Index

A Actinomucor, 247 Abalone, 1428 Activation energy, 1970, 1971 Abamectine, 1727 Activation transcription factor 3, 617 Abdelazim, 544 Active components, 2213 Abdominal pain, 1902 Active ingredient, 1718 Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), 952 Activity retention, 2043–2044 Ability to fecundation, 1195 Acute reference dose (ARfD), 1739 Abiotic stress, 2209 Acute risk, 1748 Abnormal bleeding, 1198 Acylation, 869, 871, 875, 876, 879 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion Added-value, 1389 (ADME), 1931, 1933, 1951 Adducts, 255 absorption, 121, 124, 126–128, 130, 1146, Adenocarcinomas, 1202 1383, 1391, 1902, 1933 Adherence, 31, 32, 34–36, 43–46 excretion, 1932, 1933 Adhesion, 1537 metabolism, 1193, 1382, 1391, 1392, 1877, molecules, 1238 1931–1934, 1936, 1943, 1951, 1952 Adhesiveness, 745 Acarbose, 1304 Adipocytokine genes expression, 168–169 Acaricide, 1722 Adipokines, 1243 Acceleration of menarche, 1196 Adiponectin, 732, 1022, 1062 Acceptability, 1383, 1385, 1389, 1675 Adipose tissue, 1058 Acceptable daily intake (ADI), 1739 Adiposity, 691, 1242 Accumulation, 114, 115 Adolescents, 32, 43–46, 734 Aceramic jars, 227 Adoxaceae, 2264 Acetamiprid, 2152, 2154, 2155 Adulterants, 2121 Acetate, 473, 728 Adulteration, 2133 α-Acetolactate decarboxylase, 2049 of foods, 2121 Acetonitrile, 1740 Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), Acetyl-β-glucoside, 270 1285–1290, 1292 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 2192 formation of, 1286–1288, 1295, 1296, inhibiting activity, 1613 1303, 1304 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), 1024 inhibition of, 1293, 1299, 1304 Acheta domesticus, 420 pathological conditions, 1286 Acidification, 828 role of, 1286 Acid ratio, 1685 Aerogels, 2054 Acid tolerance, 1536 AF-1 domain, 1204 Acidulant, 1296 AF-2 transactivation factors, 1204 Acne, 1269 Aflatoxins, 422, 2121, 2123 Actinidin, 444, 445, 453–455, 457 African diets, 1529

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 2317 J.-M. Mérillon, K. G. Ramawat (eds.), Bioactive Molecules in Food, Reference Series in Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6 2318 Index

African traditional cereal fermented Alzheimer’s disease, 58, 66, 592, 611–612, foods, 1538 1263, 1589, 1613 Agaricus, 1823 Mediterranean diet (MD), 1075 A. bisporus, 1819 Amadori product, 1286, 1291, 1298 Age plus five rule, 706 Amanita muscaria, 1820 Aggregation, 59, 1962, 1965 Amaranth, 707, 851–852, 1472, 1473, 1488, Agidi, 1541 1696, 1698–1707 Aging, 337–338, 592 Amaranthus Aglycone, 1146, 1581 A. caudatus, 852 Agrochemicals, 2121 A. cruentus, 851 residue, 2123 Ambigels, 2054 Agro-climatic regions, 2241 Amino acids, 357, 681, 735, 1402, 1826, 1877, Agrocybin, 1834 2252 Agro industrial by-products, 302 model, 407 Agro-industries, 1381, 1383 seafood items, 1403–1404 Agronomic conditions, 115 Aminoguanidine, 1286, 1288, 1290, 1291, Agro-residues, 1820 1295–1304 AIDS, 1632 Aminotransferase, 1032 Air-drying method, 1879 Ammonia, 1824 Air layering, 1504 5’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 309, Albatrellus ovinus, 1835 730, 1013 Albumins, 233, 1937–1941, 1943, Amphiphilic molecules, 2167 1946, 1951 Amphiphilic properties, 242 Alcohol(s), 2212 α-Amylase, 827, 984, 985 consumption, 570, 571 activity, 1063 Alcoholic beverages, 1539 β-Amylase, 827 Aldose reductase, 1304 Amylase activity, 1549 Aldrin, 1796, 1808, 1809 Amyloglucosidase, 827 Aleurone, 297, 302, 305–307, 708 Amyloid-β, 598 Alfa-amylase, 1580 β-Amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), 590, Alfalfa, 1162, 1175, 1181, 1191 594 Alginates, 705, 768, 776 Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 1263 Alkalinization process, 1056 β-Amyloid proteins, 611 Alkaloids, 1513, 1612–1614, 1877–1878 Amylopectin, 818, 1962, 1966 Alkanes, 2212 retrogradation products, 822 Alkylglycerol, 487 starch, 827 Alkylphenols, 491 Amylose, 712, 818 Alkyl radical, 531 digestion of, 820 Allahabad Safeda, 1502 retrogradation, 822 All-E configuration, 880 Amylose-amylopectin ratio, 823 Allergens, 421 Amylose-lipid complexes, 823 Allergic reactions, 241 Anabolic agents, 1184 Allergic skin reactions, 1316 Anacardic acids, 493 Allergy(ies), 371, 1300 Anaemia, 1631 All-Food-Seq (AFS) software pipeline, 2077 Analysis, of bioactive compounds, 1878–1880 All-trans-β-carotene, 2243 Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 2128, 2131, Allylic hydroperoxide, 533 2132 Aloe vera, 1570 non-parametric analysis of variance, 2130 Alpha-foetoprotein, 1199 Analytical (measurement) uncertainty, 2128 Alpha-linolenic acid, 470, 1256 Andean grains, see Pseudocereals Alternaria, 1726 Andes, 228 Alternative nutritional approaches, 395 Andmorin, 66 Alternative protein, 426 Anemia, 736 Index 2319

Anethum graveolens, 1319 diet, 1113 Angelica archangelica, 1319–1320 digestion, 1101 Angiogenesis, 63, 942, 943, 950, 954, 1034, dysbiosis, 1114 1236, 2249 dysbiotic state, 1113 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) enterohepatic recirculation, 1113 inhibitory, 276, 363, 374, 378, 985 equilibrium forms, 1101 activity, 412 factors, 872 peptides, 326, 330, 374 fibroblasts, 1120 Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), 309, flavonoid, 1101 1017, 1416 flavylium, 1100, 1101, 1106 Animal feed, 426 in food, 1103–1104 Animal foods, 39, 44 food industry, 1126 Animal livestock, 420 foodstuff, 1101 Anise, 1325 formulation, 1123 Annealing, 825 in fruits and vegetables, 1104 Annual growth, 1820 functional food, 1111 Ano-genital distance, 1187–1188 gastric absorption mechanism, 1108 Anorexia, 1302 GI absorption, 1101 Anthelmintics, 1266 glucose absorption, 1105 Anthesis, 300 gut-brain axis, 1114, 1116 Anthocyanidins, 146 gut microbiota, 1112 Anthocyanin(s), 55, 57, 60, 62, 68, 69, 146, gut microbiota modulation, 1113–1114 149, 1056, 1142, 1227, 1586, 1757, HaCat cells, 1120 1854, 1934, 1935, 1948, 1990, 2120, high-fat, 1116 2166, 2211, 2268, 2298, 2300, 2303 hypercholesterolemic, 1112 alterations during processing, 873 intestinal tract, 1111 anthocyanin-rich foods, 1112 membrane interactions, 1106 antioxidant, 1101 metabolic syndromes, 1111–1113, 1126 antioxidant enzymes, 1122 metabolism, 1107–1111 antiproliferative, 1107 metabolites, 1111 bacteria, 1113 metabolization, 1104 bioaccessibility, 1103–1104 microbiota, 1108 bioactives, 1118 milligrams per person, 1125 bioavailability, 1107–1111 natural compounds, 1118 biological targets, 1099 neuroinflammation, 1116 biomembranes, 1106 neurologic disorders, 1113 in blood, 1107 neuroprotective effects, 1117 carbohydrate, 1105 obesity, 1111–1113 catabolites, 1110 occurrence, 1098–1103 chemical structures, properties and oral, 1104 occurrence, 868–871 pH, 1101 chemistry, 1098–1103 pharmacokinetics, 1104 collagen, 1118, 1121 phase II conjugates, 1110 color, 869, 1125 photoaging, 1118 composition, 871 physiological conditions, 1107 conjugates, 1109 plants, functions in, 1101 co-pigmentation, 1101 pro-inflammatory markers, 1122 cosmeceuticals, 1124–1126 proteins, 1104 cosmetic formulations, 1120 pyranoanthocyanins, 1101, 1103, 1109 crossover trial, 1110 ROS formation, 1119 deglycosylation, 1108 salivary, 1104 dermatological applications, 1124 skin aging, 1118–1122 diabetes, 1125 and skin diseases, 1122–1124 2320 Index

Anthocyanin(s) (cont.) Antiglycation agents skin health, 1117–1124 apples, 1291 stability, 1098–1103 bael, 1292 stability and alterations, processing and banana, 1288–1290 storage of food, 871 bitter melon, 1292 stomach, 1108–1110 black nightshade, 1300 transport, 1109 black tea, 1296 tryptophan, 1116 buckwheat, 1299 in urine, 1107 clove, 1304 UV protection, 1118–1122 common juniper, 1292–1293 wound healing agents, 1119 cornelian cherry, 1290 Anthocyans, 62 cumin, 1303–1304 Anthracene, 2006 dendrobii, 1298 Anthracnose, 1732 ginger, 1302–1303 Anthropogenic endocrine disruptors, 1197 grape vine, 1293 Anti-allergic agents, 1884 green tea, 1296–1297 Anti-allergic effect, 2310 guava, 1291 Anti angiogenic, 1830 kokum, 1296 Anti-apoptotic effects, 60 lingonberry, 1293–1294 Antiapoptotic Bcl2 gene, 616 longan, 1294 Anti-apoptotic proteins, 1352 lotus, 1302 Anti-aromatase, 1203 luobuma tea, 1297–1298 Antibacterial activity, 1533, 1761, 1884, 2190 mung bean, 1298 Antibiotics, 1832, 1897 passion fruit, 1294 in agriculture, 1782 pomegranate, 1294–1295 consumption of, 1776 rambutan, 1295 in environmental samples, 1777, 1781 sangwhang, 1300–1301 monitoring, manure/sludge, 1780 saucer berry, 1293 plants, absorption of, 1780 shaddock fruit, 1295 residues, 1776, 1781 sickle senna, 1300 in soil, mud and manure samples, turmeric, 1301–1302 1778–1779 water apple, 1295–1296 toxic effects, plants, 1780 yerba mate, 1297–1298 veterinary, 1776 Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity, 1766 in water samples, 1783–1785 Anti-HIV-1, 1607 Anti-caking agent, 1565 Antihyperglycemic activity, 1515, 1765 Anticancer, 1141, 1866, 1883 Anti-hyperglycemic property, 1512 action, 63 Antihyperlipidemic, 2025 activity, 887 Anti-hypertensive effect, 309 Anti-cancerous phenolics, 87 Antihypertensive peptides, 323 Anticarcinogenic effect, 1905–1907 as functional food ingredients, 328–330 dietary fiber, 771 from meat proteins, 330–342 Anticarcinogenic properties, 1537 mechanism of, 323–326 Anti-caries effects, 1570 production of, 326–328 Anti-diabetic, 1830 Antihypertensive properties, 402 activity, 2308 Anti-infective activity, S. nigra, 2271–2273 effect, 1885 Anti-inflammatory, 60, 373, 413, 562, 569, 570, properties, 887 573, 574, 1614, 1830, 2309 Antidiabetogenic, 1765 action, 58, 59 Anti-estrogens, 1203 peptides, 372 Anti-fertility agents, 1162 role, 574 Anti-FSH effect, 1200 Anti-insecticide movement, 1794, 1805 Antifungal, 413, 1830 Antileukoproteinase, 1234 Index 2321

