the worker to have prior experience. Same exception applies to crafts. However, most employers believe that acquiring such skills could be easily acquired by workers without dedicated training.
While highly relying on daily labour, most employers acquire their labour needs through referral. In agriculture, there are specialized individuals in each center with a wide social network; such individuals are sought and paid by employers to provide them with the needed number of workers in a given day. Alternatively, unemployed manual labour often gather near transport stations and in known public locations where employers often send trucks to pick up the needed number of workers; this method is of course only utilized for seemingly simple tasks such as harvest and picking fruit.
Such recruitment methods for farming often pose challenges in harvest seasons where labour demands become higher, as the needed number of workers becomes increasingly difficult to find available.
Small industrial entrepreneurs often prefer to groom their own workers who start with them as children, this way they can gain experience in the trade as well as ensure they are compatible with their style of work. Such workers are then contacted on a daily/weekly basis for work depending on its availability.
Large enterprises industrial enterprises operating in Minya are often coming from outside the governorate and have limited supply of such contacts for employment referral. Consequently they attempt to rely, at first, on civil society organizations and governmental employment bureaus to provide their labour needs. Such efforts are notably more effective in civil society than government, yet still most large enterprises met throughout this research indicate they face great difficulty in finding workers meeting their required seemingly simple criteria of age and literacy.
This sheds strong light on an evident need gap in job matching in Minya as referral efforts clearly fail to provide either stakeholders (employers and job seekers) with their aspirations.
As stated above, most employers in Minya are also suffering from the current economic stagnancy in the governorate; the primary reaction to such difficulties is to shift their employment basis to daily employment. Agricultural entrepreneurs only hire workers in their lands when work is needed to save on costs during months where they are waiting for crops to grow. Industrial entrepreneurs operate on the same terms; only hiring workers as much as needed for the work available at hand.
This creates an unstable working culture where both employers and employees cannot guarantee continuous work in the same enterprise. Thus workers are becoming
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accustomed to continuously seeking work in other establishments other than the ones they currently work.
Consequently, such enterprises (micro and small enterprises) do not provide their workers with any contracts or benefits. The time spent on governmental bureaucracy to issue such benefits often surpasses the workers lifecycle in the enterprise, and hence efforts to provide workers with such benefits are hardly ever attempted.
Moreover, most such enterprises do not attempt to formally register their practice due to lack of trust in governmental processes. They perceive such practices to be fraudulent, put them under unnecessary legal hardships, and subject them to taxation which is perceived in accurate usually has negative effects on their already meager incomes.
The only exception is in large enterprises such as factories which cannot operate in obscurity. They are all formally registered and are legally bound to provide their workers with contracts and a minimum amount of benefits. However, to cope with financial pressure, most such enterprises compensate for this by providing their workers with low salaries. This causes retention challenges as workers perceive they can acquire a higher income working on a daily basis.
Another challenge driving negative perceptions to Minya’s labour among their workers is the workers’ perceived attitude. Employers perceive workers (especially in agriculture) to lack pride in their work. This negatively reflects on the quality of their work output and results in the work dynamic solely relying on finances; and with a deteriorated economy the work environment has become increasingly unhealthy.
To cope with such challenges, some employers are increasingly relying on women. Women are perceived to work harder and take work more seriously than men in Minya. This is especially common in crafts which women can perform such as harvest, planting, and sewing. Women are perceived more loyal to their work and eager to learn. They suffer from less social pressure on the types of work they perform and hence take up job opportunities than men often refuse. Moreover, women are keener on enrolling in available training opportunities provided by civil society projects and hence are more likely to open up small enterprises.
However, employing women comes with some challenges as they are often forced to quit their work when getting married. However, the deteriorating working situation for males often forces them back into the labour market and now, many women find themselves the sole financial providers supporting their husbands and families.
Finally, and as stated in the previous chapter, employers agree with workers’ perspectives regarding returnees. The general culture perceives a returnee without an established business or asset and who is still looking for employment as a failure. Employers are often reluctant to hire such workers foreseeing the quality of their work to be low.
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4.2.2 Spontaneous Perceptions to Labour in Minya
On a spontaneous level, workers in Minya are associated with much negative thoughts and perceptions from employers’ points of view
Lazy Complacent Tiresome
Inconsistent Greedy Unpunctual
Lack Uneducated Commitment
Spontaneous reactions to “workers in Minya”
4.2.3 Worker Classification
Most employers perceive the type of work their labour undergoes in their establishments to be very simple and requiring very minimal skills. Hence they hardly classify their workers by their skillsets.
Instead, employers mainly classify workers by experience. Such experience is only measured in by the time they have personally worked with the worker at their own premises. This experience logically translates back into added skill and higher efficiency. Experienced workers enjoy the primary priority in hiring as well as a higher priority in maintaining in full time (if possible).
In agriculture, there are very limited fields require specialized workers. Some examples are stated below:
Special Plants: such as grapes require different processes than regular plantations. Such processes include: Applying wooden supports to hold the weight of the :(التشعيب) o Bifurcation grapes to allow for longer ripening period Precisely moving unwanted leaves growing within the :(التوريق) o De-leafing fruit
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o Packaging: Grapes require specific packing techniques that allows product to both look appealing as well as ship with minimal damage.
Consequently, crops with specialized farming techniques are often spread around villages with available labour accustomed to this specific type of farming; for example: villages around Samalut are renowned for grape farming and often export labour to other grape farms as far as Edwa and Maghagha.
Spraying: insecticide-spraying is often perceived to require more skill by the worker to apply the chemical without damaging the plant. However most land owners perceive this skill as easily acquirable with minimal experience
’أنا ممكن أجيب أي حد يعزق أو يحصد. دي كلها مفيهاش فن, أنما الرص و التعبية الزم اللي بيعملها يكون فاهم’
“Anyone can plow or harvest, it’s not chemistry. But whomever I hire to stack or pack has to know what he’s doing”
~ Grape Farming project owner
Other tasks around the fields are perceived very primitive and not any skill from the worker’s end. The same perception is shared by most large industrial enterprises. Work in such enterprises usually involves operating and overlooking automated machinery using seemingly systematic and basic processes easily acquired by any worker within a very short introduction period.
’عادة مش بحتاج يبقى اللي جايلي عنده أي خلفية, أصل كل الشغل بسيط و يتفهم بسرعة’
“I usually don’t require workers to have any background, the work itself is really simple and could be grasped easily”
~ Large Factory Manager
Perhaps the only type of enterprise that requires certain skill in its labour are micro and small enterprises working with skilled crafts (e.g. Carpenters, blacksmiths, mechanics, etc.). Recruited workers are often acquired at a young age; starting with simple tasks, they learn the craft with their years of experience. Hiring someone who is already trained is a less common practice; such worker is often put under strict supervision in a probation period before being given the employer’s trust.
Apart from the abovementioned examples, all other kinds of labour are perceived as manual physical labour than anyone could do without any prior knowledge or training.
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Experienced/Specialized Specialized Agriculture and Skilled
Crafts Classification Manual and Labour and Factory workers
Unskilled Labour Labour
4.2.4 Recruitment Methods
The recruitment process varies greatly with the type of enterprise and labour required. Below is an overview of the variety of methods used for recruitment
Civil Society Referral Street Pickup Advertisement
4.2.4.1 Referral
Referral is the by far the most adopted method for recruitment for most types of labour. Employers ask their workers to announce among their acquaintances that a job opportunity is available and receive the new workers’ upon recommendation of their referred individuals.
A very special form of employment referrers is available in the field of agriculture. A has a very wide social network in his (الخولي special form of recruiter (called El-Khouly area, and is contacted by landowners with their labour needs. This ‘Khouly’ uses his network to provide project owners with such labour needs at a fee. This fee is usually proportional to the number of workers he is able to provide but on average is the same as the workers’ daily fee for each 10 workers provided.
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Similarly, factories and other large establishments often ask supervisors and other experienced workers to refer acquaintances to any new opening in the company.
’ماعندناش اعالنات في الجرايد زي عندكم في مصر. لو عايز حد يشتغل حسأل اللي شغال عندي لو يعرف حد. و هو حيسأل اللي يعرفهم و هم يسألوا اللي يعرفوهم و كدة’
“We don’t have newspapers like you do in Cairo. If I need someone to work, I’ll ask my employees if they know anyone, they’re going to ask the people they know, and those will ask those whom they know, and so on…”
~ Medium Enterprise Manager - Maghagha
4.2.4.2 Civil Society Advertisements
Large factories and enterprises usually originate from outside of Minya and require a large amount of manpower. This voids them of the advantage of having local contacts to recruit via referral. Therefore, they seek local governmental employment offices as well as local NGO’s for recruitment.
However, most interviewed LME’s perceive recruitment through such venues (especially governmental) to be inefficient; the number of workers applying through such venues is usually much less than desired. NGO’s, on the other hand are a little more effective yet still not as aspired.
With time, and after the workforce in large enterprises grows, the existent workers are used to refer acquaintances to complete the headcount to a desired number
’أول ما جينا المنيا ماكوناش نعرف حد. عشان أجيب عمال بقيت أبعت للجمعيات أقولها تجيبلي ناس. ما كانوش بيجيبولي كتير ينفعوا. بس بقيت أخلي اللي جابوهملي يجيبولي ناس من معارفهم’
“When we first came to Minya, we didn’t know anyone. We sent to local NGO’s to find us workers. They didn’t bring us with much suitable workers, but those who were suitable we used to refer others who can work”
~ Large Enterprise Manager – New Minya City
4.2.4.3 Street Pickups
’وقت الحصاد ببعت العربية عند السوق أو المحطة بيكون العمال هناك على قفا من This is a common recruitment method for يشيل. بيبقوا قاعديب على االرصفة زي عمال البناء اللي بتشوفهم في مصر’ agricultural and construction projects in times requiring large manpower. Usually the tasks at this time do not require any “At harvest time, I send a truck to the station in the skills; examples include: picking fruit, nearby village. You can get them by the handful. You find them sitting on the side of the street much carrying bricks, etc.) like the unemployed construction workers you see in Cairo” Employers often sent trucks to public market areas where unemployed workers ~ Large Grape Farms Manager – Samalut gather in each village to collect the
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amount of workers they need for their manual labour.