Antimicrobial(s), 413, 455, 1182, 1561, Antiviral effects, 2273 1566, 1570 Anxiety, 1264 activity, 1485–1486, 1761, 2306 Anxiogenic activity, 2191 agents, 649 Aortic smooth muscle cells, 1239 compounds, 113, 114 Aphanizomenon, 1634 peptides, 279, 1390, 1391 Aphids, 1728 proteins, 1876 Aphthous stomatitis, 1269 Anti-mullerian hormone, 1194 Apiaceae, 1312 Anti-muscarinic drugs, 175 bioactive compounds, 1313–1318 Antimutagenic activities, 1878 nutraceutical potential, 1318–1325 Antimutagenic compound, 1906 Apigenin, 66, 69, 147 Antimutagens, 1536 Apium graveolens, 1320 Antineoplastic property, 1512 Apo A-1 plasma levels, 717 Anti-nutrients, 1346, 1534 Apocarotenoids, 879 Anti-nutritional, 130 Apoptosis, 63–66, 480, 772, 937, 943, 945, factors, 237, 244, 251, 1176 947, 949, 952, 954, 1000, 1236, substances, 235 1261, 1267, 1605 Antiobesity effects, cocoa, 1062 Apparent viscosities, 1970 Antioxidant(s), 58, 60, 67, 68, 81, 184, 188–189, Appetence, 237 278, 455, 537, 541, 595, 702, 1383, Appetite control, 732 1384, 1389, 1406, 413, 594, 765, 904, Appetite enhancer, 2205 937, 939, 945, 946, 951, 956, 957, Apple, 1743 1184, 1535, 1561, 1566, 1587, 1604, pulp, 779, 784 1702, 1231, 1565, 1704–1706, 1763, Apsaicinoids, 163 1852, 1855, 2202, 2301 Aquatic environment, 1781 and anti-inflammatory activities, 59 Aqueous extract, 2205 compounds, 1763 Aqueous maceration, 448 enzymes, 939, 944, 945, 953, 2229 Aqueous methanol, 2213 natural and synthetic, 542–544 Arabidopsis, 193 potential, 1764, 2220 Arabinose, 1227 power, 2213 Arachidonic acid, 480, 615, 672 primary, 541 Arachis secondary, 542 A. duranensis, 229 scavenging activity, 1542 A. hypogaea, 229 Antioxidant activity, 63, 371, 886, 1876, 1883, A. ipaensis, 229 1884, 2202, 2205, 2213, 2216, 2218 A. monticola, 229 S. nigra, 2273–2278 Arbuscular mycoorhizal fungi, 231 Antioxidant capacity, 978 Arbuscular mycorrhyzas, 1182 biological systems, 982–983 ARE, see Antioxidant response element (ARE) chemical methods, 978–982 Argan oil, 478 Antioxidant response element (ARE), 939, Argentina, 229 950, 957 Arginine kinase, 422, 2083 Anti-platelet effects, 59 Arils, 1254–1256 Antiproliferative, 63, 64, 1832, 2170 Aroids, 1450 activity, 1765 Aroma, 1689 effect, 984 Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), 2009 Anti-tack agent, 1565 Aromatic acids, 2211 Antitumor, 491, 1877 Aromatic odor, 2202 activity, 1600 Aromatic residues, 323 Antitumorigenic compound, 1906 Aromi fermentation, 247 Anti-ulcerogenic, 1766 Arrhenius-type model, 1966, 1970 Antiviral activity, 1762 Arrowroot, 1181 Anti-viral agents, 1874 Arsenic, 740 2322 Index

Artificial cultivation methods, mushroom, 1869 Azospirillum, 1855 Artocarpin, 2245 Azotobacter, 1855 Aryan, 81 Azoxymethane (AOM), 1000 Ascochyta disease, 227 Azoxystrobin, 1721 Ascomycetes, 1598 Ascorbate, 189 B Ascorbic acid, 871, 872, 1302, 1452, 1510, Bacillus, 247, 277, 1853, 1854 1829, 2227 B. subtillis natto, 247 Ascorbylpalmitate, 543 Background noise, 1740 ASEAN Food and Feed Insects Association Backslopping, 1539 (AFFIA), 426 Bacteria/Bacterial, 1568 Asian recipes, 1175 biofertilizers, 1850 Asotonics, 1837 collagenase, 336 Aspergillus, 247 infections, 308 A. niger prolyl endoproteinase, 336 inoculants, 1855, 1856 A. oryzae, 247 pathogenesis, 309 Astaxanthin, 879, 880 plant probiotics, 1850, 1854 Astraeus odoratus, 1608 resistance, 1776 Astraodoric acid, 1608, 1611 toxins, 2121 Astringency, 1679 Bacteriocin(s), 1391, 1533, 1538 Asupina, 1758 production, 1550 Atherogenesis, 139, 140, 2283 Bacteroids, 232 Atherosclerosis, 59, 138, 555, 556, 687, 1145, Baked goods, 1703 1238–1240, 1257, 2253 Baker’s asthma, 737 Atherosclerotic lesions, 566 Bakery products, 1696 Atherosclerotic plaque, 1078 biscuit, cookie and cake, 1704–1705 Atmospheric nitrogen, 1184 gluten-free breads, 1703–1704 Atomaria, 1733 Balangu seed gum, 1962, 1965, 1968, 1973 Atopic dermatitis, 737, 1123 Baligang, 230 A type starch, 818 Bambara groundnut, 229, 230 Autistic spectrum disorders, 738 Bamboo poles, 1827 Auto-antibodies, 1206 Banana, 1756, 1766 Autoclaving, 255, 825 inflorescence, 1764 Autoimmune diseases, 1206–1207 BanLec, 1762 Autoimmune disorders, 1360 Barley, 779 Autoimmune thyroid diseases, 1207 Basic nutrition, 1390 Autoimmunogen, 1207 Basidiocarps, 1598, 1869, 1871 Autolysis of enzyme, 2045 Basidiomycetes, 1598, 1832 Autophagy, 70 Basidiospores, 1868 Autoxidation, 531–532 Basil, 1385, 1389 initiation phase, 531 Bax, 943, 945, 949, 952, 953, 955 oleate, 532 BCL-2 genes, 1203 propagation phase, 531 Beef, 674 termination phase, 531 myofibrillar protein, 334 Availability, 1199 patties, 778 Avenins, 735 Bees, 1724 Avermectins, 1801 Beetle grubs, 393 Avian influenza virus (H5N1), 2310 Beetroot, 875, 876, 1483, 1485, 1487, 1488 Ayurveda, 80 Belgian dry-cured hams, 341 Ayurvedic medicine, 2202 Bell pepper Azadirachta indica, 1794, 1801 bioactive compounds, 163–164 Azadirachtin, 1794, 1799–1801, 1807, 1809, capsanthin, 164 1810 Capsicum annum (see Capsicum annum) Index 2323

Capsicum baccatum, 161 amino acids/amines, 1477 Capsicum chinense, 161 cyclo-DOPA unit, 1477 Capsicum frutescens, 161 structures, 1474 Capsicum pubescens, 161 Beverages, 4, 14, 16, 19 DNA damage prevention, 164 Biceps femoris, 335 red paprika, 164, 172 Bidirectional SSF technology, 1873 Benfotiamine, 1304 Bifidobacteria, 729, 985, 1532 Ben-saalga, 1541 Bifidobacterium, 477, 1241, 1529, 1535 Benzophenones, 1644, 1647, 1658 B. animalis, 1898, 2176, 2177 antibacterial and anti-ulcer activity, 1661 B. lactis, 1898, 2176 anticancer activity, 1660–1661 B. longum, 2176–2177 anti-inflammatory activity, 1658–1660 Bilayer vesicles, 2168 antioxidant activity, 1654–1658 Bile salts, 1914, 2168 Berries, 1853 Biliary tract cancer, 1011 Best multi-linear regression (BMLR), 2006 Binding affinities, 1937, 1940, 1941, 1943, Betacyanin, 1475, 1477, 1480, 1483, 1485 1946, 1951 antioxidant capacity of, 1481 electrostatic interactions, 1940 chemical structures, properties and fluorescence quenching, 1937 occurrence, 875 dynamic quenching, 1938 cyclo-DOPA unit of, 1477 static quenching, 1938 groups, 1476 hydrogen bonds, 1940 nitrogen scavenging activity of, 1481 hydrophobic actions, 1940 pigments, 1488 Binding of PCs to proteins, 982 red pitahaya, 1488 Bioaccessibility, 121 stability and alterations, processing and of proteins, 311 storage of food, 875–878 Bioactive agents in jaboticaba, 1236, 1239 structures, 1476 Bioactive component, 2219 Beta-defensin 2, 1234 Bioactive compounds, 202, 205, 208, 211, Betalains, 875, 1472, 1488 303, 711, 886, 1228, 1528, 1561, amaranth, 1472, 1473 1562, 1756, 1763, 1767, 1828, anti-cancer properties, 1481–1483 1853, 2201, 2298 anti-lipidemic and lipid oxidation inhibition absorption, 1582 effect, 1483–1485 actions, 1562 antimicrobial activity, 1485 antibacterial effect, 1572 antioxidant activity, 1478–1481 controlled release of, 634 chemical properties of, 1474–1478 degradation of, 635 degradation, 876 delivery of, 627 degrading enzymes, 876 direct utilization of, 624 natural colourants, 1486–1488 dispersion of, 634 oxidase, 876 encapsulated and un-encapsulated, 1563 prickly pear, 1473 encapsulation of, 634 red beet, 1473 food products fortified with, 624 red pitahaya, 1473 hydrophobic, 624 resonance structure of, 1475 by lipid based nanocarriers, 637 stability, 875 (see also Chewing gum) Betanin, 875, 877 loading capacity of, 632 degradation, 876 loading efficiency of, 633 and isobetanin, 876, 877 microencapsulated, 1571 and neobetanin, 878 minor phenolics, 189 stability, 876 nanoencapsulation of, 624, 635 structural alterations of, 877 phenolics, 183 Beta-Poisson distribution, 2124 phytates, 190 Betaxanthin, 1474, 1476, 1477, 1484 phytosterols, 189 2324 Index

Bioactive compounds (cont.) antitumor, 2189–2190 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 190 central nervous system, 2191–2193 short chain peptides, 191 heaptoprotective effect, 2193 skin penetration of, 633 metabolic syndrome, 2187–2188 Bioactive food components, CVD prevention vascular activity, 2193 carotenoids, 143–145 Bio-aggressors, 1725 phenolic acids and flavonoids, 145–149 Bioanalytical devices, 2049 vitamins, 149–150 Bioavailability, 113, 120–126, 128, 378–379, Bioactive materials, 2121 494, 500, 983, 986, 1149, 1159, analytical uncertainty, 2127–2128 1161, 1162, 1185, 1199, 1200, 1208, contaminants in food, 2123 1384, 1386, 1387, 1578, 1581, 1586, definition, 2120 2170, 2173, 2267, 2271, 2303 distribution, 2123–2124 of bioactive compounds, 285 natural occurrence, 2122–2123 of cocoa polyphenols, 1056 planning and analysis of trials, 2129–2130 of isoflavones, 270 sample preparation and analytical methods, of peptides, 329 2125–2127 Biocatalysts, 498, 2049 sampling protocols, 2124–2125 Biochemical pathways, 111 validation and verification of statistical Biocompatibility, 2169 methods i, 2133–2134 Biodegradability, 2169, 2174 Bioactive metabolites, 1536 Biodegradable, 2168 Bioactive moieties, 2206 Biodiversity, 47, 1838 Bioactive molecules (BAM), 85, 93, 2208 Bio-efficacy, 113, 2303 challenges, 130–131 Biofertilizer(s), 428, 1637, 1853, 1855 cooking/formulation, 116 Biofortification, 1756, 1764 food-drug interactions, 125–127 Biofunctional materials, 357 food-food interactions, 124–125 Biogenic(s), 1536 food ingredients and biological benefits, amines, 6–9, 19, 1760 117–120 Bio-inactivation, 126 food matrix, 120–124 Biological activity, 1313, 2222 growth of plant, season, postharvest Biological fluids, 1931, 1933, 1936, 1944 handling, 114–116 Biologically active peptides (BAPs), 357 host factors, 127–128 Biologically active substances, 428 metabolizing enzymes, 129–130 Biomarkers, 1934, 1936, 1949, 1952 processing, 116 Biomimetics, 311, 2045 study utilization of, 128–130 Bionanotechnology, 310, 311 Bioactive peptides (BAPs), 309, 323, 357, 363, Biophenols, 1136 372, 378, 380, 412–414, 444, Biopolymer, 1961, 1962, 1979, 1980 455–457 Biosensors, 2047 anticancer, 282 Biosurfactants, 484 antimicrobial, 279–280 Biosynthetic pathways, 2122 blood pressure regulation, 276–278 Biotechnological prospects, 1384, 1387 definition, 274 Biotech-products, 1837, 1838 high cholesterol, 280–281 Biotic stress, 305 as immune system modulator, 280 Bi/polyfunctional reagents, 829 oxidative stress, 278–279 Bisphenol A, 1197 weight management, 281–282 Bisulfite, 872 Bioactives, 535, 1346, 1352, 1367, 1370 Blackberry, 1854 substances, 412 Black-bone silky fowl, 333 Bioactivity, 1866, 1947 Black eyed pea, 229 anti-inflammatory effects, 2188–2189 Black soldier fly, 401 antimicrobial activity and antifungal Bladder cancer, 1006 activity, 2190–2191 Blanching, 2216 Index 2325

Blended oils, 530, 545 Bread, 709, 742 Blood-brain barrier, 487, 607, 1934, 1936 Breadmaking, 742 Blood glucose, 1885, 2226 Bread pita, whole wheat, 709 Blood lipids, 1909 Breakdown, 1688 Blood pressure, 59, 61, 536, 715 Breast cancer, 686, 942, 945 Body fat, 690 isoflavones, 1201–1203 Body mass index (BMI), 170, 712, 997 lignans, 1204–1205 Body weight, 308, 731, 1023 Mediterranean diet (MD), 1074 Boiling, 255, 256 Breath hydrogen test, 1902 Boletus curtisii, 1614 Bresaola della Valtellina, 341 Boletus edulis, 1832 Brewing, 1369 Bolivia, 229 Brindle berry, 1644, 1646, 1647, 1654, 1663 Bolus, 1578 bioactive compounds, 1647 Bonediol, 492 fruit description and traditional medicinal Bone health, women uses, 1645–1646 coumestrol, 1186 Brine, 1912 isoflavones, 1186 Briquettes, 1839 lignans, 1186–1187 Brix, 1681 zearalenone, 1187 Broad bean, 228, 234, 254 Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells Bromelain, 444, 445, 454–457 (BMSCs), 169 Brown adipose tissue (BAT), 169 Bone mineral density (BMD), 1186 Browning, 1286 Borde, 1543 Brown rice, 707 Boscalid, 1743 Brush border membrane, 241 Bottle cultivation, 1870 Brush-like, 2046 Bottom-up, 2165 B type starch, 818 Botulinum toxin, 2121 Buccal delivery, 1583 Bound phenolics (BP), 974 Buccal mucosa, 1582 antioxidant, 978–983 Buckwheat, 707, 852, 1696, 1701–1705, 1707 cancer, 983–984 composition, 1699 carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, origin of, 1699 984–985 seed, 1698 extraction and analysis, 977–978 varieties of, 1698 microbiota, interactions with, 985 Budding, 1504 polysaccharides, 976 Buffalopox, 2310 potential bioactivity of, 978–979 Bulgur, 707 proteins, 976–977 Bulking agents, 1567 Bovine Achilles tendon, 336 Burgers, 783 Bovine elastin and collagen, 335 Bushera, 1543 Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 976, 977, Butyrate, 473, 728, 771, 835 982, 983 Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, 676 Bowel movements, 1902 Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), 2192 Bowman Birk factors, 251 B vitamins, 1532 Bowman-Birk inhibitors, 243 By-products, 1873, 2171 Bradykinin, 276 Bradyrhizobium japonicum, 1852 Brahmin diet, 82 C Brain tumor, 1011 Cacioricotta cheese, 452 Bran, 708, 981, 984, 985 CaCo2 cell, 128 Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), 416 Cactus pear, 1472, 1477 Branched chain fatty acids, 476 Caffeic acid, 1029, 1054, 2211 Brassica, 540 Caffeinated coffee, 1004 Brazil, 1913 Caffeine, 996, 1054, 2120 2326 Index