Other recruitment methods such as newspaper classifieds and online recruitment do not enjoy much awareness in Minya. This is due to the lack of penetration of newspapers in different parts of the governorate. Moreover, most workers do not own a computer, let alone, log online.
4.2.4.4 Recruitment Process Challenges
While most stakeholders claim satisfaction with current recruitment methods, further probing unearthed some challenges and drivers of dissatisfaction.
With respect to Agricultural activities, the main challenge is in finding the needed number of workers in active seasons; for example: harvest season. Because agriculture is a seasonal practice, all farms harvest at the same time. This causes a sudden demand for workers leading to scarcity and increased requested fees
’وقت الحصاد تالقي العمال بعد ما كانت مرطرطة بقى كله محتاجه. فتالقيه مايجيلكش و يروح عند أي حد يديله قرشين زيادة. و انا بدل ماكون محتاج 100 يجيلي 00. فابشغلهم ورديتين’
“At harvest seasons, the workers find themselves suddenly in demand. So they don’t show up and go to someone else who gives them an extra penny. This way I find myself receiving 40 workers when I need a hundred. So I resort to making them work a double shift.”
~ Medium Farming Enterprise – Abu Qurqas
Large enterprises using existent NGO’s and other job matching efforts complain about the inability of such organizations in meeting their recruitment needs. This is either in not providing the needed number of workers, or often providing workers without the required criteria
’كل اللي كنت طالبه انه يبقوا اقل من تالتين و يعرف يقرا و يكتب. جالي ناس فوق ال00 و مبيعرفوش يف ّكوا الخط’
“All I asked for is them to be under thirty and know how to read. I received over 00 illiterates”
~ Large Factory Manager – Minya
Hence, and going back to the workers’ employment paths, there is an evident need gap for a job matching effort that is of proven efficacy and trust for employers and job seeker’s alike.
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4.2.5 The working relationship
Relationship between workers and employers is bound by several factors. Such factors are what eventually shape their spontaneous perceptions towards one another and hence their attitudes and behavior.
4.2.5.1 Daily vs. stable hiring
The time basis of the employment agreement is one of the major influencers on current labour market behavior for both employers and employees. The most common basis in practice is Daily Employment.
Most employers hire workers on a daily basis. This is especially common for agriculture, crafts work, and large factories requiring large amounts of manual labour.
From agricultural entrepreneurs’ point of view, daily basis is preferred because the income is seasonal. Throughout the season there are many periods in which heavy labour is not needed. Moreover, paying monthly salaries for large unneeded workforce would take a heavy toll on their revenue (some indicate it can never be afforded).
’انا بعد ما بزرع نقعد بالشهور األرض مفيهاش شغل. بالذات لو كنت زارع قمح. لو كمان بدفع مرتبات يبقى خراب بيوت عالفاضي’
“After I plant, the land undergoes months without requiring any work, if I pay salaries in all this idle period I would get broke”
~ Farming medium enterprise - Edwa
Only stable workers in agriculture with a monthly income are those guarding the land and supervising the land. In some projects, they are the same worker. Hence, a total of one or two people are hired with a monthly salary per agricultural project.
Craft workshop owners (micro enterprises) are never able to forecast the available workload. Mostly relying on walk-in customers, the availability of tasks can never be guarantees. Consequently they also rely on paying their workers on a day-to-day basis. Unlike agriculture, workers are mostly stable, i.e. almost the same workers are hired every time. However, whether or not the workers will find work at the workshop at a given day is never guaranteed.
’الواحد مش ضامن في شغل وال أل. لو مفيش بقول للعامل مايجيش’
“I can never guarantee if there’s work. If there’s no work for the day then I call the worker and tell him not to come”
~ Blacmsmith - Edwa
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Large industrial enterprises are the only ones commonly paying their employees on a monthly basis. This is especially the case for governmental and multinational companies/factories. Examples of day-to-day payment were also noted with manual seasonal labour often hired to complement factories’ workforce when needed.
4.2.5.2 Contracts and insurance
Very limited enterprises offer their workers with contracts or benefits such as social or medical insurance. Most employers refer to their unstable pool of workers as a justification.
’كلهم مش شغالين و ثابتين, عقبال ما خلص ورق التأمين حيكون سابني و اشتغل في حتة تانية’
“None of them are stable, by the time their paperwork gets done, they would have already left and working elsewhere”
~ Medium Enterprise Owner - Maghagha
Large enterprises and factories are the only ones providing such benefits, however such benefits usually come with a lower monthly salary. Consequently such benefits are not perceived to encourage workers or reduce turnover rates as workers continuously seek a higher pay even if on a day-to-day basis
’كنت بعرض عالواحد مرتب900 جنيه و تأمين و مواصالت تو ّديه و تجيبه و برضه مبيرضوش. يقوللك لو شغال يومية ب00 جبيه حجيبهم في أسبوعين, و هو مش ضامن يشتغل األسبوعين’
“I used to offer them 900EGP monthly salary, plus insurance, and transportation and they still won’t come to work thinking if they continue to work with a 50EGP daily they would gather the sum in 2 weeks, And they can never guarantee working two weeks on this day- to day basis”
~ Macaroni Factory Owner - Minya
4.2.5.3 Turnover and challenges facing employment stability
With this overall lack of stability, turnover rates all over different business sectors and sizes are relatively high. Upon interviewing workers and business owners, several factors arise:
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A. Workers seeking extra pay
Employers believe their workers would easily abandon their projects and go to another enterprise for a slight extra pay, even on the short term. This practice was also admitted by several workers throughout the focus groups.
No matter how well the employer treats his employees, workers are perceived to be under constant financial pressure (due to inflation, and low salaries) that they continuously search for better paying opportunities
B. Employers see high demand for employment
Several employment admit to the high rates of unemployment in Minya, furthermore they admit to perceiving this high demand for jobs as an advantage for them and their businesses as they could easily replace any worker whose performance is not satisfactory. Consequently, workers in such projects are perceived as highly dispensable
C. Lack of pride in work
Employers and workers both agree most workers lack pride in what they do. Most workers aspire to be employed in a desk job or own their own business. Alternatively, any other form of work is perceived to be socially demeaning and often embarrassing. This is especially common in Minya City, Mallawi and other large urban centers where governmental establishments are bigger and more common.
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4.2.6 Training
While training is a very important practice for workers to gain more skills and qualifications to suit the labour demands of the market, it was found to be a rather uncommon practice in most centers of Minya.
The only sector of the public heavily seeking training services are high education graduates in major city centers like Minya City. Such graduates perceive work in workshops or in agriculture demeaning and not suiting their education. Hence, they seek desk jobs in large companies.
With the limited number of such companies in Minya, graduates seek such training centers to get trained on computer applications and languages; skills that are considered a must in large companies that are not easily acquired through regular university education.
’اللي بياخد كورسات دول خريحي الجامعة. مالهومش شغل هنا في المنيا و بيبقوا عايزين لغات و كمبيوتر و الحاجات اللي الشركلت في مصر بتطلبها. انا عملت كدة و سافرت اشتغلت في مصر و بالصدفة الشركة فتحت فرع في المنيا فجيت’
“courses are frequented by graduates. They don’t have much employment chances in Minya so they take language and computer courses that are prerequisites for companies in Cairo. I did this myself and worked in Cairo until by coincidence the company opened a branch in Minya; so I returned”
Accountant in large clothes factory – New Minya
The majority of available work in Minya is in the form of manual labour in factories, construction, or agriculture. Employers of all such fields agree unanimously that such tasks are very simple and do not require much training. A new worker can shadow a more experienced worker for a few hours and learn the task completely. While this is considered some form of on-the-job training, it does not require any arrangements of assistance to be provided to the enterprise to push it into effect.
’الشغالنة أخرتها شيل من هنا حط هنا، مش مستاهلة يعني تدريب و كدة, هو حيقف ورا واحد بيفهم و كمان ساعتين حتالقيه شغال لوحده’
“Their job is to carry something from here to there, not worth any training. If he stands behind an experienced workers, he’ll grasp everything within a couple of hours”
Farming Entrepreneur - Samalut
Another example of on-the-job training takes place in smaller enterprises such as vocational craft workshops. Owners of such enterprises prefer to hire small children. The child then learns by shadowing and as he grows up starts gaining more responsibility.
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However, most craft workshop owners admit to workers’ perceptions that they never pass on their entire scope of knowledge and skills for fear of workers using this knowledge and skill in opening competitor workshops of their own.
With this being the mindset regarding training over the different business sectors and sizes, it was very rare to receive any requests for extra training for workers or establishments in the form of aid.
The only exception was found in one of the factories in New Minya managed by a multinational. They believe workers in Minya require much health and safety training as most are either unaware or disregard the most basic means of protection (helmets, face guards, etc.). However, they also perceived workers would not agree to take such training without compensation for the time they spend within it.
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4.2.7 Women
Women constitute almost half Minya’s population, and are in fact very active within Minya’s labour force.
According to business owners in Minya, women are often more hardworking that men. Moreover, they are more willing to work and are less reluctant to accept jobs usually refused by men fearing their social image and status. Because women are less pressured at a young age to support their families financially, they are also more open to enroll in trainings provided by civil society organizations and are more prone to establish their own micro-enterprises. Men, as explained earlier, are less willing to participate in such activities and consider it a waste of precious time used to generate an income.
However, women face some difficulties with regards to employment. They are confined to simple tasks in both agriculture and industry due to their limited physical ability. Moreover, employers often are concerned over their ability to retain female workers as they grow as they are often forced to leave work to get married.
Married working women are sometimes affected by domestic problems which sometimes prevent them from working (sometimes husbands prohibit their wives from going to work in times of domestic troubles). However with the predominant economic stress Minya’s workers are suffering from, and with the scarcity of work for males, many married women find themselves in a situation where they are the sole financial providers for their husbands and children.
4.2.7.1 Women in Agriculture
Women in rural communities often work in agriculture at a young age in tasks such as harvesting fruit, packing fruit, and spreading seeds. However they do not commonly work in other physically demanding tasks such plowing. Spraying insecticide is also not preferred for women as they are perceived to have negative effects on fertility.
Agriculture project owners prefer to hire women in harvest season as they perceive women to work harder for less salary.
4.2.7.2 Women in Industry
While they are not preferred in heavy industries due to the lack of physical abilities, there are a few weaving and clothes factories that rely heavily on women in their labour force. Women in such industries are perceived more productive than men who usually refuse such types of work in Minya.
4.2.7.3 Women in Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs)
By interviewing various NGOs, there is a clear higher ratio of women attempting to start their own micro or small enterprises. Women are also perceived keener on training on essential skills needed to make their projects work.
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Women are less affected by social stigmas affecting men, they accept different types of projects and small businesses that men often refuse to take in fear of their social appearance. Moreover, they are perceived by many employers to be more persistent and enjoy higher work ethics than men.
In another interview, an NGO worker stated that 60% of women in Minya are the sole breadwinners for their families.
’تصدق ان انا عندي بنات كتير بتصرف على اجوازها و اجوازها مش القيين شغل؟ الفرق ان هما مش مكسوفين و مش بيتكبروا على الشغل زي الرجالة’
“Can you believe we helped many women who are the sole breadwinners for their families, whose husbands do not have jobs? The only difference is they do not feel any of the arrogance or embarrassments men react with to job opportunities”
NGO Owner - Minya
’الست هنا معندهاش مشكلة تشتغل أي حاجة عشان تصرف على بيتها. الرجالة ممكن تقعد من غير دخل وال حدش يقول عليه بيشتغل شغالنة على القد’
“Women have no problems taking any job that helps them support their house. Men might prefer to stay unemployed rather than be known to work a low paying job” Factory Manager – New Minya
4.2.7.4 Barriers against employing women
Despite all the benefits that come with employing women, there are some barriers that make employment of women more difficult
A. Limited socially acceptable areas of work
Despite their success in their fields of work, women are bound by societal norms and restrictions. Such restrictions confine women to certain types of jobs.
For example, their employers have to be well known and trusted by her family. Consequently, in rural locations women preferably work on lands of well-known land owners who have their families’ trust and recognition. Similarly, NGO workers sometimes face initial difficulties in persuading women’s families to allow them to join training programs.
Likewise in urban cities, families resist allowing their daughters to work in small companies or startups. The setting of such work involving small amounts of people in a confined place is frowned upon by society. On the other hand they have no problem with women working in large factories or businesses involving large numbers of workers.
B. Short work lifetime
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Young women usually work for a limited number of years before getting married. Upon marriage most are forced to quit their jobs to take care of their households and husbands. Employers heavily relying on women are usually weary of when they would be forced to leave work.
Same factors apply to married women with pregnancy; employers lose their female employees for several months upon giving birth.
C. Family-induced inconsistency
While many women are forced back into work for financial reasons; domestic problems with their husbands often lead them to miss working days without prior notice to their employers
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4.2.8 Employing Returnees
As mentioned in the worker’s section. Workers travelling abroad for better and more lucrative work opportunities often do not return home before achieving a certain target in mind. Examples of such target could be buying a piece of land or starting a business of their own.
Therefore, a returnee looking for employment is perceived to have failed on their mission abroad and is received by employers with caution. Employers often prejudge them as failures or not suitable for work.
’لو سافر برة و رجع من غير ما يعمل حاجة لنفسه يبقى أكيد فاشل و مش بتاع شغل. فلو شغلته مش حيعمر’
“If he traveled and returned without making something for himself then he is definitely a failure who doesn’t take work seriously. I wouldn’t employ him because he wouldn’t last long”
Blacksmith - Edwa
Only exception is if the employer has had experience with the worker prior to his travel. If such experience is present, employers wouldn’t mind rehiring the worker upon his return. In some cases, workers agree with their employers to take a few months off each year to work abroad for an extra income.
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4.3 COLLECTIVE LOOK ON EMPLOYMENT IN MINYA
4.3.1 Introduction to chapter
The previous chapters all discussed the attitudes, behaviors and perceptions of the key stakeholders founding the “supply and demand” of employment in Minya. They also shed light on the challenges faced by both workers and employers.
This chapter takes a different approach where it focuses on the different external and environmental factors affecting employment in Minya. It also sheds light on the perceptions of various stakeholders on the existing efforts to relieve the unemployment problem in Minya.
The data in this chapter was collected through the same interviews with the various stakeholders of the previous chapters in addition to extra interviews with other stakeholders with experience in dealing with the various factors that affect the labour market discussed in this chapter; namely Civil Society Organizations, Governmental Entities, and Vocational School teachers and representatives.
A total of eight in-depth interviews and six mini-focus groups were conducted with this sector across the different administrative centers in Minya as follows:
Minya Edwa Maghagha Samalut Abu Mallawi Total Qurqas IDI 8
Ed. Sector 3 1 1 1 1 1 8
MFG 6
Ed. Sector 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
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In summary, one of the major factors attributing to the current employment situation in Minya is education. While most aspire for a good education that renders them eligible for the employment the desire, many students in Minya are forced to drop out of education to pursue working and generating income to support themselves and their families.
Even students who continue further into the education track admit the quality of education they receive is low and insufficient to provide them with the background and information that justifies the time and funds invested in education. This is mostly due to the low quality of school facilities and lack of resources. An example of such is very evident in technical secondary schools which should provide their students with vocational training, yet end up only providing them with theoretical rather than practical experience due to lack of necessary equipment and materials to train upon.
Another factor negatively affecting work in Minya is purely cultural. Most workers in Minya suffer from extremely negative peer pressure among society and their peers. This forces workers to refuse many job opportunities fearing what their peers would think of them. A major consequence of such is the evident extreme lack of pride in one of the major pillars of Minya’s economy; agriculture. Currently, most workers in Minya would only accept becoming business owners or office workers as other manual labour is labelled by their peers to be of low social class.
Consequently many abandon essential productive crafts and professions, and attempt to open private commercial businesses that usually fail due to the current economy failing to support their sustainability by providing them with the needed customers with the needed spending power.
To make matters worse, is that even in situations where such a commercial business succeeds, peer pressure forces friends and acquaintances of its entrepreneur to open exactly similar enterprises, often even in the same location. Such results in dividing the possible income among their increasing number, and the share of each becomes smaller and they all fail to sustain.
Another effect of negative cultural habits and peer pressure is the reluctance to seek employment through relatives and acquaintances. Most workers in Minya would refuse to depend on their relatives or friends for fear of being indebted to them or having this relative/acquaintance be perceived superior to them in front of society.
With such emotional and cultural aspects having a great effect on workers’ behavior in Minya, the available work opportunities in Minya are perceived as repulsive and not meeting workers’ aspirations. Moreover, jobs available in public or private sector enterprises are perceived scarce and often require corruption and contacts to acquire.
In attempt to diminish the unemployment problem in Minya, several efforts are being executed by the government as well as civil society. Governmental efforts suffer from lack of trust among workers and employers alike and are perceived less effective and transparent. Most praised efforts of a governmental body are that of the Social Fund for
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Development (SFD). Still, most interviewed entrepreneurs are reluctant to deal with it due to bureaucratic practices and high perceived interest rates.
Civil society efforts are more visible to the general public as civil society organizations rely primarily on reputable local figures in their respective location. This enhances their popularity and creates a sense of trust that decreases beneficiaries’ reluctance to deal with the organization. Such organizations are usually small and highly rely on funding from international development programs being developed in Minya. As most such programs are bound by specified durations, most such organizations fail to sustain their funding for long periods of time and are forced to start over with the next grant they are able to acquire from the following development program. Some organizations also rely on these grants in employing workers in the organization itself, and hence securing an income for their families throughout the development program’s period.
Large civil society organizations are more financially sustainable as they rely on affluent donors throughout Egypt. Most such organizations are religious (examples include CEOSS, and the Muslim Youth Organization). According to civil society experts, CEOSS and other Christian organizations are more efficient and effective in executing their desired programs with the provided funds.
Other large non-religious organizations exist such as Resala, and Orman. However, the most noticeable endeavor by a non-religious organization is that of Masr El-Kheir who is reportedly creating a comprehensive database with all beneficiaries and small enterprises in the governorate that might require assistance in their offered programs.
With respect to the type of aid provided, many interviewed expert perceive provided aid given to micro and small enterprises by civil society and governmental programs to limit their potential for sustainability. On the one hand, the interest rates associated with loans are perceived high and posing heavy burden on startups. On the other hand, the nature of projects receiving aid is often perceived unsuitable for the beneficiaries, for example Orman reportedly provided pregnant cows for poor women who cannot afford feeding them, and eventually beneficiaries were forced to sell the cows and lose the project.
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4.3.2 Factors Driving Unemployment in Minya
4.3.2.1 Education
The secondary research highlights that Minya’s schools provide a variety of options for students that qualify them to pursue their future in universities, vocational trade, and agriculture. However, a common complaint received from all stakeholders is that such institutions are not providing the needed learning quality for students. Moreover, the economic situation for various families is often an obstacle against students to continue in their education.
Below are the mentioned challenges facing students in Minya from the conducted primary research:
A. Students are forced into labour besides school
Many poor families are forced to rely on their children to work and provide an extra income. This is a very common practice for rural communities and small administrative centers in the governorate (e.g. Matay, and Edwa). On the other hand, parents perceive that education is very important in securing a better future for their children.
In the past years, the stagnating economy put more financial pressure on families which diverted their priorities for their children away from education and more towards generating an income. This led to a very common trend of students not attending school except in time for education; spending most of the ’الوالد بياخدوا المدرسة منازل و مبيحضروش’ academic year working in fields or in workshops. “Most students register as ‘home schooled’ and don’t actually go to school” Most children in Minya attend school up to the preparatory stage. It is their ~ Technical School Principal - Malawi ’بيجيلي الولد مفرود خريج صنايع لحام. و عمرة ما شاف وال مسك مكنة لحام’ grades in the last year of preparatory stage that decides the type of secondary education they are qualified to pursue. “I receive workers who supposedly graduated from welding schools, and I find out they have With a higher focus on work, grades never seen or held a welding machine in their scored are usually too low. So a majority life” do not qualify for general secondary Blacksmith - Edwa education which diminishes their chances of attending university. Consequently, the majority of schools in the region are technical industrial schools, which accept lower grades than general secondary schools and are perceived to qualify students with a faster track towards crafts work/generating an income for their families.