Calcium, 1379, 1380, 1507 BMSC, 169 absorption, 733 brown adipose tissue, 169 acetate, 246 BUN concentrations, 171 carbonate, 1828 capsaicinoids, 167 chloride, 246 capsazepine, 166–167 lactate, 246 cardiovascular role, 167–168 retention, 734 CCMS, 170–171 sulfate, 246 colon cancer, 166 uptake, 733 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, 167 Calcium-enriched GF bread, 733 cytokines IL-1β, 172 Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), 1630 dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) treatment, Calf rennet, 449–452 167–168 Callus, 449 EC-LPS, 173 Calocybe indica, 1826 EMT properties, 165 Calorie, 1563 EUK-134 (synthetic superoxide Calvacin, 1832 dismutase), 171 Camelina seed oil, 478 eurogenic detrusor overactive, 175 Camel sausages, 342 faecal excretion, 172 Campesterol, 190, 489 FAT/CD36, 175 Camphor, 2217 fatty acid binding protein-4, 169 Cancer, 34–36, 58, 64, 65, 188, 377–378, 772, FOXO3 enhancement, 165 942, 945, 947, 1254, 1260, 1587, G0/G1 phase, cell cycle detention, 165 1600, 1632 gastric cancer (GC) cell, 166 cancer prevention, lycopene in GLUT4, 175 (see Lycopene) glutamate (Glu) use, 172 cell, 1875, 1882 GSSG/GSH levels, 172 inhibition of, 939 H2O2 stimulation, 171 Mediterranean diet (MD), 1073 heme oxygenase-1, 171 risk of, 937 HK-2 cells, 171 Cancer, effects of tea HMG-CoA reductase, 170 clinical studies, 997–999 HUVECs, 173 epidemiological studies, 996–997 hypercholesterolemic gerbils, 172 laboratory studies and mechanism of action, ICD, 166 1000–1003 JNK-MAPK pathways, 166 Candy, 1297 Klf2, 168 Canker, 1730 liver cholesterol reduction, 172 Cannabimimetic-like action, 2192 LPS, 173 Canola/rapeseed oil, 540 LXRα expression, 173 Capric acid, 472 MAPK pathway, 173 Caprylic acid, 473 mitochondrial depolarization, 167 Capsaicin, health benefit niemann-pick C1 protein, 167 adipocytokine genes expression, 168–169 NOD/SCID inhibition, 165 anti aging, 172–173 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 168 anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, 166 oxidative stress, 171 antidiabetic role, 168–169 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 170 anti inflammatory role, 173 postprandial hyperglycemia, 168 anti-muscarinic drugs, 175 PPAR-α, 171 antioxidant enzymes, 168 PPARγ, 173 apoptosis induction, 166, 167, 169 pro-apoptotic genes, 175 basal carcinoma cells (BCC) suppression, prostate cancer cells, 166 165–166 p-STAT3, 166–167 Bcl-x(L), 172 RAW 264.7 cells, 173 Index 2327

redox homeostasis, 165 Carcinogenesis, 272, 675, 686, 1034 resiniferatoxin (RTX) effect, 175 Carcinogens, 1351 siRNA, 173 Cardboard smelling strip, 2010 tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 Cardiac function, 484 (TIMP-1), 166 Cardiac stress, 2309 tNOX expression regulation, 166 Cardiolipin, 479 TRPM8 antagonist, 171 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), 34, 36, 37, 59, TRPV1 attenuation, 166 60, 80, 138, 281, 320, 363, 554, 556, U251 cells treatment, 167 558, 564, 565, 567, 574, 576, 577, urological ailment, 173–175 730, 887, 1017, 1145–1149, 1286, weight management, 170 1304, 1587 white adipose tissue, 169 bioactive food components (see Bioactive Capsaicin-chitosan microspheres food components, CVD prevention) (CCMSs), 170 and diet, 141–142 Capsaicinoids, 167 functional food, 139, 142 Capsazepine, 166–167 incidence of, 140 Capsicum medicinal food, 142 C. annum (see Capsicum annum) prevalence of, 138 C. baccatum, 161 risk factors, 140–141 C. chinense, 161 Cardiovascular disorders, 2193 C. frutescens, 161 Cardiovascular health, 1909 C. pubescens, 161 Cardiovascular risk factors, 570 Capsicum annum Cardiovascular system, 270 aglycones, 163 Cardosins, 444, 445, 455, 457 anti-microbial activities, 175 Caricain, 445, 456, 457 antioxidant potential, 163–164 Cariogenic bacteria, 1269 apigenin C-glycosides, 163 Carminative, 1303 bioactive compounds, 163, 165 Carmine, 393 C2-C3 position, 163 Carnitine, 2120 capsaicin (see Capsaicin) CarnoCheck DNA-chip, 2075 capsaicinoids, 163 Carotenes, 878 carotenoids, 163 α-carotene, 880 flavonoids, 163 β-carotene, 537, 879, 880, 882–884, 1628, glycosides, 163 1758, 2212 health perspective, 174 γ-carotene, 879, 882 human diet, 163 ζ-carotene, 879 nutrient composition, 164 δ-carotene, 882 phenolic compounds, 161 Carotenoid(s), 115, 116, 120, 143–145, 411, quercetin 3-O-R-L-rhamnopyranoside, 163 490, 904, 938, 940, 942, 944, 951, RNS scavenger, 163 954, 956, 1347, 1354, 1420–1421, uses, 161 1451, 1510, 1513, 1758, 1852, 1990, Captan, 1728 2164, 2207, 2240 Caraway, 1321 antioxidant activity, 1406 Carbamates, 1719, 1794, 1796, 1809 chemical structures, properties and Carbendazim, 2152–2155 occurrence, 878–880 Carbofuran, 1796 composition, 880 Carbohydrate, 711, 765, 816, 1501, 1830 degradation, 882 digestion, 1063 distribution, 1406 metabolism, 301 functions, 1406 polymers, 703, 2173 influence on color, 1406 Carbon nanotubes, 2146 precursor, 906 Carboxypeptidases, 243 in seafood, 1406–1407 2328 Index

Carotenoid(s) (cont.) Cell wall components, 705, 976, 981 in shellfish, 1406 Centaurea calcitrapa, 445, 449, 451 stability and alterations, processing and Central nervous system activity, 2310 storage of food, 880–884 Ceramides, 481 types, 1406 Cereal(s), 31, 38, 39, 45, 85, 225, 235, 298, variations in / parts, 1406 302, 306, 309, 406, 717 Carrageenan, 747, 768, 776, 1966, 1968, 1970 fibers, 712, 713, 716 Carrot, 1322 food uses, 849–850 dietary fiber, 781 gluten-free cereals (see Gluten- Carum carvi, 1320–1321 free cereals) ß-Caryophyllene, 1513 health benefits, 849 Caryopsis, 298 nutritional function, 848–849 development, 305 pseudocereals (see Pseudocereals) Case-control, 34 straw, 1825 Casein-derived phosphorylated peptides, 274 types, 849 Casein digestibility, 241 Cereal-based beverages, 1529, 1544, 1546, Casein micelles, 984, 1918 1548 Caseinolytic activity, 452 Cereal-based foods, 1529, 1534–1538 Casing, 1824 Ceruloplasmin, 1269 Caspase 3/7, 984 Chain stiffness, 1962 Cassava, 1446–1447 Chalcone, 55 starch, 747, 836 Chamomile, 1384, 1387 Caste system, 82 Characterization, 1385, 1386 food habit influenced by, 81 Charm analysis, 2012 Catalase, 1231 Cheese, 449–453, 675, 1378, 1380, 1382, Cataract, 58, 69, 887 1385, 1389 Catechins, 55, 60, 64, 66, 68, 71, 146, 638, 993, Cheese-making, 449 1137, 1511, 1587, 1835, 2170 Chelators, 542 Catechol, 491 Chemical composition, 1679 Catecholamines, 1760 Chemical contamination, 2139 Categorical data, 2132 Chemical fertilizers, 1850, 1855 β-Catenin, 1002 Chemical hydrolysis, 327 Caterpillars, 402 Chemically modified starches, 828 Cattle, 675, 680, 1184 Chemical stability, 2168 Cavendish varieties, 1757 Chemical structure, 2173 Cefotoxin, 1782 Chemical synthesis, 1947–1948 Celery, 1320 Chemo-induced mammary tumours, 1205 Celiac disease, 735–736, 1700, 1702 Chemokines, 1238 Cell bioavailability, 1161 Chemometric methods, 2132–2133 Cell cultures, 111, 115, 457 Chemoprevention, 63, 1884 Cell cycle, 63 Chemopreventive agents, 1261 arrest, 1008 Chemopreventive efficacy, 1361 regulator proteins, 1238 Chemopreventive index, 984 Cell death, 302 Chemotherapeutic, 126 Cell-mediated LDL modification, 273 efficacy, 1361 Cell membranes, 468 Chemotherapy, 1882 Cell migration, 1121 Chenopodium quinoa, 850 Cell proliferation, 1236 See also Quinoa Cell signaling protein, 1261 Chestnut, 1385, 1389 Cell suspension cultures, 449 Chewing gum Cellular absorption, 2169 definition, 1563 Cellular antioxidant activity (CAA), 978, 982 functional, 1585–1589 Cellulose, 251, 297, 705, 766, 1866, 1872 ingredients, 1564–1570 Index 2329

mastication, 1578–1581 Chronic diseases, 703, 711, 712, 715, 1535, medicated, 1569–1570 2250 as modern carrier, 1583–1585 Chronic hepatitis, 70 production process, 1574–1578 Chronic inflammation, 610 sugar-free, 1567–1569 Chronic liver disease, 1263 Chicken, 680 Chronic risk, 1746 manure, 1824 Chrysin, 69 meat patties, 774 Chymosin, 1911 Chicken breast, 337 Chymotrypsin, 243, 2049 muscle, 333 Cicadas, 392 Chickpea, 227, 246, 1852 Cicer hull flour, 783 C. arietinum, 227, 250 Childhood reproductive dormancy, 1197 C. reticulatum, 227 Children, 32, 43, 45, 46 Cinnamaldehyde, 1572 Chitin, 410, 768, 1421, 1866, 1869 Cisplatin, 1267 characteristics, 1421 Citrus by-products, 774 isolation of, 1421 Citrus fiber, 781 properties, 1422 Class 1 food allergens, 253 structure, 1422 Class 2 food allergens, 253 Chitosan, 2048, 2173 Cleavage, 872, 873, 876 biodegradation of, 1425 betanin, 876 cationic nature, 1423 of β-carotene, 884 chemical derivatives of, 1423 Clinical trials, 2133 deacetylation degree, 1423 Clostridium coccoides, 1240 food and dietary applications, 1423 Clover sprouts, 1162 food and medicinal uses, 1423, 1425 Cluster analysis, 2133 functional properties, 1423 C:N ratio, mushroom, 1872 preparation from chitin, 1423 CO2, mushroom, 1872 structure of, 1423 Coagulation, 1909 Chlorella, 1634 Coam cells, 1238 Chlorfenvinfos, 1808, 1809 Coated-emulsions, 2167 Chlorhexidine, 1570, 1586 Coating, 2048 Chlorogenate, 495 materials, 2169 Chlorogenic acid (CGA), 993, 1138 Cochineal scale insect, 393 Chlorophylls, 1817 Cocoa degradation, 885 alkalinization process, 1056 stability and alterations, processing beneficial effects on health, 1057 and storage of food, 885–886 bioactive compounds, 1053–1055 structures, properties and occurrence, chemical composition, 1051–1053 884–885 glucose metabolism, 1063–1066 Chlorpyrifos, 1728 on obesity, 1057–1061 Chokeberry, 1589 polyphenolic compounds, 1055–1056 juice, 1586 Cocos nucifera, 538 Cholecystokinin, 244 Codex Alimentarius, 1738 Cholesterine, 670 Coffee, 993 Cholesterol, 59, 60, 188, 410, 489, 687, on cancer, 1003–1009 765, 1007 on diabetes, 1026–1029 Choline, 1878, 2120 on hypertension, 1025–1026 Cholinesterase inhibitors, 594, 599 on liver disease, 1032–1034 Chondroitin sulfate, 1426, 1427 on obesity, 1022–1025 Chromatogram, 1514 Coffee polyphenols (CPP), 1024 Chromatography, 1881 Cognitive abilities, 66 Chromophore, 869, 872, 877, 879, 885 Cognitive deterioration, 612 2330 Index