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In some instances, teachers of technical schools invite distinguished students to work in their workshops after school hours.
’انا شغال نجار. لسه في صنايع بس مبحضرش. بشتغل في ورشة المدرس بتاعنا في المدرشة و هو بيظبتلي الغياب’
“I am still a student, but work as a carpenter. Our school teacher has a workshop and I work for him, in return he takes care of my attendance at school”
~underemployed male – Abu Qurqas
B. Schools lack necessary equipment
Graduates from technical schools all indicate the schools themselves lack the needed equipment to provide them with the needed education and training on the crafts they are to be specialized in. Instead of practical vocational learning, most of the teaching taking place in such schools is said to be theoretical.
This leads many students to graduate without the needed practical experience to help them in easily acquiring a job.
4.3.2.2 Peer Pressure
Surprisingly, the biggest perceived factor causing unemployment in Minya is peer pressure. This is especially evident among males. Social and peer pressure takes many forms that have negative effect on the labour market.
This creates more room for females to work and become more productive than males in many fields of work
A. Stigma against farming
The simpler the job is perceived, the less desirable and socially acceptable it gets. For example, many workers agree they would not take a job in agriculture even if it is the only one they could find. This is because they perceive being a farmer indicates a lower income and hence an undesirable social status.
Consequently the available labour is driven away from farming and seeks other crafts with a higher perceived social standard; and the only labour left for farming is that with the most minimal education and awareness (commonly the same labour working manual construction labour).
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The most desired social standard belongs to those working for the government or large corporates. However, the number of job opportunities available in such enterprises is very limited in the governorate.
Service jobs such as waiting tables and cleaning are perceived by the same social stigma. Ironically most workers end up working the same jobs they would refuse to work in Minya if they leave or travel abroad because ‘no one they know would have a clue’
’لو في بلده الزم يعمل باشا و ما يرضاش بشتغل شغالنة تصغره قدام معارفه, انما لو طلع برة ممكن يشتغل نفس الشغالنة اللي كان قرفان يشتغلها في بلده. ما هو ماحدش شايفه هناك’
“in his hometown he has to act like a boss and would never agree to work a job that wouldn’t look good in the eyes of his peers. If he goes abroad he’ll agree to work the same job he refused to take back home, because no one he knows can see him there”
~ NGO manager - Maghagha
B. Pride prohibits working for others
Many refuse to work for their relatives or friends out of pride. This way they avoid feeling indebted to this friend/relative or of a lower standard than they are.
Moreover, workers are also often too proud to use their relatives’ or friends’ help in finding a suitable job opportunity for the same fear.
’ماقدرش اشتغل عند ابن عمي أو أروحله يتوسطلي في شغل عند حد. و اال كدة حيبقى ليه عندي جميلة و زلة قدام بقيت الناس’
“I can’t work for my cousin, or use his help to solicit for a job, otherwise I will owe him and be indebted to him in front of everyone we know”
Unemployed Male – Abu Qurqas
4.3.2.3 Deteriorating Economy
As discussed in the previous chapter, the deteriorating economy forces employers to hire workers on a day-to-day basis. Employers agree with workers that the provided salaries are too low to provide a decent living; especially if on a seasonal basis.
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However, employers claim they cannot afford to raise the provided salaries as it would greatly threaten their profits in the current unstable economy.
This resulting dynamic is that neither the workforce nor the work opportunities are stable. Workers easily switch employers and even professions in search of higher paying opportunities, while employers are seeking to cut down their costs through economizing on the amount of workforce they hire.
4.3.2.4 Transportation Difficulty
Given the previously mentioned factors, one might think a solution is for workers to work outside their town and in other centers in Minya. This, however, is not common given the perceived challenges faced in transportation. The low quality of roads result in long travelling times prohibiting workers from traveling to other cities and returning after the work day. Alternatively moving to other cities would incur lots of additional living costs that cannot be afforded by the worker.
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4.3.3 Evaluating available opportunities
One can safely conclude the available labour market landscape has a major gap in its job supply. By that we refer to jobs perceived aspirational to the available workforce.
While the majority of opportunity lies in agriculture, workers are refusing to agree to the harsh economic situation of working in this field and seek other industrial fields or trade activities. Moreover, agriculture entrepreneurs are facing difficulties in expanding and marketing their business which prevents them from hiring extra workforce.
On the other hand, government-owned factories either require corrupt practices to get hired or are reducing the size of their labour. Private sector investment in labour consuming industrial practices remains very limited with only three industrial zones in the entire government which have failed to reach their desired occupancy over the past few years.
The available infrastructure and roads prohibit the workers to seek available work in other cities away from the negative effects of peer pressure, which sets migration as the primary aspiration for workforce in Minya. Migration represents the only escape for them allowing a reasonable income with limited peer pressure.
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4.3.4 Existent Efforts countering unemployment in Minya
Many efforts exist in to counter the current unemployment problem in Minya. Such efforts are usually in cooperation between governmental bodies, civil society, and often foreign donors.
4.3.4.1 Governmental Efforts
The government has various establishments working in Minya to relieve unemployment.
and (جهاز تشغيل شباب الخريجين) The Young Graduates Employment Authority which follow the ministry of Industry; both ,(مكتب العمل) Employment Bureaus have presence in the governorate’s administrative building and several branches across the different centers of Minya. Efforts of both bodies enjoy very low awareness among job seekers; the majority of interviewed workers have not even heard of their presence. Officials from both entities insist job advertisements are posted in the governorate’s building on a periodical basis.
From job seekers’ point of view, the governorate building is not a place they seek to find employment. Moreover, the notion of seeking employment through a governmental building is not pleasant as their efficacy is doubtful. Moreover, they are perceived to require bribery and other corrupt practices in order to be effective and successful in providing a job.
A few NGO workers indicate that classifieds posted in governmental bodies’ bulletin boards are often fake or outdated.
The Social Fund for Development (SFD) is a very active financing organization for small and micro enterprises in Minya. It enjoys much awareness among business owners, job seekers and civil society members.
The SFD receives much acclaim from civil society organization for its tremendous efforts. On the other hand most job seekers are intimidated by its perceived bureaucratic processes in applying for loans; perceiving some prerequisites as unreasonable. Among such prerequisites is the demand of two governmental employees to guarantee the loan applicant. Such a practice is perceived to open the door for corruption as governmental employees ask for a commission for agreeing to sign the loan application papers.
’ما أنا لو شركتي قطاع خاص و لسة حتى مالهاش وجود حجيبلهم موظفين قطاع عام؟ ايه العالقة؟ و بعدين غشان اجيب موظف يمضي حيقوللي هات نسبة’
“If I’m trying to take a loan to open a small private company, how relevant are governmental employee’s presence and signature on my application? And if I get them to sign they will ask for their cut”
Micro-enterprise owner - Maghagha
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4.3.4.2 Civil Society
Civil society organizations are available in many forms and sizes
4.3.4.2.1 Small Development Organizations Apart from charity organizations distributing aid on poor families, there is a noticeable presence of small developmental organizations trying to impact the labour market by providing training and helping entrepreneurs establish their own micro and small enterprises. Such organizations are often led by known figures in their communities and rely on their reputation in attracting donors and beneficiaries. Most interviewed organizations indicate the main challenge they face is that of funding. Most available funding comes from foreign aid organizations and is for time bound projects. The time limit for such projects often expires before their activities can reach sustainability and hence the entire process (including support to beneficiaries) often halts upon project termination. This drives some of such organizations to treat grants and temporary projects by international aid organizations as temporary employment opportunities and utilize such funds to employ beneficiaries in their organizations throughout the project without long-term plans for sustainability. On another hand, and in line with perceptions gathered in previous chapters; such organizations receive significantly more women beneficiaries than men as men seek an immediate income rather than training.
4.3.4.2.2 Large Civil Society Organizations
Large civil society organizations are organizations with multiple branches throughout Minya’s centers are often present outside of Minya. They are available in two forms:
. Religious Organizations
These are large organizations CSO’s with a clear religious identity. Such include CEOSS, Muslim Youth Organization, Al- Game’ya El Share’ya Religious Non-Religious
Such organizations are perceived to have more stable funding and have a well renowned reputation among the general public.
However, there is a common misconception among beneficiaries that such organizations only service beneficiaries of the same faith/religion of the
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organizations; an allegation denied by respondents who have had actual experience dealing with such organizations.
Governmental officials interviewed indicate CEOSS is especially effective in executing effective programs with any given funds in compared to other large organizations present in the governorate.
. Non-religious organizations
Most notable of such organizations is Assiut Businessmen Association. Despite its misleading name, the organization is notable for a mixture of microfinance, training, and commercial activities.
Training programs are provided for unemployed on common services such as mobile phone servicing and repair, and satellite dish set up. Recipients of such training are eligible for microfinance to establish their own businesses using the skills they learn. Other microfinance schemes are also provided by the organization for entrepreneurs provided they have an existing business plan and feasibility study.
Finally the organization has other commercial activities where it sells appliances (such as air condition units, and refrigerators) to the general public at competitive prices.
This latter activity; while justified by organization officials as a means of generating funds for developmental activities; has negative effects on the organization’s perceptions among the general public who perceive it as a profit seeking organization. This perception is also strengthened by the perceived high interest rates of the loans provided by the organization to entrepreneurs.
Other non-religious large organizations operating in Minya include Resala, Al- Orman, and Masr El Kheir. The most notable endeavor by non-religious organizations is that of Misr Al-Kheir. According to one governmental official interviewed in Minya, Masr El-Kheir is operating through other local NGO’s in the region and has constructed a comprehensive database of all beneficiaries and their needs in an effort to organize and avoid duplication of efforts of civil society in the region.
Resala has several branches in different centers around the governorate, with some of these branches including training centers providing various language and computer courses. However, the organization’s reputation has suffered in recent months due to allegations of its affiliation with the Muslim Brotherhood.