Cognitive functions, 66 colorectal cancer, 685–686 Cognitive impairment, 67 and diabetes, 691–692 Cohesiveness, 740, 743, 1564 endogenous synthesis, 677–679 Coil, 1961, 1965, 1978, 1979 fish, 682 Cold-pressed oil, 546 human dietary intake, 684 Cold-set gelation/desolvation, 311 isomers, 674 Coleoptera, 402 meats, 679–681 Collagen, 337, 454, 1268, 1414, 1430 milk and dairy products, 682–683 Colloid mill, 2050 obesity, 688–691 Colon, 736, 942, 945, 951, 952, 978, 984 physiological properties, 675 Colonic microbiota, 978 prostate cancer, 687 Colonic transition time, 771 skin cancer, 686–687 Colorado potato beetle, 1736 synthesis in rumen, 676–677 Colorants, 642, 1565, 1567 Connective tissue proteins, 332, 336, 454 Colorectal cancer (CRC), 80, 685–686, 713, Connexin 43 (Cx43), 939, 947, 954 951–952, 997 Consistency coefficient, 1966–1968 S. nigra, 2280 Constipation, 731, 1902–1903 Colorectal carcinoma, 2189 Consumer(s), 1378, 1381, 1383, 1384, 1387, Colourants, 1486–1488 1389, 1390, 1392, 1581, 1674 Combined systems, 2174 acceptability, 786 Commercial cultivation, 1822 acceptance, 394, 743, 1390, 1392 Commercially available food products, 329 perception, 1697 Commodity, 1823 Consumption of insects, 391 Common bean, 228, 243 Continuous scales, 2132 Common bean flour, 785 Contraceptive prevalence rate, 1195 Competitive exclusion, 1537, 1549 Contractile proteins, 332–334 Competitors, 1824 Controlled release, 2174 Complexation, 116, 126 Convicilin, 234 of phospholipids, 485 Cooking, 116, 121, 123, 124, 245 Complex food sources, 703 process of soy, 1208 Complexity, 131 yield, 773, 784 Complex viscosity, 1978, 1979 Coomasie blue reagent, 303 Compliance issues, 1589 Coomassie stained spots, 300 Composition, 2204 Copigmentation, 872, 873, 2173 Compositional analysis, 1881 Cordyceps militaris, 1600 Composting, 1823, 1824 Core material, 2164 Concentrates, 2265 Core-shell, 2041 Concentration dependency, 1968 Coriander, 1321, 2201 Concomitant, 1293, 1295 chemical composition, 2208 Condensed tannins, 974, 976, 1757 Coriander seeds, yield of, 2217 Condiments, 1302, 1303 Coriandrum sativum, 1321 Confectionery products, 744, 1563, 1577 Corn, 1182 α-Configuration, 728 bran, 779 Conglutin, 233 Coronary artery disease (CAD), β-Conglycinin, 233, 274 postmenopausal women with, 716 Congruency, 1686 Coronary atherosclerosis, progression of, 716 Conjugated double bond system, 879 Coronary heart disease (CHD), 33, 34, 58, 138, Conjugated fatty acids, 475 139, 141, 149, 531, 716 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 101, 475 Corpus luteum, 1191 biosynthesis, 675 Cortinarius infractus, 1613 breast cancer, 686 Cosma care, 1268–1269 and cardiovascular function, 687–688 Cosmeceuticals, 1431 in chicken, turkey and eggs, 681–682 Cottage industry, 1822 Index 2331 p-Coumaric, 498 Cultured beverage, 1543 Coumarins acids, 2211 Cumin, 1321–1322 Coumestans, 1162, 1180–1181 Cuminum cyminum, 1321–1322 Coumestrol Cupins, 254 bone health, women, 1186 Cupuassu cancer, 1203–1204 beneficial effects on health, 1057 menopause, 1185 bioactive compounds, 1053–1055 reproduction in animals, 1192–1193 chemical composition, 1051–1053 reproduction in human, 1199 glucose metabolism, 1063–1066 Covalent bonds/bonding, 977, 2039 on obesity, 1057–1062 Coverage factor, 2128 polyphenolic compounds, 1055–1056 Cowpea, 229–230 Curds, 246, 249 Cox–Merz rule, 1979–1981 Curdling agents, 245 C-phycocyanin, 1628 Curries, 1292 Crackers, whole wheat, 709 Cyanidin-3-glucoside, 1233 C-reactive protein, 1027, 1235 Cyanogenic glycosides, 2284 Creatinine, 2229 Cyanovirin-N (CV-N), 1630 Cricket, 403 Cyathane, 1837 flour, 395, 415 Cyathatriol, 1837 products, 424 Cyclins, 1203 Crocetin, 1990, 2018 β-Cyclocitral, 2008 Crocin, 1990, 2018 Cyclodextrin, 1585 α-Crocin, 1992 Cyclooxygenase, 613, 1833 Crocus sativus L., 1989 Cyclooxygenase–2 (COX-2), 610, 1000, 1261, Crohn’s disease, 71 1264 Crop(s), 1719 inhibition, 1084 culture rotations, 231 Cynara cardunculus, 445, 449, 450 residues, 1839 Cynara scolymus, 445, 451 Crosslinked enzyme, 2039 Cynarase, 445, 455 Cross-linking, 2040 Cyprinids, 1192 glucans, resistant starch production, 829 Cyprosins, 445, 455 Crossover, 1974 Cysteine, 235, 244 Cross-pollinated crop, 2241 Cysteinyl leucotriene, 253 Crude digestibility, 237 Cystine, 235 Crude fiber, 246, 769 Cytokine(s), 483, 689, 1390, 1391, 1882, 2278 Crude oils, 535 markers, 1267 Crumb hardness, 456 signaling, 1033 Crustaceans, 1403, 1409 Cytomegalovirus, 2254 β-Cryptoxanthin, 880 Cytoplasmic membrane, 1538 Crystallization of water, 2167 Cytotoxicity, 1265 C-type starch, 818 Cucumber, 1735 Cuisines, 1293 D Culinary, 2221 Daidzein, 65, 271, 1161, 1206 formulations, 2204 Dairy food formulations, 1381, 1384–1387, Cultivar(s), 191, 297, 307 1392 Cultivation, guava Dairy products, 567–569, 746, 1379–1381 crop management, 1505–1506 See also Dairy products functionalization crop regulation, 1505 Dairy products functionalization, 1379–1381 cultivars, 1502–1504 agro-industrial and biotechnological harvesting and handling, 1506 prospects, 1384–1387 layout and planting systems, 1505 bioactives effects, 1390–1392 propagation, 1504–1505 biological activity, 1391 2332 Index

Dairy products functionalization (cont.) D-gentiobiose, 1992, 2020 encapsulation technologies, 1388–1389 (1-4)-D-glucan, 1428 extraction technologies, 1386 D-glucose, 1992, 2020 food ingredients types, 1382 β-D-glucoside, 1992 ingredients used in, 1381 Diabetes, 34, 36, 61, 62, 691–692, 771, 1262, innovative trends, 1381–1384 1589, 2308 main factors and actors, 1380 mellitus, 835, 1285, 1286, 1292, 1300, mushrooms and plant-food bioactives, 1885, 2187, 2251, 2281 1387–1390 type 2, 1243 Date palm pit, 2174 Diabetic complications, 1286, 1304, 2226 Daucus carota, 1322 incidence of, 1304 Days after anthesis, 300 treatment of, 1297 db/db mice, 1028 Diabetic(s), 80 DB-Wax, 2016 foot, 1304 DDT, see Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane heart disease, 2308 (DDT) nephropathy, 1262 Decaffeinated coffee, 1004 rats, 1884 Decarboxylated betacyanins, 878 Diacetyl, 1537 Decarboxylation, 876, 877 Diacylglycerol, 485 Decay rate constant, 1973 Diagnosed prostate cancer, 1204 Decoction, 2265 Diameter of fibers, 2045 Decontamination, 1255 Diarrhea, 730, 2284 Decreased tumour proliferation index, 1204 Diarrheagenic bacteria, 1536 Deep-fat frying, 536 Diarrhoea, 1296 Defecation frequency, 1903 Diastolic blood pressure, 715, 1017 Degenerative diseases, 1366 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 1723, Deglosylation, 876 1794, 1796, 1805, 1806, 1808, 1810 Deglycosylation, 1581 Dichotomous data, 2132 Degrading enzymes, 876 Dicotyledonous seeds, 239 Degreening, 886 Didymella rabiei, 227 Degree of polymerization, 725 Diet, 562–564, 1346, 1378, 1380, 1384 Degrees day, 300 Dietary aflatoxin, 2123 Deguelin, 1802–1804 Dietary antioxidants, 1231 Deleterious effects, 1187–1200 Dietary bioactive lipids, 468 Delivery system, 1562–1564, 1569–1570 Dietary culture, 1529 Delivery vehicles, 2173 Dietary elements and patterns, 322 Delphinidin-glucoside, 1586 Dietary exposure, 1743 Deltamethin, 1730 Dietary fiber, 81, 296, 702, 729, 1348, 1383, Dementia, 66, 592, 594, 1263 1532, 2251 Denaturation, 2055 analytical methods, 769–770 Deoxypyridinoline cross-link, 734 definition and classification, 765–769 Depolymerization, 826, 1362 health effects, 703 Depressed fertility, 1198 physiological benefits and health Depression, 1392, 1612 implications, 770–772 Derivatives, 1423 protective effect, 703 Δ9-Desaturase, 678 technological functionality, 772–773 Descriptive analysis, 1684 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 707 Detection frequency techniques, 2012 Dietary preferences, 1260 Detection technique, 1191 Dietary reference intake (DRIs), 1701 Detoxification, 428 Dietary supplement, 688 Detoxify xenobiotics, 131 Dietary value, 235 D-fraction, 1604 Dietetic chewing gum, 1571 β-D-galactosidase, 1901 Diethyl ether, 2307 Index 2333

Dietician, 740 DNA sequencing, 2068–2071 Differential functions, 301 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 596, 615, 1628 Diffusivity, 2217 Docosapentaenoic acid, 470 Digestibility, 237, 338 DogiK, 1549 of starch, 818 Domestic animal, 1175, 1191, 1193, 1197, 1208 Digestion, 1391, 1902 Domestication, 193 process, 1897 of crop, 225 Digestive ailments, 2204 Domestic sprouting, 245 Digestive enzymes, 766, 820, 2205 Dominance, 1686 Digital PCR (dPCR), 2076 Dopamine, 1760 Dignity, functional food ingredient, 905 Dopaminergic neurons, 613 Dihydrocaffeic, 498 Dough handling properties, 456 Dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) treatment, 167–168 Dough modification, 456–457 Dihydroguaiaretic acid, 2190 Down’s syndrome, 736 Dihydrooxophorone, 2009, 2016 Downstream, 1873 Dihydroxy phenols, 491 DPPH, see 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Dill, 1319 (DPPH) Dilute regime, 1962, 1980 DRIs, see Dietary reference intake (DRIs) Dilution analysis techniques, 2012 Drought, 2209 Dimethyl benz(a)anthracen (DMBA), 1201, Drug-botanical interactions, 2286 1205 Drug delivery systems, 489 Dioscorea alata, 1448 Dry-cured Parma hams, 341 Dioscorea sp., 1447 Dry formulations, 1718 Dioscorin, 1451 Drying, 250, 824, 1879, 1880 Diosgenin, 1459 Dry matter, 1829 Dioxygenation, 242 Dry salting, 1912 Di-peptides, 323 Dry weight, 1866 Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, 363, 375 Dual-functional role, 2174 Dipeptidyl peptidases, 338 Dubiumin, 445, 451 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 456, Ducks, 1192 1514, 1519 Duodenal biopsy, 736 Dipsticks, 2082 Dynamic moduli, 1976 Diptera, 401 Dynamic rheological properties, food gums Diquat, 1719 amplitude dependency, 1973–1975 Discards Cox-Merz rule, 1979–1980 need for utilization, 1411 frequency dependency, 1976–1979 proportions of, 1411 time/temperature dependency, 1979 seafood items, 1411 Dynamic rheology, 782 Disc pulverizer, 1880 Dyslipidemia, 138–141 Discrimination threshold, 1684 Dyspareunia, 1198 Disease, 1145, 1378, 1383 Dyspepsia, 1300 Dispersions, 2167 Dispersive solid-phase extraction, 2145, 2146 E Disposition, 126 Earlier mortality, 1207 Dissected by hand, 304 Early abortion, 1192 Di-starches, 829 Early cell differentiation, 1201 Disulfide bonds, 735 Early thelarche, 1200 Dithiocarbamate, 1726 Edible cold pressed oils, 477 Diuresis, 1297, 2282 Edible insects, 391, 394–396, 403 DMBA, see Dimethyl benz(a)anthracen Edible oil, 191 (DMBA) EGCG, see Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) DNA-based techniques, 2088–2089 Egg stage, 1827 DNA oxidative fragmentation, 982 Egg yolk lipids, 681 2334 Index

Eicosanoids, 372, 559 Entangled polymer solutions, 1976 pathway, 565 Entanglement network systems, 1976 Eicosapentaenoic acid, 615, 671 Enterococcus faecium, 1898 Elaesis guineensis, 538 Enterocolitis, 1266 Elaidic acid, 474 Enterodiol, 1169 Elastic gel, 1978 Enterolactone, 1169 Elasticity, 740, 745, 1564 Enterolignans, 1169, 1181, 1185, 1187, 1193, Elastic modulus, 745 1199, 1204, 1205, 1208 Elastomer, 1564–1566 Entomophagy, 390, 391, 394, 396, 419, 426 Elderberries, 2265, 2275 Environmental factors, 1207 Elderflowers, 2265, 2274, 2280, 2282 Environmental stresses, 302 Electrical conductivity, 2045 Enzymatic hydrolysis, 327, 361, 412, 455, 767, Electrolytes, 1580, 2205 1946–1947 Electrospinning, 2041 glucuronidases, 1952 Electrospray ionization (ESI), 2018, 2021 sulfatases, 1952 Elicitors, 111 Enzymatic synthesis, 1948–1949 Ellagic acid, 1227, 1233, 1234, 1237, 1261 glucuronidation, 1949 Ellagitannins, 1237, 1239, 1241, 1256, 1257, glucuronosyl transferases, 1948 1261–1263, 1266 microsomal preparation, 1948 Embryo, 298 Enzyme(s), 412, 443, 444, 448, 449, implantation, 1193, 1197 451–456, 653, 765, 1415, 1431, transfer, 1194 1580, 1833, 2039 Emerging technologies, 977–978 fishery sources, 1416 Emulsification, 740 inhibitors, 235 Emulsifiers, 1565, 1718 loading, 2045 Emulsifying capacity, 417 profiles, 306 Emulsion capacity, 784 Enzyme-based extraction, 1867 Emulsion stability, 773 Enzyme-catalyzed oxidation, 883 Encapsulation, 873, 884, 2040 Epicatechin, 1017, 1137, 1511 efficiency, 2164, 2173 catechin ratio, 1056 technique, 1387, 1571 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, 1203 Endocrine disruptors, 252, 1158, 1191, 1195, Epigallocatechin (EGC), 1940, 1947 1197, 1199, 1208, 1737 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 2170 Endogenous anti-oxidant system, 1363 Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), 70, 638, Endogenous proteases, 337 993, 994 Endometrial cancer, 1005, 1200, 2250 Epithelial cells, 1234 Endometriosis, 1198 Epithelialization, 1268 Endometrium mucosa, 1198 Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), 165 Endoproteases, 444 Epithelial mucus layer, 730 Endosperm, 708 Epitopes, 253, 255 Endothelial dysfunction, 556, 1239, 1260 Epoxidation, 883 Endothelial function, 1079 5,6-Epoxide, 884 Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), 141, Equid meat, 681 1148 Equilibrium stress, 1970, 1972, 1973 Energy content, 403 Equol, 271 Energy expenditure, 1023 Erectile dysfunction, 58, 68 Energy intake, 731 Ergosterol, 489, 1829, 1833, 1876 Energy metabolism, 306 ER negative tumours, 1205 eNOS, see Endothelial nitric oxide synthase Erythrocytes, 241 (eNOS) Escherichia coli, 1832, 1947 Ensifer meliloti, 1852 Escherichia coli derived lipopolysaccharides Entangled flexible random coil chains, 1979 (EC-LPS), 173 Index 2335

Essential amino acids (EAAs), 306, 406, Extraction, 977, 983, 986, 1143, 1740 407, 1403, 1532 of bioactive compounds, 1879 Essential fatty acids (EFA), 407, 470, techniques, 1386 671, 1627 yield, 2207 Essential hypertension, 321 Extra-nutritional agents, 1562 Essential oils, 588, 1316, 1518, 2190, Extruded full-fat soy seeds, 250 2203, 2218 Extrusion, 826, 1176, 2050 on Aβ aggregation, 594–595 of maize starch, 826 chemistry of, 590 process, 252, 1577 cholinesterase activity, 593–594 Ex vivo bio-inactivation, 126 learning and memory, 594 Ex-vivo models, 128 oxidative stress, 595–596 E-Z isomerization, 880 Esterases, 1583 Esterification, 829, 875, 879 F of phytosterols, 490 Fabaceae, 231, 1162 Estimated long term dietary intake Fagopyrum esculentum, 852, 858 (ELTDI), 1747 See also Buckwheat 17β-Estradiol (17β-E2), 1159, 1161, 1202, 1206 Failure rate to pregnancy, 1193 Estriol, 1203 Fallow deer, 674 Estrogen, 270 Familiarity, 1390 Estrogen-dependent breast cancer, 1201 Farmers’ incomes, 1208 cell-lines, 1208 Farming practices, 1182 Estrogen-dependent cancer cells, 1202, 1208 Farming systems, 1818 Estrogenic activity, 2249 Fast dissolving tablets (FDT), 2253–2254 Estrogenic effects, 1159–1161 Fat, 250, 403, 1501, 1826 Estrogen related receptors (ERRs), 1161, 1203 digestion, 308 Estrogen-responsive tissues, 1161 Fatal cancer type, see Pancreatic cancer Ethanol, 1880, 1881 Fatality, 35 Ether lipids, 486 Fat-soluble vitamins, 411, 671 Ethion, 1796, 1808, 1809 Fatty acid(s), 188, 469, 1347, 1852, 1877, 2120, Ethnic medicine, 1254 2209 Ethyl acetate extracts, 2219 quality and quantity of, 409 Ethyl benzoate, 1513 ratio of, 409 EU legislation, 429, 1739 Fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4), 169 Eurogenic detrusor overactive (NDO), 175 Fatty acid synthase (FASN), 1013, 1058 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Fatty liver disease, 309, 1062 422, 1747 Fava bean, 237 European Novel Food Regulation Feed conversion efficiency, 427 (ENFR), 422 Feed conversion rate (FCR), 419 European populations, 1181 Female sex steroids, 1206 European Union policy, 394, 422 Femoral neck, 1186 Exogenous anti-oxidant system, 1363 Fennel, 453, 1384, 1385, 1387 Exogenous proteolytic enzymes, 327 seed, 1322 Exopolysaccharides, 1881 Fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharides Exoproteases, 444 and polyols (FODMAPs), 738 Exotic, 1294, 1295 Fermentation, 251, 276, 569, 740, 1142, 1296, Experimental studies, 34 1824, 1873, 1911 Expressed sequence tags (EST), 193 cereals, 1531–1538 Extent of thixotropy, 1971 controlled, 1539 Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), 1881 description, 1528 Extracted proteins, 416 spontaneous (see Spontaneous Extracting parameters, 2218 fermentation) 2336 Index

Fermented beverages, 1696 Flavonoid(s), 163–164, 231, 541, 1055, 1077, Fermented foods, 1528 1136, 1139, 1142, 1227, 1233, 1757, Fermented ogi liquor, 1542 1764, 1835, 1851, 1852, 1854, 1932, Fermented probiotic cereal foods, 1535–1536 1938, 1939, 1945, 1948, 1949, 1951, Fermented products, 1380, 1391 1990, 2121, 2206, 2301 Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metabolism, 2303 978, 982 structure, 1101 Fertility, 1191 Flavonols, 55, 57, 64, 66, 145, 1137, Fertilizers, 1506 1139–1140, 1143, 1145 Ferulic acid, 497, 716 Flavor, 1381, 1383, 1565, 1674, 1686 Feruloyl arabinoxylans, 981 profile, 1921 Fetal resorption, 1194 release properties of gum, 1565 Fetotoxic, 1194 Flavoring agent, 1567, 2202 Fetuin-A, 1027 Flavylium, 1100, 1106 Fever, 1905 Flaxseed, 1185, 1204 F1 hybrids, 2122 flour, 785 Fiber, 404–405, 1829 oil, 478 content, 409–410 Flexible macromolecules, 1965 Fibrillar acid protein of glia, 610 Flies, 401 Fibroids, 1198 Flours, 1697, 1703–1705, 1707 Fibromyalgia, 738, 1392 Flow behavior index, 1968, 1970 Ficin, 444, 445, 455, 457 Fluorene, 2006 Fillers, 1565, 1566 Fluorescence, 1286, 1288, 1296, 1303 Film hydration, 2168 microscopy, 1268 Finfish, 1401, 1405, 1406 quenching, 1941 Firmicutes/bacteriodetes, 1240 Fluoride, 1570 Firmness, 744 Foaming, 417 First-pass effect, 1581 Foeniculum vulgare, 1322–1323 Fish, 682, 1175, 1192 Folates, 124, 1829 processing by-products, 356, 362, 373 Folic acid, 711, 2172 protein composition, 357–358 Folk medicine, 1866, 1869, 2265 protein processing, 359–363 Follicular steroid biosynthesis, 1193 and seafood, 31, 32, 39, 41 Fomitopsis betulina, 1608 Fish Barcode Life Initiative, 2070 Food, 1345 Fishery products, nutritional value of, 1409 additives, 2120 Fish-farms, 1192 allergies, 252–256, 737 Fish oils, 673, 1411, 1417 animal, 1346 commercial status, 1431 applications, 625 health benefits, 1419 feed products, 407 mode of action, 1417, 1419 frequency questionnaires, 739, 1188 recommendations for consumption, 1420 functional components (see Functional Fish polar lipids, 565–567 components of food) Fish protein powders, 1402, 1411, 1413 guide pyramid, 691 Flakes, 250 industry, 131, 391, 1569 Flammulina, 1819 ingredients, 1379, 1382, 1384, 1385 Flares, 1207 matrix, 120, 130, 1562 Flatus formation, 241 as medicine, 1361 Flavan-3-ol, 55, 57, 60, 62, 67, 146, 1055, 1233 neophobia, 395 polymers, 68 plant, 1346 Flavanones, 55, 57, 62, 68, 69 potential to be used as, 400 Flavanonols, 55 preferences, 1675 Flavones, 55, 57, 62, 65, 66, 68–70, 146, processing, 976, 977, 983 1055, 1077 products, 416, 2265 Index 2337

quality, 1379, 1382, 1384, 1385, 1856 Freezing, 2092–2097 safety, 1850 French paradox, 1233 science and technology, 1379, 1392 Frequency sweep, 1973, 1976, 1980 security, 1838 Frequently sampled intravenous glucose selection, 1382, 1386, 1387, 1390, 1392 tolerance test (FSIGT), 1459 sources, 1188 Fresh cheese, 1896, 1909, 1913, 1918 supplement, 124, 1826 β-Fructanoidase, 728 supply, 41, 47 Fructans, 725, 1901 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 1717 β-Fructofuranosidase, 1901 Food and Drug Administration Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), 485, 704, 728, (FDA), 269 731, 747, 775 Food balance sheets (FBS), 37–39 Fructosamine, 1288, 1291, 1293, 1295, 1299, Food composition database (FCD), 120 1300, 1303 Food-derived peptides, 322 Fruit(s), 9, 10, 16, 30–32, 39, 45, 1354, Food-drug interactions, 125–127 1381, 1383, 1384, 1387, 1717, 2150 Food-food interactions, 124–125 bodies, 1826 Food gums consumption, 87 dilute solution properties, 1961–1966 nutrients, 1512–1513 dynamic rheological properties seeds, 982 (see Dynamic rheological properties, tissue, 1680 food gums) Fruiting, 1825 steady shear rheological properties body, 1598, 1868 (see Steady shear rheological Frying, 536 properties) Fucoidans, 1350 FOODINTER, 125 Functional chewing gum, 1585 Food processing, legumes, 244 Functional components of food, 1346 modern fermentation processing, 250 carotenoids, 1354 modern non-fermentation processing, healing powers, 1362–1365 248–250 mode of action, 1366–1367 nutritional characteristics, non-fermentation non-starch carbohydrates, 1348–1354 processing, 246–247 organo-sulfur compounds, 1357 traditional fermentation process, 247 phenolics, 1354–1355 traditional non fermentation, 245–246 phytosterols, 1355–1356 Food Safety and Standards Regulation probiotics and prebiotics, 1359–1361 (FSSR) 2009, 1806, 1807 processing techniques, 1367–1369 Food-waste recycling, 427 tocopherols and tocotrienols, 1356–1357 Forages, 683, 1184 Functional fibers, 704, 706 Forkhead box O3, 165 Functional food(s), 322, 624, 642, 725, 817, Formic acid, 1918 1124–1126, 1378, 1379, 1385, 1390, Formulated products, 1973 1529, 1532, 1534–1535, 1561, 1604, Formulation, 499 1900, 2164, 2201, 2230 and emulsions, 469 antiglycation properties (see Antiglycation Fortification, 725, 1291 agents) Fractionation, 1881 definition, 1399 Fragile thyroid function, 1205 See also Dairy products functionalization Fragrance, 1316 Functionality, 1561 Fragransin C1, 2188 Functionalizable, 2055 Free fatty acids, 673, 691, 1908 Functional meat products, 785 Free radical, 100, 537, 541, 773, 983, 1763, Functional nutrition, 614 1876, 1883, 2203, 2250 Functional products, 1850 mechanism, 531 Functional properties, 407, 415, 417, 429 scavenging, 1514 Fungal infections, 1586 Freeze-drying, 1519, 2166, 2169, 2171 Fungal pathogens, 2272 2338 Index