Al Orman is notable for charity activities without much developmental activities in progress. Some mentions were made to Al-Orman providing poor individuals
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as a source of income generating milk and meat. However, such activities were perceived ineffective as beneficiaries lacked the needed knowledge and financial ability to sustain the livestock and most of them are said to have been sold for cash to livestock merchants.
4.3.4.2.3 Challenges facing civil society efforts Looking at feedback from both governmental and civil society stakeholders, the biggest challenge facing all efforts to improve the labour market in Minya is sustainability. For small organizations sustainability is difficult to achieve due to funding difficulties resulting on their efforts being short term dependent on availability of funds. Further training is needed to organizations on how to use their available funds and develop them into a more sustainable income allowing for a longer working period. For larger organizations, the reason behind the lack of sustainability seems to be their choice of activities. The following are examples of such: . Microfinance activities are often bound by high interest rates that limit the beneficiaries’ chance of success. This is common feedback referring to both SFD and the Assiut Businessmen Association . Orman’s efforts with providing cows to the poor were hindered because beneficiaries lacked the economic ability to sustain the cows until they are productive. Furthermore, they were provided with no support or knowhow to market their products. Hence, lack of sustainability . Small service projects such as mobile phone repair in a deteriorating economy like that in Minya do not provide beneficiaries with much potential of growth and sustainability. There is still great need for projects involving production rather than service.
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4.4 EVALUATING THE ICRS CONCEPT
4.4.1 Introduction and methodology
With existent efforts failing to solve labour market problems in Minya, a new concept of an Information, Counselling, and Referral Service Center was tested among different stakeholders.
The concept was tested during focus groups and in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders; namely: Unemployed and underemployed youth, Civil Society Experts and Education representatives.
The tested concept is that of a new establishment that provides jobs matching between the available unemployed labour and enterprises with available vacancies in Minya. The establishment also helps provide the needed training for employers, jobs seekers, and aspiring entrepreneurs aiming for more success and integration into the labour market.
4.4.2 Reactions to concept
On a spontaneous level, the concept received strong reactions of excitement from all stakeholders. This excitement is driven by strong acknowledgement of the existent unemployment problem in Minya which welcomes any efforts to
’البلد حالتها صعبة، أي حاجة ممكن تتعمل تحسن من الوضع أكيد حنرحب بيها’
“the current situation is very dire, any efforts that could improve the situation is welcome”
~Unemployed males - Samalut improve the current situation.
Consequently, the concept was met with high appeal in hopes of its positive outcome. However, to have the best outcome, the following essential criteria have to be present:
. Wide Geographical Coverage: ensuring services are reachable in all administrative centers. Workers would not travel unless there is absolute guarantee of employment; a level of trust the center would require a long time to generate among its target. The minimum required geographical coverage is an office in each administrative center, with the main headquarters being in Minya City.
. Presentable and welcoming: A major concern for job seeking youth is the undignified treatment they usually receive in NGO’s and other
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governmental establishments they seek for help with employment or any other service. Such low quality of service often drives them to avoid seeking such venues altogether. Hence, a better treatment and level of service should be ensured in any proposed ICRS venue to attract stakeholders
. Pre-existing Reputation: In many of the rural areas in Minya, people do not feel secure dealing or submitting personal information to strangers. This is why the majority of successful NGO’s in such locations are those founded by reputable individuals in their respective town/village. To guarantee the ICRS acquires the needed trust, it would better be in partnership with an already credible establishment/NGO in its respective location.
By looking at such recommendations, it becomes clear that the most strongly needed attribute for the ICRS Center is credibility and trust. For such to be present, civil society stakeholder point out a major threat against the concept; that of limited job supply.
According to several civil society members, the main problem causing high unemployment rates in Minya are not that of limited job matching services. Instead it is the limited number of available jobs to cater for the large existing number of unemployed youth. Hence, they foresee that if such a service is introduced in such an economically unstable time, it will face great difficulty in finding enough jobs for the large number of projected unemployed applicants. This should create a negative reputation of inefficacy among the general public (much like the current reputation of governmental employment bureaus).
In addition, the concept was scored much higher on relevance with the unemployed and underemployed youth than with business owners interviewed. This further highlights the vast difference between job demand (needs of the unemployed) and job supply (jobs needed to be filled in businesses).
In conclusion, it is advisable to focus at preliminary stages of the ICRS center on counseling and training activities to help develop the performance and employment capacity of already existing enterprises and encourage creation of new ones.
The growth and success of existent enterprises will in turn lead to more jobs being created; decreasing the gap between job supply and demand.
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With respect to such counseling and training, the visible need for training in existing enterprises is that of marketing. Most existent enterprises are established based on the practical vocational experience and expertise of its owners who often have very limited awareness of how to market their products/services. Therefore, such establishments suffer in promoting their products or finding suitable buyers which often threatens their sustainability. This is especially evident in micro industrial enterprises (ex: small crafts workshops), as well as in large agricultural enterprises.
Both perceive they need assistance to help them market their merchandise and deliver their products to more markets and buyers. With such assistance they expect to boost their sales and hence be able to raise their production and employment capacity.
The success and growth of existent enterprises will hopefully create more job supply to cater for job matching services.
Another possible endeavor is to create partnerships with large enterprises being established in new industrial zones in Minya. Such enterprises have needs for workers with health and safety awareness to fit their international working standards. With such awareness being minimal among workers in Minya, the ICRS center can provide such training for workers in partnership with the large enterprises in exchange of job opportunities for attendees.
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APPENDIX A– Mapping Labour Market Stakeholders in Minya
Introduction and Methodology
To validate secondary research data, and highlight existent stakeholders
. A team of local researchers were recruited from each administrative center . Each team roamed their respective center identifying and recording the available stakeholders found on the ground . As part of the detailed Labour . Included establishments in the search Market Assessment being conducted included: in Minya, a mapping of existent . Educational, career stakeholders is essential in different development, and skill administrative centers in the enhancement governorate stakeholders . While some were identified during . Private sector the secondary research phase of the stakeholders such as study, a few needs and concerns also large and medium- emerged: sized enterprises . Scarcity of available . Establishments secondary research offering support, sources business development . Need to validate the or counseling for SME’s available . Any existing initiatives stakeholders are affecting the labour existent and active market in the area
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A.1 Mapping by Activity
1. Technical Schools in Minya
# Name Address Notes Minya Administrative Center 1 Technical School Sekket Talla Rd. 2 Technical Secondary School Assiut Agricultural Rd. 5 year (Commerce) curriculum 3 Technical Secondary School (Industrial) Talla Station Offering 3 year and 5 year curriculum 4 Carpentry technical School Taha Hussein St. 3 year curriculum 5 Agricultural School Stadium Area – beside the youth center Abu Qurqas 1 Technical Industrial Secondary School Town Entrance, West of for Boys Railroad 2 Technical Agricultural Secondary Al-Gumhoreya St. School (Mixed) 3 Technical Commercial Secondary Al-Gumhoreya St. School (Mixed) 4 Technical School for Girls Al-Gumhoreya St. Mallawi 1 Technical Industrial Secondary School Al-Mahatta St. for Boys 2 Technical Agricultural Secondary East Mahatta St. School for Boys 3 Technical Industrial Secondary School Erfan St. for girls 4 Technical Commercial Secondary Sheikh Nasser St. School for girls Dayr Mawas 1 Dayr Mawas Technical Industrial School Al-Markaz St. (Mixed) 2 Dayr Mawas Technical Commercial Al-Markaz St. School (Mixed) 3 Dayr Mawas Technical Agricultural Al-Markaz St. School Samalut 1 Samalut Technical Industrial School for Town Entrance Girls 2 Samalut Technical Industrial School for Al Sena’a Street Boys 3 Al-Maasara Technical School Town Entrance 4 Technical Industrial School for Girls Downtown Samalut 5 Technical Commercial School for Girls Downtown Samalut 6 Tala’at Harb Industrial School Shousha - Samalut Matay 1 Technical Commercial Secondary Beside the main hospital –
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School (Mixed) Matay 2 Technical Industrial Secondary School Beside the Stadium 3 Technical Electronics School Beside the town market 4 Matay Technical Commercial Secondary Matay City Center School (Boys) Beni Mazar 1 Technical Industrial Secondary School Next to Traffic Authority (Girls) 2 Technical Commercial Secondary Mahkama St. School (Girls) 3 Technical Industrial Secondary School Beside the main hospital (Boys) 4 Technical Agricultural Secondary Nazlet El-Dalil Rd. School Maghagha 1 Technical Commercial School for Boys Kellini St. 2 Technical Industrial School for Boys Al-Markaz St. 3 Technical School for girls Beside Maghagha Courthouse 4 Technical Commercial School for Girls Al-Madares St. beside the stadium 5 Technical Industrial School for girls Al-Salam St. 6 Sham Technical Industrial School Sham Village 7 Aba Technical Industrial School for Aba Village Boys Edwa 1 Technical Industrial Mixed School Port Said St. For boys and girls 2 Technical Commercial School Port Said St. 3 Technical Agricultural School for Boys Port Said St. 4 Al-Gihaz Secondary Agricultural School Al-Gihaz Village 5 Edwa Technical Industrial Secondary In front of Edwa hospital Mixed School
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2. Training Academies in Minya
Definition: Academies and training centers providing extracurricular courses
Al Minya Administrative Center # Name Address Notes 1 AL-Manara Academy - Nile Tower, Kourneiche 2 branches Shalby Area – infront of faculty of arts 2 Smart Academy Nile Tower, Korniche 3 Spark Academy Shobban Muslemeen Tower 4 My Way Academy Taha Hussein St. 5 National Youth Academy Amer El Massry Building. Across the Sports Club 6 Sparkle Academy Adnan Malky St. 7 The Youth Academy Adnan Malky St. 8 National Media Organization Shalaby 9 Alfa Academy for Education Shalaby Square – in front of faculty of arts 10 MTM Academy Shalaby Human Development and soft skills courses 11 Sciences and Technology Academy Sherbiny Street 12 IT and Modern Sciences Academy Shalaby 13 Al-Ealameyeen Academy Adnan El Malky Street Media Sciences 14 FOREX Academy for education Adnan El Malky Street 15 Sadat Academy 16 International Academy for Tahreer Street Development 17 Al Hayah Academy Shalaby – in front of the Faculty of Arts 18 The Way Academy Adnan El Malky Street. Mallawi 1 Mallawi Development Organization 26 July St. 2 Reefy Organization Gala’ Street, infront of museum Dayr Mawas 1 Al-Shubban Al-Muslemeen Gumhoreya St. Organization Samalut 1 Al-Amal Center for rehabilitation of the Amer Street - Samalut Inside Resala disabled Organization 2 El Ebda’a Academy – Social Human Organization for Upper Egypt Development Development Courses Family Counseling 3 Smart Training Academy Zamzam Street Human Development Language
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Courses 4 Al Sherif Development Organization Amer Street 5 Al-Yossr Development Organization Next to Al-Zahraa’ Mosque 6 National Organization for Human Downtown Samalut Training Rights Courses and Education Services Matay 1 Resala Besides Technical Training Center Commercial School within organization 2 Shorouk Organization of Matay Center Comprehensive Development 3 El-Kheir Organization Al Game’eya El Zera’eya Hand Weaving St. center funded by El-Sweedy Group Beni Mazar 1 Abu Bakr El Seddik Organization for Community Development 2 Al Manara Center Mahkama St. 3 Hamburg Center Beside Police Station 4 Resala Al-Omda St. 5 Education Support Center Al-Ibrahimeya St. 6 Smart Center for educational Al Ibrahimeya St. development Maghagha 1 Logic Academy Train station area, Adl St. 2 Kayan Al-Arabeya Academy Abul-Nasab St. from AbdelAzeim St. 3 Al-Baraka Academy Al-Kanisa St. Beside the church 4 IT Academy Nouh st. from Gomhoreya St. Edwa 1 Al-Dawleya Academy for Training and Main St. Beside Bakkar Devleopment Cafe
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3. Vocational Training Centers
Definition: Training centers offering crafts training and vocational development
Al Minya Administrative Center # Name Address Notes
1 Oyoon for Arts Mogama’a Al-Mahakem
2 Midan Art School Wabour El Nosour
3 Jesuit and Frere Organization Ard El Mouled
4 Christian Youth Organization Adnan El Malky
5 Vocational Training Center Al Tanzeem wal Edara St. Abu Qurqas
1 Technical Industrial Secondary School for Abu-Qurqas entrance Vocational Boys from Agricultural Rd. training center working after school hours Malawi
1 Vocational Training Center Al-Helaga St.
Dayr Mawas
1 Dair Mawas Technical Industrial Al Markaz St. Vocational Secondary School (Mixed) training after school hours Matay
1 Cooperative Agricultural Organization Salah El-Din Mosque Vocational Workshop training 2 Islamic Society Organization Sherket Abu Ragab St. Weaving and Tricot Beni Mazar
1 Vocational Development Center Al-Markaz St.
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4. Medium and Large Enterprises
Definition: Reputable business establishments with reportedly large labour headcounts
Minya Administrative Center # Name Address Man Power (approx.) 1 Central Egypt Flower Mills Ekhsas, across Horus 300 Resort 2 Electricity Company Taha Hussein St. 150 3 Water Company Adnan Elmalky St. 350 4 Automated Bakery Ard El-Mouled 100 5 Macaroni Factory Ard El-Mouled 150 6 Petroleum Warehouse Maqousa 250 7 Cement Company Cairo Assiut Agricultural 150 Rd. 8 Chipsy distribution company Shalaby 50 9 Ariel distribution company Shalaby 50 10 Hagg Abdo Plastic Bag Company Tahansha St. – Takseem 50 Shady Taha El Saba’a 11 Potato and Chicken Refrigeration Plant Tahansha St. – Takseem 50 Shady Taha El Saba’a 12 TaTa Plastic Factory In front of Fire Brigade 100 13 Nile Cotton Ginning Company Ekhsas 250 14 Al-Dawleya for food packing and Victoria Square 50 distribution 15 Sondos for food packing and Ezbet Shahin 50 distribution 16 Potato Refrigeration Facility Burgaya – Agricultural Rd. 50 17 Potato Storing Facility Burgaya – Agricultural Rd. 50 18 Al-Mostafa Sugar packing and Murad Square 50 distribution 19 Al-Farouneya Adnan El-Malky 50 20 Wady El Nil gas company Shalaby 50 Abu-Qurqas 1 Central Egypt Flower Mills (Abu Qurqas Agricultural Rd. 300 Branch) 2 Abu Qurqas Sugar Factory Agricultural Rd. 300 3 Cable Factory Abu Qurqas 250 4 Water Company Abyuha, Al-Nadi St. 200 5 Electricity Company Abyuha, Al-Nadi St. 150 6 Nabil & Lotfy Ice Cream Factory Off Gumhureya St. 70 7 Nefertiti Sweets Game’a Abdelmaksood St. 50 Malawi 1 Egypt Telecom Erfan St. 260 2 El-Sedoury for Food Industries Bank Misr St. 70 3 Malawi Steel Industries 26 July St. 60 4 Malawi Plastic Factory Al-Nadi St. 50 5 Khadiga Hashem Ismail Tile Factory Awlad El Sheikh St. 50 6 Upper Egypt Molasses Tobacco Factory Malawi N/A
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Dayr Mawas 1 Tile Factory Agricultural Rd. 50 2 Electricity Company Agricultural Rd. 50 3 Water Company Al-Markaz St. 50 Samalut 1 Al-Hady Group for Agricultural and Al-Muwqaf Square 50 Poultry Supplies 2 Assiut Cement Company (CEMEX) Technical Secondary Girls 50 School Street 3 Al-Hedaya Organization Knitting Beside Abu-Ragab Mosque 50 Workshop 4 Al-Rahma Macaroni Factory Tiba Village 50 5 Village #4 Macaroni Factory Village #4 50 6 Samalut White Cement Factory Beni Khaled 100 7 Pepsi Bottling Factory Samalut 250 8 Al-Saliba Macaroni Factory Al-Saliba – Samalut 50 9 Al Kayal Marble Minings West Samalut 50 10 Al-Kayal Farms West Shousha – Samalut 50 11 Al-Malika Farms West Shousha – Samalut 50 12 Shady Farms Desert Road – Samalut 13 Iron Industries in Beni Khaled Mining Beni Khaled Mining Areas Area Matay 1 Shorouk Macaroni Factory Ezbet Mansour – Matay 2 Al Marwa Food Industries Matay 3 Al Wady Factory for Livestock Feed Thawra St. – Matay 4 Egyptian European Wood Manufacturing Thawra St. - Matay and Trading Company 5 El-Sheikh for Food Manufacturing and Al-Iman St. Packing Beni-Mazar 1 Haj Abdel Rahman’s Crop Silo and Port Said St. 50 Storage 2 Al Shorouk Fertilizer Company Mostashfa Al-Ramad St. N/A 3 Radi Ahmed Othman Group (CEMEX Distributor) 4 Al-Reedy for Trade and Distribution 5 Al-Minya for Building Materials Sheikh Fadl – Beni Mazar 6 Abeer Macaroni Factory Al-Markaz St. 50 7 Al-Obour Biscuit Factory Beni Mazar 40 8 Al-Barodi Macaroni Factory Beside Bank Misr 50 warehouse – East of the Station 9 Pure Land for Spice Grinding Maghagha 1 Al-Moqawel Steel Industries Al Madares St. 2 Gothour Agricultural Industris Medawer Village 3 Egyptian Agricultural company for Al-Tiba village fertilizars 4 Maghagha Wheat Silo Shawani St. Maghagha 5 Central Egypt Flour Mills Taha Hussein St.
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6 Abu Hetta Al-Hamama Square, Gomhoreyya St. 7 Wady El-Nil Abdel Azim St. 8 Madawer Poultry Farms Medawer Village Edwa 1 Al-Fayum Sugar industries Town entrance – beside Ta’awon Gas Station 2 Egyptian Company for Cattle Feed Town entrance – beside Ta’awon Gas Station 3 Al-Alameya Marble Company Al-Kobry St. 4 Shatata Poultry Farms Al-Rabe’a Village 5 Ali Fath El Bab Poultry Farms Fath El-Bab Village
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5. Organizations Providing Microfinance
Minya Administrative Center # Name Address 1 Coptic Evangelical Organization for Social Services Lebanon Square 2 Shabab Masr Organization Ard Sultan – Behind Cleopatra Hotel 3 Social Affairs Abu Hilal – Taqwa Street 4 Social Affairs (second branch) Ard El Muled 5 Social Fund for Development Korneiche 6 Shabab Masr Organization Nasser Square 7 Sunaa’a Al Hayat Development Organization Adnan El Malky Street 8 Arab Woman Association in Minya Taha Hussein Street 9 Assiut Businessmen Association -Lebanon Square -AbdelMoneim Al Sharki Square 10 Masr El Kheir Shalaby 11 Mashroo’y (My Project) for finance Lotus Street 12 Social Care Foundation Lotus Street 13 Al-Nahda for Young Graduates Behind Suzanne Mubarak Hospital Abu-Qurqas 1 Businessmen Association in Aby Qurqas Next to AlMalak Church - Abyuha 2 Al Hay’a Al Mahalleya Organization Abyuha 3 Al-Amal Organization Abyuha 4 Assiut Businessmen Association Large Church St. Mallawi 1 Assiut Businessmen Association Erfan El-Bahary St.