Fungi, 279, 1721 Gas chromatography (GC), 1683, 1991, 2140 G. lucidum (see Ganoderma lucidum) liquid-liquid extraction, 1998 Fungicides, 1721 purge and trap system, 2003–2004 Fungi’s attacks, 1162 simultaneous distillation-extraction, Furanose conformation, 727 1998–2000 Furrow and basin method of irrigation, 1506 solid phase microextraction, 2004–2006 Fusariosis, 1733 solvent-assisted flavor evaporation Fusarium, 1169 technique, 2008–2009 Fusion method, 1574 steam distillation, 1996–1998 Stir-Bar sorptive extraction, 2006–2007 supercritical fluid extraction technique, 2002–2003 G thermal desorption, 2007–2008 Galactomannans, 1980 ultrasonic solvent extraction, 2000–2002 Galactose, 1227 Gastric cancer, 949, 1005 Galactosidase, 239 Gastric emptying, 771 α-Galactosidase, 270 Gastric proteases, 333 Galacturonic acid, 1227 Gastrointestinal, 2167 Gallate, 495 absorption, 1579 Gallic acid, 1137, 1511, 1588, 2220 digestion, 983 Gallocatechin, 1763 health, 717 Gamma linolenic acid (GLA), 471, 1628 immunity, 771 Gamma-Poisson distribution, 2124 tract, 1898 Ganoderan, 1600, 1836 Gastroprotective effect, 1766 Ganoderic acid, 1605, 1873 GC-MS-Olfactometry, 2013 Ganoderma colossum, 1607 Gelatin, 1415, 1430 Ganoderma concinna, 1605 Gelatinization temperatures, 743 Ganoderma lucidum, 1599, 1865 Gel-like, 2046 Ganoderma pfeifferi, 1605, 1832 Gelling agents, 417, 1960 Ganoderma resinaceum, 1608 Gelling points, 1979 Ganodermataceae, 1866 Gels, 1973 Ganoderma triterpenes (GTS), 1884 Gel-sol transition, 1979 Ganoderma tsugae, 1605 Gene, 36, 192 Ganodermin, 1884 expression, 1058 Ganodermin A, 1874 transcription, 1159 Ganoderone, 1837 General information, 2140 Ganolucidic acid, 1605 Generally regarded as safe (GRAS), 1533 Ganomycein, 1884 Genetic malfunctioning, 2226 Ganopoly, 1836, 1885 Genetic manipulation, 2122 Gap junctional communication, 937 Genetic modification, 544 Garcinia fruits Genetic polymorphisms, 1027 anthocyanins, biological activity of, 1662 Genetic variation, 131 benzophenones, biological activity of, Genistein, 65, 147, 271, 1161, 1182, 1201, 1654–1661 1206, 1207 brindle berry (see Brindle berry) Gentisic acid, 1138 hydroxycitric acid, biological activity of, Geometric isomerization, 882 1661–1662 Geraniin, 1289, 1295 kokum (see Kokum) Geraniol, 2218 mangosteen (see Mangosteen) Geranyl acetate, 2208 xanthones, biological activities of, Germ, 708 1650–1654 Germanium, 1878 Garcinol, 1647, 1654, 1658, 1660, 1661 Germ-free rats, 730 Garnishing purposes, 2221 Germinated millet, 1543 Index 2339

Germination, 242, 246, 1870 health related outcomes, 854 Germplasm, 192, 2242 immunity, 854–856 Gestation length, 1199 metainflammation, 856 Ghrelin, 731 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 855 Gills, 1817 prebiotic effects, 856 Ginger, 100, 1588 products, 850 rhizomes, 448, 452 TLR4 signaling, 856 Gingival epithelial cells, 1235 Gluten-free diet, 738 Gingivitis, 1269, 1585 controversy, 739–740 Glassy crystalline polymers, 1978 as dietary trend, 739 Gleason, 1204 Gluten-free products Gliadins, 457, 734 fructooligosaccharides, 747–748 Glial cells, 607 inulin, 742–747 Globe artichoke, 451 Glutenins, 734 Globulin(s), 233 Gluten peptide, 736 fraction, 310 Gluten quality, 301 7S Globulin, 307 Gluten-related disorders, 725 Glomus, 1854, 1855 Glycaemic index, 817 Glucagon-like peptide 2, 730 Glycated haemoglobin, 1291, 1292, 1302–1304 β-1,3-Glucans, 1874 Glycation, 1285, 1288, 1291–1295, 1297, β-Glucanases, 1144 1298, 1302–1304 β-Glucans, 704, 1600, 1836, 1875 Glycemic index, 748, 2251 Gluconeogenesis, 1019 Glycemic load, 748 Glucosamine, 1425 Glycerolysis, 504 Glucose, 1007 Glyceryl ether, 486 homeostasis, 62 Glycine oxidase, 2049 G. gracilis, 231 oxidation, 2228 G. max, 230–231, 251, 268, 540 tolerance, 691 G. soja, 231 Glucose-insulin homeostasis, 717 Glycinin, 233, 274 α-Glucosidase, 984, 985, 1028 Glycoalkaloids, 1453 β-Glucosidase, 1906 Glycogen, 2228 Glucoside, 1999 Glycogenesis, 2228 Glucosinolates, 148 Glycoglycerolipids, 484 β-Glucuronidase, 1906 Glycolipids, 2203 Glucuronidation, 1581 Glycosaminoglycans Glucuronosyltransferases, 1581 chondroitin sulphate, 1426 Glucuronoxylomannan, 1838 definition, 1426 GLUT4, 1028 dermatan sulphate, 1426 Glutamic acid, 1877 heparin, 1427 Glutamine, 735 hyaluronic acid, 1426, 1427 Glutaraldehyde, 2048 keratan sulphate, 1426 Glutathione, 1007 recovery methods, 1427 Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), 1234, 2228 ß-Glycosidase, 978 Glutathione S-transferase (GST), 1007 Glycoside forms, 2268 Gluten, 456, 734–735 Glycosides, 1513 Gluten-free breads, 457, 1696, 1703–1704 β-Glycosides, 270 Gluten-free cereals Glycosilation, 490 cholesterolemia, control of, 857 Glycosphingolipids, 480 digestibility, 854 Glycosylated isoflavones, 248, 1175 fatty acid profile, 852 Glycosylated proteins, 253 food uses, 849–850 Glycosylation, 869, 871, 875, 984, 1100 glycaemia, control of, 857 Glyphosate, 1197, 1720 2340 Index

GnRH, 1191, 1192 Guavanoic acid, 1291 Goat pox (SGPX), 2310 Gum, see Food gums Gold fish, 1192 Gum Arabic, 799 Good agricultural practice (GAP), 1738 antioxidant prosperities of, 803 Gowé, 1543 biological properties of, 803–807 GPER, 1161, 1198, 1203 chemical properties, 800–801 pathway, 1203, 1205 food and cosmetic properties of, 807–808 Grain(s), 678, 708, 1175 pharmaceutical properties of, 807 development, 299 physical properties of, 801–802 spawn, 1828 structure of, 799–800 texture, 307 Gut bacteria, 1208 Grams positive bacterial cultures, 2306 Gut barrier, 730 Granular structure, 825 Gut fermentation, 1391 Grape, 1589 Gut health, 730, 1266–1267 fiber, 780 Gut hormone, 838 seed oil, 785 Gut microbiome, 1605 Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins (GSPs), 65 Gut microbiota, 14, 17, 19, 1013, 1085 Grapevine, 1136 effect, 715 Grasshoppers, 403 Gypsum, 1824 Green extraction, 2216–2219 Greenhouse gases (GHGs), 391 Green tea, 64, 994 on cancer, 996–1003 H on diabetes, 1018–1020 Haemostasis, 1080 on hypertension, 1016–1017 Hallucinogenic indole, 1612 on liver diseases, 1030–1032 Hardening, 743 on metabolic syndrome, 1011–1014 Hardness, 1688 on obesity, 1014–1016 Harvest, 1680 Green tea extract (GTE) therapy, 998 Harvesting, of mushroom, 1871 Green tea polyphenol, 1587 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 736 Grifola frondosa, 1600 HCC1804, 1203 Grifolan, 1602, 1604 Head and neck cancer, 953 Grifolin, 1835 Health, 1365, 1561 Ground beef, 680 claims, 1390 Growth factors, 1202 problems, 2221 Growth hormone, 689 supplement, 125, 1874 Guar gum, 705, 768, 1967, 1974, 1976, 1980 and wine polyphenols (see Wine Guava, 1291, 1500 polyphenols and health) anticancer activity, 1518 Health benefits, 212, 213, 868, 886–888, 1528, anti-diabetic activity, 1515–1516 1839 anti-diarrhoeal activity, 1516–1517 plant-based foods, 703 anti inflammatory activity, 1515 Health benefits, jaboticaba antimicrobial activity, 1517–1518 antioxidative properties, 1230–1234 antioxidant activity, 1513–1514 atherosclerosis prevention and mitagation, chemical composition of leaves, 1510–1512 1238 constituents of guava fruit, 1512–1513 cancer prevention and mitigation properties, cultivation (see Cultivation, guava) 1236–1238 ecological requirements, 1501–1502 gastrointestinal health, 1240–1242 morphology, 1506–1507 immune system health and anti- phytochemicals, 1507–1511 inflammatory properties, 1234–1236 seed composition, 1513 metabolic syndrome, 1242–1243 value added products and nutraceuticals, Health-promoting effects, 886 1519–1520 Healthy diet, 1085 Index 2341

Heart disease, 687 High intensity sweeteners, 1565, 1568 Heat, 1562 High performance liquid chromatography moisture treatment, 825 (HPLC), 1683, 1882, 1991, 1994, shock proteins, 301 2017–2026 Helianthus annuus, 541 High pressure homogenization, 2050 Helicase-dependent amplification High-pressure homogenizer, 123 (HDA), 2079 High quality biodiesel, 428 Helix pomatia, 1946 High quality insect ingredients, 424 Hemagglutination, 2273 High-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC), Hemagglutinin(s), 235, 241, 246 2021 Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), 171, 1000 High resolution melting (HRM), 2075, 2076 Hemicellulose, 705, 766, 1818 High temperature short time process, 826 Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), 1018 High-throughput sequencing (HTS), see Next Hemoglobin repletion efficiency, 734 generation sequencing (NGS) Hemopoieses, 1877 Hindus, 80, 82 Hemorrhagic Escherichia coli, 1265 Hip BMD, 1186 Hepatic enzymes, 2229 Hispidin, 1833 Hepatic system, 2228 Hispolon, 1833 Hepatic toxicity, 2229 Histamine, 253 Hepatitis, 1297 Histological location, 304 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 70 Hollow fibers, 2040 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 1011 Homeostasis, 730, 1148, 1266 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 996 Homeostatic inner equilibrium, 1366 Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α), 1019 Homoscedasticity, 2131 Hepatoprotective, 1830, 1836 Honey, 1383, 1385 activity, 122, 1630 Hordeins, 735 effect, 2193, 2229, 2313 Hormonal disruption, 1159 perspective, 2228–2230 Hormone precursors, 490 Hepatorenal toxicity, 1267 Hormone replacement therapy, 272 Hepatotoxicity, 1032 Horticultural crops, 1854 Heptachlor, 1808, 1809 Host Defense Potentiators (HDP), 1885 Herbal materials, 1879 Hot flushes, 1184 Herbal medicine, 1866, 1874, 1882 House cricket, 396, 419 Herbal tea, 1298 Household budget surveys (HBS), 37–39 Herbicides, 1718 HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS, 278 Herbs, 1312, 2202 HPLCÀDADÀMS, 2019 Hericium coralloides, 1613 HPLCÀUVÀvis, 2018 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Huarmey valley, 229 HSV-1, 70, 1265 Huggins’ constant, 1965–1966 HSV-2, 70 Human Heteropolysaccharide, 1875 anatomy, 2303 Hexaploid wheat, 297 being, 1683 Hieronymain, 445, 452 breast carcinoma, 2189 High amylose maize, 825 clinical trials, 888 High-amylose potato starch, 830 diet, 1586 High amylose starches (HAS), 820 exposure, 1175 High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 495, 1011 fertility, 1194 cholesterol, 138, 140, 145, 687, 733, 1907 gut, 1159 High energy shear rates, 2165 gut flora, 1181 High-fat diet (HFD), 1013 health, 1851 High hydrostatic pressure, 829 lung fibroblast, 1232 High-intensity focused ultrasound lymphocytes, 1236 (HIFU), 2084 models, 2280 2342 Index