2 AlGameya ElShare’ya El Gala’ St. Dayr Mawas 1 Dayr Mawas Businessman Association Behind the Police Station – Dayr Mawas 2 Agricultural Development and Credit Bank Kahraba St. Samalut
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1 Al-Sharif Organization for Local Community Development Al-Mawqaf Square
2 Al-Ezza Organization for Community Development Al-Sena’a Street 3 Businessmen Association in Samalut (الجمعية الزراعية) The Agricultural Organization in Samalut 4 5 Al Hedaya Organization Beside Abu Ragab Mosque 6 Smart Academy (microfinance unit) Zamzam Street 7 Masr Al-Ahl for Comprehensive Development Al Ashraf Street (الشبان المسلمين) Muslim Youth Organization 8 9 Al-Rahman Organization for Development Al-Tarawy Street, Shark El Terea
10 Al Nohood Bel Mar’a organization Beside El Geel El Talet School 11 Spritual Activity Organization for Copts Samalut 12 Dafash Charity Organization Dafash - Samalut 13 Al-Sho’la Organization for Social Services Shousha – Samalut 14 Al-Rohama’ Baynehom Organization Etsa – Samalut Matay 1 Co-Operative Agricultural Organization Salah El-Din Mosque 2 Community Development Organization in Matay Beside the Bahary Post Office - Matay 3 Assiut Businessmen Association Thawra St. - Matay 4 Game’eya Share’ya Organization Al-Hassan Mosque – Matay 5 Al-Orman Matay Main Center Beni Mazar 1 Reefy (My countryside) for Supporting Micro Enterprises Mostashfa El-Ramad St. 2 Mashro’y (My Project) for Microfinance Agricultural Rd. Beside Alex Bank 3 Tanmeya Microfinance East End of Al-Bahr St.
4 Best Foundation (Microfinance) Port Said St. 5 Coptic Evangelical Organization for Social Servces Next to Town Police Station 6 Beni Mazar Businessmen Association Saad Zaghloul St. 7 Game’ya Shae’ya Al-Akak St.
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Maghagha
1 Assiut Businessmen Association Al-Amin Building – Infront of Fire Brigade 2 Muslim Youth Organization Maghagha Main St. 3 Al-Shafei Organization Medawar Village Edwa 1 Ahl El Kheir Organization Mostafa Kamel St. 2 Sheikh Solayman Organization Al-Fath Mosque St. 3 Al Gam’eya Al-Shar’eya Mostafa Kamel St. 4 Ahl Baladi Organization Port Said St. 5 Assiut Businessmen Association Port Said St. 6 Asdeqa’ El Kheir Organization Mostafa Kamel St. 7 Bent Baladi Organization Mostafa Kamel St. – beside Mohamed Kamel pharmacy 8 Tiba Development Organization Mostafa Kamel St.
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6. Private Job Matching and Employment Service Providers
Abu-Qurqas # Name Address Notes 1 Al-Nour Wal Bayan Organization Al-Nadi St. – Job matching services Abyuha Samalut 1 Employment Center (Ministry of Arab El Zeina - Manpower and Migration) Samalut Matay 1 Right Way for Tourism Thawra St. Work and Migration Facilitation Beni Mazar 1 Ahbab El Mostapha Organization Port Said St. Job Matching Activities 2 Green Way Tourism Work Opportunities abroad 3 Al-Ghofran Tourism Work Opportunities abroad 4 Abr Al-Alam for Youth Travel Specializing in providing work in Libya
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A.2 Mapping by location
1. Minya
Technical Schools
# Name Address Notes 1 Technical School Sekket Talla Rd. 2 Technical Secondary School Assiut Agricultural Rd. 5 year curriculum (Commerce) 3 Technical Secondary School Talla Station Offering 3 year and 5 (Industrial) year curriculum 4 Carpentry technical School Taha Hussein St. 3 year curriculum 5 Agricultural School Stadium Area – beside the youth center Training Academies 1 AL-Manara Academy - Nile Tower, Kourneiche 2 branches Shalby Area – in front of faculty of arts 2 Smart Academy Nile Tower, Korniche 3 Spark Academy Shobban Muslemeent Tower 4 My Way Academy Taha Hussein St. 5 National Youth Academy Amer El Massry Bldng. Across the Sports Club 6 Sparkle Academy Adnan Malky St. 7 The Youth Academy Adnan Malky St. 8 National Media Organization Shalaby 9 Alfa Academy for Education Shalaby Square – in front of faculty of arts 10 MTM Academy Shalaby Human Development and soft skills courses 11 Sciences and Technology Academy Sherbiny Street 12 IT and Modern Sciences Academy Shalaby 13 Al-Ealameyeen Academy Adnan El Malky Street Media Sciences 14 FOREX Academy for education Adnan El Malky Street 15 Sadat Academy 16 International Academy for Tahreer Street Development 17 Al Hayah Academy Shalaby – in front of the Faculty of Arts
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18 The Way Academy Adnan El Malky Street. Vocational Training Centers 1 Oyoon for Arts Mogama’a Al-Mahakem 2 Midan Art School Wabour El Nosour 3 Jesuit and Frere Organization Ard El Mouled 4 Christian Youth Organization Adnan El Malky 5 Vocational Training Center Al Tanzeem wal Edara St. Large and Medium Enterprises 1 Central Egypt Flower Mills Ekhsas, across Horus 300 Resort 2 Electricity Company Taha Hussein St. 150 3 Water Company Adnan Elmalky St. 350 4 Automated Bakery Ard El-Mouled 100 5 Macaroni Factory Ard El-Mouled 150 6 Petroleum Warehouse Maqousa 250 7 Cement Company Cairo Assiut Agricultural Rd. 150 8 Chipsy distribution company Shalaby 50 9 Ariel distribution company Shalaby 50 10 Hagg Abdo Plastic Bag Company Tahansha St. – Takseem 50 Shady Taha El Saba’a 11 Potato and Chicken Refrigeration Tahansha St. – Takseem 50 Plant Shady Taha El Saba’a 12 TaTa Plastic Factory In front of Fire Brigade 100 13 Nile Cotton Ginning Company Ekhsas 250 14 Al-Dawleya for food packing and Victoria Square 50 distribution 15 Sondos for food packing and Ezbet Shahin 50 distribution 16 Potato Refrigeration Facility Burgaya – Agricultural Rd. 50 17 Potato Storing Facility Burgaya – Agricultural Rd. 50 18 Al-Mostafa Sugar packing and Murad Square 50 distribution 19 Al-Farouneya Adnan El-Malky 50 20 Wady El Nil gas company Shalaby 50 Organizations Providing Microfinance 1 Coptic Evangelical Organization for Lebanon Square
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Social Services 2 Shabab Masr Organization Ard Sultan – Behind Cleopatra Hotel 3 Social Affairs Abu Hilal – Taqwa Street 4 Social Affairs (second branch) Ard El Muled 5 Social Fund for Development Korneiche 6 Shabab Masr Organization Nasser Square 7 Sunaa’a Al Hayat Development Adnan El Malky Street Organization 8 Arab Woman Association in Minya Taha Hussein Street 9 Assiut Businessmen Association - Lebanon Square - AbdelMoneim Al Sharki Square 10 Masr El Kheir Shalaby 11 Mashroo’y (My Project) for finance Lotus Street 12 Social Care Foundation Lotus Street 13 Al-Nahda for Young Graduates Behind Suzanne Mubarak Hospital
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2. Abu Qurqas
Technical Schools # Name Address Notes 1 Technical Industrial Secondary Town Entrance, West of School for Boys Railroad 2 Technical Agricultural Al-Gumhoreya St. Secondary School (Mixed) 3 Technical Commercial Al-Gumhoreya St. Secondary School (Mixed) 4 Technical School for Girls Al-Gumhoreya St. Vocational Training Centers 1 Technical Industrial Secondary Abu-Qurqas entrance Vocational training School for Boys from Agricultural Rd. center working after school hours Large and Medium Enterprises 1 Central Egypt Flower Mills (Abu Agricultural Rd. 300 Qurqas Branch) 2 Abu Qurqas Sugar Factory Agricultural Rd. 300 3 Cable Factory Abu Qurqas 250 4 Water Company Abyuha, Al-Nadi St. 200 5 Electricity Company Abyuha, Al-Nadi St. 150 6 Nabil & Lotfy Ice Cream Factory Off Gumhureya St. 70 7 Nefertiti Sweets Game’a Abdelmaksood 50 St. Organizations Providing Microfinance 1 Businessmen Association in Aby Next to AlMalak Church - Microfinance and Qurqas Abyuha business support 2 Al Hay’a Al Mahalleya Abyuha Microenterprise Organization support services 3 Al-Amal Organization Abyuha 4 Assiut Businessmen Association Large Church St. Microfinance Other Stakeholders 1 Al-Nour Wal Bayan Organization Al-Nadi St. – Abyuha Job matching services
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3. Mallawi
Technical Schools # Name Address Notes 1 Technical Industrial Secondary Al-Mahatta St. School for Boys 2 Technical Agricultural East Mahatta St. Secondary School for Boys 3 Technical Industrial Secondary Erfan St. School for girls 4 Technical Commercial Sheikh Nasser St. Secondary School for girls Training Academies 1 Mallawi Development 26 July St. Organization 2 Reefy Organization Gala’ Street, in front of museum Vocational Training Centers 1 Vocational Training Center Al-Helaga St. Large and Medium Enterprises 1 Egypt Telecom Erfan St. 260 2 El-Sedoury for Food Industries Bank Misr St. 70 3 Malawi Steel Industries 26 July St. 60 4 Malawi Plastic Factory Al-Nadi St. 50 5 Khadiga Hashem Ismail Tile Awlad El Sheikh St. 50 Factory 6 Upper Egypt Molasses Tobacco Malawi N/A Factory Organizations Providing Microfinance 1 Assiut Businessmen Association Erfan El-Bahary St.
2 AlGameya ElShare’ya El Gala’ St.
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4. Dayr Mawas
Technical Schools # Name Address Notes 1 Dayr Mawas Technical Al-Markaz St. Industrial School (Mixed) 2 Dayr Mawas Technical Al-Markaz St. Commercial School (Mixed) 3 Dayr Mawas Technical Al-Markaz St. Agricultural School Training Academies 1 Al-Shubban Al-Muslemeen Gumhoreya St. Organization Vocational Training Centers 1 Dair Mawas Technical Industrial Al Markaz St. Vocational training Secondary School (Mixed) after school hours Large and Medium Enterprises 1 Tile Factory Agricultural Rd. 50 2 Electricity Company Agricultural Rd. 50 3 Water Company Al-Markaz St. 50 Organizations Providing Microfinance 1 Dayr Mawas Businessman Behind the Police Station Association – Dayr Mawas 2 Agricultural Development and Kahraba St. Credit Bank
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5. Samalut
Technical Schools # Name Address Notes 1 Samalut Technical Industrial Town Entrance School for Girls 2 Samalut Technical Industrial Al Sena’a Street School for Boys 3 Al-Maasara Technical School Town Entrance 4 Technical Industrial School for Downtown Samalut Girls 5 Technical Commercial School Downtown Samalut for Girls 6 Tala’at Harb Industrial School Shousha - Samalut Training Centers 1 Al-Amal Center for Amer Street - Samalut Inside Resala rehabilitation of the disabled Organization 2 El Ebda’a Academy – Social Human Development Organization for Upper Egypt Courses Development Family Counseling 3 Smart Training Academy Zamzam Street Human Development Language Courses 4 Al Sherif Development Amer Street Organization 5 Al-Yossr Development Next to Al-Zahraa’ Organization Mosque 6 National Organization for Downtown Samalut Training Courses and Human Rights Education Services Large and Medium Enterprises 1 Al-Hady Group for Agricultural Al-Muwqaf Square 50 and Poultry Supplies 2 Assiut Cement Company Technical Secondary 50 (CEMEX) Girls School Street 3 Al-Hedaya Organization Knitting Beside Abu-Ragab 50 Workshop Mosque 4 Al-Rahma Macaroni Factory Tiba Village 50 5 Village #4 Macaroni Factory Village #4 50 6 Samalut White Cement Factory Beni Khaled 100
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7 Pepsi Bottling Factory Samalut 250
8 Al-Saliba Macaroni Factory Al-Saliba – Samalut 50 9 Al Kayal Marble Minings West Samalut 50 10 Al-Kayal Farms West Shousha – Samalut 50 11 Al-Malika Farms West Shousha – Samalut 50 12 Shady Farms Desert Road – Samalut 13 Iron Industries in Beni Khaled Beni Khaled Mining Areas Mining Area Organizations Providing Microfinance 1 Al-Sharif Organization for Local Al-Mawqaf Square Community Development 2 Al-Ezza Organization for Al-Sena’a Street Community Development 3 Businessmen Association in Samalut 4 The Agricultural Organization in (الجمعية الزراعية) Samalut
5 Al Hedaya Organization Beside Abu Ragab Mosque 6 Smart Academy (microfinance Zamzam Street unit)
7 Masr Al-Ahl for Comprehensive Al Ashraf Street Development الشبان ) Muslim Youth Organization 8 (المسلمين 9 Al-Rahman Organization for Al-Tarawy Street, Shark Development El Terea 10 Al Nohood Bel Mar’a Beside El Geel El Talet organization School 11 Spiritual Activity Organization Samalut Small Projects and for Copts services 12 Dafash Charity Organization Dafash - Samalut Small Projects and microfinance 13 Al-Sho’la Organization for Social Shousha – Samalut Services 14 Al-Rohama’ Baynehom Etsa - Samalut Organization Other Stakeholders
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1 National Organization for Land Al Mawqaf Square - Following the Improvement and Maintenance Samallut ministry of Agriculture 2 Al-Gaza’er Community Al-Farouqueya Recycling workshop Development Organization for agricultural waste 3 Employment Center (Ministry of Arab El Zeina - Samalut Manpower and Migration)
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6. Matay
Technical Schools # Name Address Notes 1 Technical Commercial Beside the main hospital Secondary School (Mixed) – Matay 2 Technical Industrial Secondary Beside the Stadium School 3 Technical Electronics School Beside the town market 4 Matay Technical Commercial Matay City Center Secondary School (Boys) Training Academies 1 Resala Besides Technical Training Center Commercial School within organization 2 Shorouk Organization of Matay Center Comprehensive Development 3 El-Kheir Organization Al Game’eya El Zera’eya Hand Weaving center St. funded by El-Sweedy Group Vocational Training Centers 1 Cooperative Agricultural Salah El-Din Mosque Vocational training Organization Workshop 2 Islamic Society Organization Sherket Abu Ragab St. Weaving and Tricot Large and Medium Enterprises 1 Shorouk Macaroni Factory Ezbet Mansour – Matay 2 Al Marwa Food Industries Matay 3 Al Wady Factory for Livestock Thawra St. – Matay Feed 4 Egyptian European Wood Thawra St. - Matay Manufacturing and Trading Company 5 El-Sheikh for Food Al-Iman St. Manufacturing and Packing Organizations Providing Microfinance 1 Co-Operative Agricultural Salah El-Din Mosque Organization 2 Community Development Beside the Bahary Post Organization in Matay Office - Matay
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3 Assiut Businessmen Association Thawra St. - Matay
4 Game’eya Share’ya Al-Hassan Mosque – Organization Matay 5 Al-Orman Matay Main Center Other Stakeholders 1 Right Way for Tourism Thawra St. Work and Migration Facilitation
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7. Beni Mazar
Technical Schools # Name Address Notes 1 Technical Industrial Secondary Next to Traffic Authority School (Girls) 2 Technical Commercial Mahkama St. Secondary School (Girls) 3 Technical Industrial Secondary Beside the main hospital School (Boys) 4 Technical Agricultural Nazlet El-Dalil Rd. Secondary School Training Academies 1 Abu Bakr El Seddik Organization for Community Development 2 Al Manara Center Mahkama St. 3 Hamburg Center Beside Police Station 4 Resala Al-Omda St. 5 Education Support Center Al-Ibrahimeya St. 6 Smart Center for educational Al Ibrahimeya St. development Vocational Training Centers 1 Vocational Development Center Al-Markaz St. Large and Medium Enterprises 1 Haj Abdel Rahman’s Crop Silo Port Said St. 50 and Storage 2 Al Shorouk Fertilizer Company Mostashfa Al-Ramad St. N/A 3 Radi Ahmed Othman Group (CEMEX Distributor) 4 Al-Reedy for Trade and Distribution 5 Al-Minya for Building Materials Sheikh Fadl – Beni Mazar 6 Abeer Macaroni Factory Al-Markaz St. 50 7 Al-Obour Biscuit Factory Beni Mazar 40 8 Al-Barodi Macaroni Factory Beside Bank Misr 50 warehouse – East of the
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Station
9 Pure Land for Spice Grinding Organizations Providing Microfinance 1 Reefy (My countryside) for Mostashfa El-Ramad St. Supporting Micro Enterprises 2 Mashro’y (My Project) for Agricultural Rd. Beside Microfinance Alex Bank 3 Tanmeya Microfinance East End of Al-Bahr St. 4 Best Foundation (Microfinance) Port Said St. 5 Coptic Evangelical Organization Next to Town Police for Social Services Station 6 Beni Mazar Businessmen Saad Zaghloul St. Association 7 Game’ya Shae’ya Al-Akak St. Other Stakeholders 1 Ahbab El Mostapha Port Said St. Job Matching Organization Activities 2 Green Way Tourism Work Opportunities abroad 3 Al-Ghofran Tourism Work Opportunities abroad 4 Abr Al-Alam for Youth Travel Specializing in providing work in Libya
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8. Maghagha
Technical Schools # Name Address Notes 1 Technical Commercial School Kellini St. for Boys 2 Technical Industrial School for Al-Markaz St. Boys 3 Technical School for girls Beside Maghagha Courthouse 4 Technical Commercial School Al-Madares St. beside for Girls the stadium 5 Technical Industrial School for Al-Salam St. girls 6 Sham Technical Industrial Sham Village School 7 Aba Technical Industrial School Aba Village for Boys Training Academies 1 Logic Academy Train station area, Adl St. 2 Kayan Al-Arabeya Academy Abul-Nasab St. from AbdelAzeim St. 3 Al-Baraka Academy Al-Kanisa St. Beside the church 4 IT Academy Nouh st. from Gomhoreya St. Large and Medium Enterprises 1 Al-Moqawel Steel Industries Al Madares St. 2 Gothour Agricultural Industries Medawer Village 3 Egyptian Agricultural company Al-Tiba village for fertilizers 4 Maghagha Wheat Silo Shawani St. Maghagha 5 Central Egypt Flour Mills Taha Hussein St. 6 Abu Hetta Al-Hamama Square, Gomhoreyya St. 7 Wady El-Nil Abdel Azim St. 8 Madawer Poultry Farms Medawer Village
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Organizations Providing Microfinance
1 Assiut Businessmen Association Al-Amin Building – Infront of Fire Brigade 2 Muslim Youth Organization Maghagha Main St. 3 Al-Shafei Organization Medawar Village
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9. Edwa
Technical Schools # Name Address Notes
1 Technical Industrial Mixed Port Said St. For boys and girls School 2 Technical Commercial School Port Said St. 3 Technical Agricultural School for Port Said St. Boys 4 Al-Gihaz Secondary Agricultural Al-Gihaz Village School 5 Edwa Technical Industrial In front of Edwa hospital Secondary Mixed School Training Academies 1 Al-Dawleya Academy for Main St. Beside Bakkar Training and Development Cafe Large and Medium Enterprises 1 Al-Fayum Sugar industries Town entrance – beside Ta’awon Gas Station 2 Egyptian Company for Cattle Town entrance – beside Feed Ta’awon Gas Station 3 Al-Alameya Marble Company Al-Kobry St. 4 Shatata Poultry Farms Al-Rabe’a Village 5 Ali Fath El Bab Poultry Farms Fath El-Bab Village Organizations Providing Microfinance 1 Ahl El Kheir Organization Mostafa Kamel St. 2 Sheikh Solayman Organization Al-Fath Mosque St. 3 Al Gam’eya Al-Shar’eya Mostafa Kamel St. 4 Ahl Baladi Organization Port Said St.
5 Assiut Businessmen Association Port Said St. 6 Asdeqa’ El Kheir Organization Mostafa Kamel St. 7 Bent Baladi Organization Mostafa Kamel St. – beside Mohamed Kamel pharmacy 8 Tiba Development Organization Mostafa Kamel St.
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Mohamed Hayek Sr. Qualiatative Research Executive [email protected]
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Minya Labour Market Analysis – Qualitative Report ©TNS January 2014