Human (cont.) Hypersensitivity reaction, 1358 perception, 786 Hypertension, 140, 276, 321, 373–375, 730, population, 418 770, 1011, 1016, 1882 reproduction in, 1194–1200 Hypocholesterolemic activity, 270 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 70, Hypocholesterolemic effect, 1907, 2282 2252 Hypoglycemic activity, 1885 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 735 Hypoglycemic effect, 1604 Human neutrophil elastase (HNE), 1517 Hypolipidemic, 2025 Human umbilical vein endothelial cells effect, 2282 (HUVECs), 173 Hypothyroidism goiters, 1205 Humidity, 1825, 1870 Hyaluronic acid, 1427, 1429, 1431, 1432 I Hybrid nanoflower, 2051–2052 Iberian dry-cured ham, 341 Hydrated oatmeal, 786 IC50, 1288, 1291, 1293, 1294, 1297, 1302, Hydrocarbons, 2218 1303 Hydrocolloids, 741, 766, 1573 ICI 182 780, 1206–1207 Hydrodistillation, 2207 IDEFICS study, 45, 46 Hydrogen bonding, 2169 Idiopathic infertility, 1199 Hydrogen peroxide, 533 IFNα, 1207 Hydrolysable tannins, 976, 1254, 1256, 1263, IgA deficiency, 736 1267, 1268 IgE-mediated reactions, 241, 253 Hydrolysis, 362, 378, 977, 982, 984–986 IgE reactivity, 255 Hydroperoxides, 531, 532 IGF-1, see Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) Hydrophilicity, 978 IL-12, 612 Hydrophilic materials, 1583 IL-18, 612 Hydrophilic nature of polysaccharides, 773 Ileal digestibility, 239 Hydrophobic antioxidants, 494 Imazalil, 1731 Hydrophobic interactions, 976, 977 Immobilization procedure, 451 Hydroponic culture, 2212 Immobilization methods, 2038 Hydroquinone lipids, 493 Immortality, 1867 Hydrostatic pressure treatment, 829 Immune competent cells, 1084 Hydroxybenzoic acids, 1453, 1835 Immune surveillance, 1883 Hydroxycinnamic acids, 1137 Immune system, 252 Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), 1644, 1646, 1647, Immunity, 1633 1661–1662 Immunogenic cell death (ICD), 166 6-Hydroxy-dopamine, 618 Immunoglobulin, 1390, 1876 Hydroxylation, 871, 883 Immunoglobulin A, 1904 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Immunogloubin E (IgE), 253, 1630 reductase, 59, 489 Immunohistochemical biology, 612 4-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1- Immunolocalization, 304 carboxaldehyde (HTCC), 2001, Immunologic reactions, 252 2016 Immunomodulating agents, 1874 Hydroxytyrosol, 504, 1077 Immunomodulators, 126 Hyperanalgesia, 2189 Immunomodulatory activities, 1875 Hypercholesterol, 1079 Immunomodulatory effects, 1385 Hypercholesterolemia, 280, 717, 2226 Immunomodulatory peptides, 280, 372 Hypercholesterolemic, 2227 Immunostimulation, 1882 gerbils, 172 Immunostimulatory activity, 270 Hypercoagulation, 1291 Impaired glucose tolerance, 1075 Hyperglycemia, 985, 1285, 1295, 1303, 2205, Implanted nude mice, 1202 2226, 2308 Inactivation, 2048 Hyperlipidemia, 1022 Incidence, 32, 34–36 Hyperlipidemic activities, 2025 Inclusion complexes, 499 Index 2343

Inclusion criteria, 1200 proteins, 427 Income generation, 1823 Insect-based cat food, 425 Increased tumour apoptotic scores, 1204 Insecticide molecules in food Incubation, 1826 anti-insecticide movement, 1805–1806 India, 182 integral humanism, 1806 Indian food, 81 LD50 and tolerance limit, 1807–1809 Indole, 1612, 1613 LTAF in TLE, 1809–1810 Inducible nitric oxide synthase, 1231 natural insecticide molecules (see Natural Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry insecticide molecules) (ICP-MS), 2086 synthetic insecticide molecules Industrialization, 1818 (see Synthetic insecticide molecules) Industrial soy-based products, 1176 Insecticides, 1722 Infantile diarrhoea, 1549 natural insecticide molecules (see Natural Infections, 1304 insecticide molecules) whole grain intake, 712 synthetic insecticide molecules Infective potential, 1897 (see Synthetic insecticide molecules) Infertility, 736 Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), 208, 766 Inflammation, 59, 62, 66, 71, 139–141, 143, Insoluble fiber, 706 147, 483, 555–558, 562, 576, 1030, Insoluble fraction, 974 1083, 1234, 1257, 1261–1264, Insoluble resistant maltodextrins, 838 1266–1269, 1286, 1296, 1297, 1304, Insulin, 62, 690, 1007, 1285, 1293 1904, 2205, 2226, 2278 level, 2227 Inflammatory, 574 resistance, 1023, 2251 bowel disease, 58, 71, 1392, 2277 secretion, 1063 markers, 280, 556 sensitivity, 770, 1019, 1392 mediators, 559 signaling, 1065 Inflorescence, 1288 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), 689, Influenza virus, 2272, 2310 939, 942 Infractopicrin, 1613 IGF-receptor, 1202 Infusion, 1297, 1299, 2265 Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), 1024 Ingredients, 1379, 1381, 1383, 1384, 1387, Insulin-stimulated glucose, 2282 1390 Integral humanism, 1794, 1804, 1806 Inhalation, 1724 Intensity scoring, 1677–1678 Inhibitory activity, 2307 Interacting effects, 1195 Inhibitory effect, 2220 Interferon (IFN)-γ, 1019, 1235 Initial phase, 1201 Intergovernmental institution for the use of Initial step of breast-cancer progression, 1208 microalgae Spirulina against Initial stress, 1973 malnutrition (IIMSAM), 1623 Innate and adaptive immune responses, 1352 Inter-individual variations, 1934, 1935 Inner pericarp, 302 Interleukins, 1631, 2278, 2282 Innovative foods, 838 Interleukin (IL)-1β, 609, 1009 Inonotus obliquus, 1600 Interleukin 6, 608 Inorganic pesticides, 2142 Intermediate pericarp, 302 Inotodiol, 1837 Intermolecular association, 1965 Insect, 390, 393, 396, 1717 Intermolecular interactions, 872 business, 423–426 Intermolecular zones, 1976 farming, 423–425 International Platform of Insects for Food and feed composition, 409 Feed (IPIFF), 426 flour, 415–416 Intervention studies, 1025 ingredients, 416 Intestinal absorption, 500 list of, 400 Intestinal discomfort, 241 production, 424 Intestinal homeostasis, 2175 products, 425 Intestinal lumen, 1903 2344 Index

Intestinal microbiota, 477, 1899–1901 bioavailability, 271 Intestinal permeability, 241, 730, 1900 bone health, women, 1186–1187 Intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM), 607 cancer, 1200–1203 Intracellular calcium, 1203 for cardiovascular disease, 273 Intracellular polysaccharides, 1881 for diabetes mellitus, 273 Intramolecular interaction, 872 human exposure, 1175–1180 Intrinsic viscosity, 1962–1965 menopause in women, 1184–1185 Inulin, 726, 742–747, 767, 775, 1383 molecular structure, 271 Inulin-enriched pasta, 730 in plants, 1182–1184 Inulin neoseries-type fructans, 725 reproduction in animals, 1191–1194 Inulin-type fructans reproduction in human, 1194–1200 body mass management, 731–732 women health, 272 dietary fiber, 729–730 Isolation, 1286, 1295, 1296 intestinal morphology and gut function, Isomer of isophorone, 1992 730–731 Isopentanoid, 112 lipid profile, 732–733 Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), 905 mineral absorption, 733–734 Isophorone, 1992, 1997 prebiotic effect, 728–729 Isoprene, 488 structure, sources and functionality, Isoprenoids, 488 725–727 Isoquercitrin, 67 Invasive ductal carcinoma, 1203 Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), 2090 In vitro gastrointestinal simulation models, 329 In vivo and in vitro release of active agents, J 1571 Jaboticaba, 1226 In vivo animal, 128, 130 distribution and botanical characterization, In vivo release kinetics, 1585 1227–1228 Iodine content, 1409 nutritional composition, 1228–1230 Iodine supplementation, 1205–1206 See also Health benefits, jaboticaba Iodine test, 1681 Jacalin, 2245 Iodine uptake, 1207 Jackfruit, 2238 Ionic balance, 772 anti-bacterial and antifungal properties, Ionic strength, 1965, 2165 2254 Ionization, 2150 anticancer benefits, 2249–2251 Ionophores, 679 anti-inflammatory effect, 2239 Ipomea batatas L., 1446 antioxidant properties, 2239 4-Ipomeanol biodiversity, 2240–2242 anti cancer agent, 921, 927 cardiovascular health, 2253 physical and chemical properties, 927–928 carotenoids, 2245 structure, 928 cementing medium, 2254 therapeutic potential, 929–930 dental health, 2254 Irbesartan, 2253 diabetes mellitus, 2251 Iridoid glycoside, 1290 fast dissolving tablets (FDT), 2253–2254 Iron utilization, 734 flavonoids, 2240 Irritable bowel syndrome, 737, 738 functional and medicinal effects of, 2245 Ischemia, 616 genetic diversity, 2241–2242 ISO 3632, 2002 health benefits, 2249–2254 Isobaric tag for relative and absolute immune system, 2252 quantitation (iTRAQ), 301 improves digestion, 2252 Isoelectric focusing (IEF) technology, 2065 nutritional characteristics, 2242–2246, 2252 Isoflavones, 55, 57, 62, 64–66, 146, 147, 247, parts of, 2239 252, 270, 1162, 1208, 1851 physicochemical properties, 2246–2247 as anticancer, 272–273 phytochemical analysis, 2247–2249 as antimicrobial agent, 274 poor man’s food, 2238 Index 2345

seed(s), 2245–2246 Kidney-shaped, basidiocarps, 1869 seed composition, 2246 Kinetic energy, 1962 varieties of, 2239 Kinin-nitric oxide system (KNOS), 326 in Western Ghats, 2238 Kintampo settlements, 229 Jam, 1294, 1300 Kiwifruit, 453, 454 Jamun, 2298 Klason lignin, 251 antioxidant potential, 2310 Kneading, 741 antiviral activity, 2310 Koji, 247, 250 bark, 2300 Koko sour water (KSW), 1536 bioactive compounds in, 2301–2306 Kokum, 1644, 1646–1647, 1654, 1661–1663 bioavailability, 2303 bioactive compounds, 1647–1650 biosynthetic pathways, 2299 fruit description and traditional medicinal cancer preventive, 2310 uses, 1646–1647 extracts of, 2299 Konjac flour, 776 fruit, 2300 Korsmeyer-Peppas, 2168 fruit extract, 2309 Krestin, 1836 health benefits of, 2306–2313 Krill protein, 1402 leaves, 2300 Kruppel-like factor 2 (Klf2), 168 leaves extract, 2307, 2309 Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test, 2130 pharmacological effects, 2313 Kudzu, 1175 phytochemicals, 2300 Kunitz pulp, ethanol extract of, 2313 factors, 251 seed, 2300, 2309 inhibitors, 243 seed extract, 2308 Kunun-zaki, 1544–1545 Japan, 1191, 1739 Kwete, 1544 Jasmonic acid, 242 Jericho, 227 Jerusalem artichoke, 744 L Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 426 Laccase, 1599, 1835, 1866, 1876, 2049 Juiciness, 1688 α-Lactalbumin, 452, 456 Junction zones, 1977, 1979 Lactase, 1901 Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-MAPK Lactate dehydrogenase, 1518 pathways, 166 Lactation Jurkat leukemia T cell, 2189 cows, 678 Just-about-right (JAR) scale, 748 sheep, 677 Juvenile hormones, 1725 women, 684 Lactic acid, 1910 fermentation, 251 K Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 276, 1383, 1528, Kaempferol, 64, 66, 70, 1140, 1145, 2024, 2211 1532–1533, 1543 Kangaroos, 680 functionalities, 1546–1549 KAPVA, 334 Lactobacillus spp., 247, 477, 985, 1241, 1535, Karpooravalli, 1758 1537, 1544, 1548 Kawasaki disease (KD), 1207 L. acidophilus, 1385, 1898, 2177 k-casein, 1911 L. acidophilus Ki, 2177 67 kDa laminin receptor, 1000 L. casei, 1898, 2176 Kenger plant, 1566 L. delbrulckii, 247 Keratinization, 1583 L. helveticus, 2176 Kernel, 708 L. paracasei, 2177 4-Ketoisophorone, 1992, 2009, 2016 L. plantaris, 2177 KIDMED index, 32, 45, 46 L. plantarum, 248, 251, 278, 1898, 2176 Kidney function, 2222 L. rhamnosus, 1902 Kidney hypertrophy, 1262 β-Lactoglobulin, 452, 456 2346 Index

Lactoperoxidase, 2049 Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum (LPSG), 1978 Lactose intolerance, 1380, 1382, 1901–1902 Lepidoptera, 402 Lactulose, 1383 Leprosy, 1300 Lambs, 674 Leptin, 691 Landraces, 192 Lethal dosage (LD50), 1807–1809 Lanostane(s), 1605, 1875 Leukemia, 1006, 1726 Lanosterol, 1875 Leukocytes, 241 Large intestine, 974, 985 Levan neoseries-type fructans, 725 Large-scale batches, 1879 Levan-type fructans, 725 Laryngeal carcinoma, 1010 Levene’s test, 2131 L-ascorbic acid, 1510 Levisticum officinale, 1323 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass Levothyrox, 1206 spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), 2086 Lexicon, 1684 Late blight, 1727 LH, 1191, 1196 Lateral flow dipsticks assay (LFDA), 2080 Liaoning, 231 Later Stone Age (LSA), 229 Licarin A, 2192 Latex, 452, 454, 2241 LiChroCART, 2021 Laticifers, 2254 Lichrolut EN cartridge, 2004 Latin square design, 2129, 2130 Likens-Nickerson technique, 1998 Lauric acid, 472, 538 Lifestyle, 555, 1378 L-cysteine-HCl, 2177 changes, 322 LDL, see Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Ligand binding domain (LBD), 1159 Leaching, 1369 Light, primordia formation, 1872 Leafhopper, 1727 Lignan(s), 184–186, 537, 541, 705, 766, 767, Leaf oil, 1511–1512 834, 1077, 1162–1169, 1208, 1818, Leaf phenolics, 1510–1511 1835 Lecithin, 250 bone health, women, 1186–1187 Lecithin-cholesterol acyl-transferase, 1082 cancer, 1204–1205 Lectin, 241, 1762 human exposure, 1181–1182 Lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein menopause, 1185–1186 receptor 1 (LOX-1), 1239 reproduction in animals, 1193 Leghemoglobins, 232 reproduction in human, 1199 Legislative limits, 2123 Limonene, 2218 Legitimacy process, 395 Linalool, 2203 Legume(s), 30, 31, 39, 225, 232, 235, 242, Linear epitopes, 253 1851 Linear poly α-1,4 glucan, 823 crops, 268 Linear viscoelastic region (LVE), 1974, 1975 fiber, 713 Lingzhi, 1867 flours, 785 Linoleic acid (LA), 190, 470, 540, 615, 671, hulls, 782 2209, 2220 seeds, 406 Linuron, 1719 Legumin, 234 Lipase, 985, 1024, 2049 Lemon albedo, 781, 784 Lipase enzyme, 770 Lemon balm, 1385, 1389 Lipid(s), 186, 407, 670–672, 1826, 2209–2210 Lengthening of the menstrual cycle, 1197 bilayers, 468 Lens culinaris, 226 delivery systems, 498, 499 Lentils, 226–227 distribution in fish structure, 1404 Lentinan, 1600, 1828 in fishery products, 1404–1406 Lentinula edodes, 1600 metabolism, 308, 766, 836 Lentinus microconstituents, 570 L. edodes, 1819 peroxidation, 773, 982, 1233, 1515, 2228 L. polychrous, 1836 profile, 732, 1080 L. strigellus, 1614 rafts, 490 Index 2347

Lipid based nanocarriers, 624 Lovage, 1323 nanoemulsions, 626 Low density lipoprotein (LDL), 1257 nanoencapsulation, 625–635 oxidation, 1081 Lipid-based nanodelivery systems, 650 against oxidative modification, 59 Lipid content, wild fish vs. farmed fish, 2091, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 2092 138, 140, 141, 145, 687, 731, 1012, Lipid extracts 1907 hard-shelled mussel, 1420 oxidation, 978, 982, 983 New Zealand green lipped mussel, 1420 Lower birth weight, 1199 Lipid oxidation, 531 Lower-bound (LB), 1176 autoxidation, 531–532 Lower risk of developing cancer, 1205 lipoxygenase catalyzed, 533 Lower triglycerides, 714 photooxidation, 533 Low-fat chicken, 784 photoxidation, 533 Low oxygen permeability, 1912 Lipids based systems, 2173 Low-salt chicken, 784 Lipocarriers, 494 Low toxicity advantage factor (LTAF), 1810 Lipo-chitooligosaccharide, 233 Lucidimol, 1605 Lipogenesis, 1263 Lucidone, 1608 Lipogenic genes, 1243 Lumbar spine, 1186 Lipolysis-inhibitor compound, 308 Lunasin, 282 Liponeogenesis, 732 Lung cancer, 944–949 Lipophilic flavonoid, 496 Lupeol, 1288–1290, 1292 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 173, 1033, 1602 Lupine, 229, 233, 254 Lipoxygenases, 242 Lupineus Liquid chromatography, 2140, 2148 L. mutabilis, 229 Liquid chromatography coupled with mass L. piurensis, 229 spectrometry (LC-MS), 2018, Lupin-kernel fiber, 732 2147–2150 Luteal phase deficiency, 1198 Liquid-phase synthesis, 328 Lutein, 880 Liquid state cultivation (LSC), 1865, 1873 Luteolin, 67 Liquid state fermentation (LSF), 1872 Lycopene, 123, 879, 880, 883, 884, 887, Liver, 682, 1907 904, 937, 938, 940, 942, 945, 947, cancer, 949 950, 952, 954 cirrhosis, 1034 anti-carcinogenic effect of, 939 disease, 1004 breast cancer, 942–944 fibrosis, 1030, 1263 carotenoid family, 905 injury, 1028 carotenoid synthesis, 905 Livestock characteristics, 904 feeds, 1637 cis-isomers of, 909 industry, 1776 colorectal cancer, 951–952 Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) technique, 2011 concentration in tissues, 909 LOAEL, 1188–1190, 1193, 1202 cyclic carotenes, 906 Locust, 392 cyclin D1 expression, 942 Locusta migratoria, 420 in detoxification pathway in humans, 911 Loganin, 1289, 1290 dietary source of, 938 Log cP value, 1573 effect of, 945 Longevity, 1378, 1390 of functional foods, 916 Longissimus dorsi, 334 gastric cancer, 949 Long method of composting (LMC), 1823 head and neck cancer, 953–954 Loop mediated isothermal amplification health benefits, 912–915 (LAMP), 2078 in vivo study, 952 Loss modulus, 1974 isometric forms, 909 Loss tangent, 1978 linkage of health and food choice, 915–916 2348 Index

Lycopene (cont.) Malnutrition, 1633, 1820 liver cancer, 949–950 Malonyl-β-glucoside, 270 lung cancer, 944–949 Maltodextrin, 2170 mechanism of, 909 Malvidin-3-glucoside, 1242 metabolism aspect in human body, 908–911 Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), molecular targets/mechanisms of 950, 956 action, 938 signaling, 1016 in natural plants, 938 Mammary adenoma, 1202 occurrence, 905 Mammary fluid, 1191 ovarian cancer, 956–957 Mammary gland, 1202 pancreatic cancer, 951 Mammary tumor, 1202 physicochemical properties of, 938, 939 Manchuria, 231 prostate cancer, 954–955 Mancozeb, 1732 renal cell carcinoma, 955–956 Mangifera species, 202 skin cancer, 952–953 M. andamanica, 203 stability and functional aspects, 913–915 mango peel, phytochemicals in, 212–214 structure formula of, 940 mango pulp, phytochemicals in, 208–212 uptake through mucosal cells, 910 M. caesia, 203 Wnt/β-catenin pathways, 942 M. casturi, 203, 204 Lymphocyte(s), 253 M. foetida, 203, 204 Lymphocyte B, 1206 M. indica, 203 Lymphocyte T, 736 mineral content, 210 Lyophilization, 2053 M. lalijiwa, 203, 204 Lysine, 681, 735 M. laurina, 203, 204 Lyso-PAF acetyltransferases, 560 M. odorata, 203, 204 Lysophospholipids, 479 M. pajang, 203, 204 LZ-8 protein, 1876 M. sylvatica, 203 M. zeylanica, 203, 204 nutrimental composition and energy M value, 207 Macelignan, 2187 postharvest quality parameters of, 205 Maceration, 1142 SDF, IDF and TDF contents, 208 Machilin A, 2193 traditional uses and health importance, Macrocapsules, 2173 204–205 Macrofungi, 1598 vitamin content, 206, 209 Macroglia, 607 Mangosteen, 1644, 1646, 1647, 1650, 1654, Macromolecules, 1961, 1965, 1980 1662, 1663 Macrophages, 1008, 1264, 1602, 2280 bioactive compounds, 1647 Macular degeneration, 887 fruit description and traditional medicinal Magic mushrooms, 1612 uses, 1645–1646 Magnesium α-Mangostin, 1647, 1650–1654 absorption, 733 antihelminthic effects of, 1653–1654 chloride, 246 anti-metastatic effect of, 1652 sulfate, 246 antimicrobial properties, 1653 Magnetic carrier, 2049 defensive effect of, 1651 Magnetic nanoparticles, 2045–2048 efficacy of, 1653 Mahewu, 1544 HIV-1 protease activity of, 1653 Maillard reaction, 255, 743, 1285, 1286, 2015 impact of, 1650, 1651 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 253 inhibitory activity of, 1653 Makeshift sheds, 1825 inhibitory concentration of, 1653 Malate, 232 inhibitory effect of, 1652, 1653 Malathion, 1736, 1807, 1808, 1810 larvicidal activities of, 1653 Malignant cells, 1201 pretreatment of, 1650 Index 2349

preventive effect of, 1651 Meat, 669, 764, 1175 protective effect of, 1651 addition of dietary fiber, 774–784 renoprotective effect of, 1650 balls, 783 scavenging activity, 1650 batter, 777 β-Mangostin, 1652 by-products, 336 γ-Mangostin, 1650–1652 composition of meat products, 785–786 Manihot esculenta, 1446 consumption, 668 Manual dissection, 304 lipids in, 670 Marbling, 670 products, 335, 338–342 Marbling meat score, 1184 sensory properties, 786 Mares, 1193 substitution, 395 Marine algae, 677 tenderization, 444, 453, 457 Marine biotechnology, 1429–1430 texture of meat product, 786 Marketing strategy, 1823 Mechanical forces, 1562 Marmosets, 1196 Mechanical stability, 1576 Masculinization, 1196 Mechanism of actions, 1206 Masking effect, 1685 Median, 32, 35, 45, 46 Masking methods, 329 Medicated chewing gum, 1563, 1569 Mass spectrometry (MS), 1513, 1742, 1932, Medicine, 1149 1941, 1945, 1946, 1950–1952, herb, 242, 2204 2081–2085, 2147 mushrooms, 1838, 1839 atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization properties, 1828 (APCI), 1941 Mediterranean diet (MD), 558, 564, 573–575, collision cross-section (CCS), 1951 577, 1072 electrospray ionization (ESI), 1941 Alzheimer’s disease, 1075 ionization, 1942 bioactive polyphenols, 1077 ion suppression, 1941, 1942 breast cancer protection, 1074 tandem-in-space, 1950 and cancer, 1073 tandem-in-time, 1950 cerebrovascular diseases, 1073 trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 1942 characteristics, 31 Mass transfer, 1572, 2042 CVD risk, 1073 Mastication, 1578–1581 diabetes, 1075 Materia Medica, 1866 DM2, 1075 Mathematical models, 1966 epidemiological study, 1072 Matrices, 1741–1742 gastric adenocarcinoma incidence, 1074 Matrix compounds, 1935 and health, 32–37 albumins, 1936 insulin resistance, 1076 bovine serum albumin (BSA), 1937 KIDMED index, 32 human serum albumin (HSA), 1937, 1946 monitoring, 38–46 Matrix effect(s), 1941–1942, 1945, 1949, 1952, mortality, 1073 2150 neuro-degenerative diseases, 1074 Matrix-matched calibrations, 2150 operationalization of, 31 Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), 1001, 2193 oxidative stress, 1074 Mature grain, 302, 305 score, 31 Maturing index of vaginal cells, 1198 sources of dietary data, 37–38 Maximum residue limits (MRLs), 1716, 2143, Medium chain fatty acids, 472 2152 Melanoidins, 748 MDA-MB-231, 1203 Melatonin, 1032 Mealiness, 1676, 1688 Meltability, 746 Mealworm, 395, 419 Melting temperature, 1979 Mean tolerable daily intake (MTDI), Menopause, 269, 1184 1188–1190, 1202 coumestrol, 1185 Measurement uncertainty, 2124, 2127 isoflavones, 1184–1185 2350 Index

Menopause (cont.) Microemulsification–cold gelation, 2174 lignans, 1185–1186 Microencapsulation, 1571, 2165 symptoms, 1184 Microflora of colon, 766 zearalenone, 1186 Microfluidization, 770, 2050, 2168 Menstrual cycle impairment, 1196 Microglia, 607, 610 Mental disorders, 736 Microglial activation model, 609, 612 Mercury, 739 Micronutrients, 1506, 1507 Mesoamerica, 228 Microorganisms, 243, 1380, 1382, 1383, 2121 Mesoinositol, 1627 Microparticle, 499 Mesoporous materials, 2039 MicroRNAs, 1003 Mesoporous silica materials, 2055 Microsimultaneous hydrodistillation–extraction Mesorhizobium, 1852 (MSDE), 1996 Meta-analysis, 35, 36, 47, 714, 1185, 1604 Microstructure, 120, 122 Metabolic indexes, 1906 Microvilli, 241 Metabolic pathways, 2298 Microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction Metabolic syndrome (MetS), 711, 1011 (MAEE), 360 Metabolites, 1144, 2248 Microwave heating, 255 Metabolization, 127 Milbemycines, 1801 Metainflammation, 856 Mild hypothyroidism, 1206 Metal Milk, 569, 1380, 1384, 1391, 1912 complexing, 871 clotting enzymes, 449 inactivators, 1835 products, 328 Metalloprotease, 1878 mushroom, 1822 Metaloproteic (MMP) enzymes, 1238 Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), 568 Metamorphosis stages, 406 Millet grains, 1544 Metastasis, 65, 1883 Milling, 296 Metformin, 1304, 1588 Minas Frescal cheese, 1896 Methanol extract, 2307 health benefits, 1908–1909 Methionine, 235, 244, 735, 1625 probiotic addition on physicochemical and Methomyl, 1730 sensory properties, 1914–1921 Methylerythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) as probiotic carrier, 1912–1914 pathway, 907 probiotic cultures, 1897 Methylxanthines, 1054 production of, 1897 MFC-7 cells, 1204 Mineral(s), 246, 1379, 1381, 1382, 1384, 1507, Micellar, 494 1561, 2203 Mice models, 1906 absorption, 733 Microarrays, 2074–2075 contents in seafood, 1409 Microbes, 1824 iodine content, 1409 fermentation, 327, 770 variations in contents, 1409 phytases, 248 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs), protease preparations, 334 1265 toxins, 2121, 2123 Miscarriages, 1198 Microbiome, 61 Miso, 247, 250, 1180 Microbiota, 729, 974, 1382 Mitogen-activated protein kinase, 1203 colonic, 978 Mixed levan-type fructans, 726 interactions with, 985 Mixing/kneading process, 1576 Microcapsules, 2173 Mobile phase, 2148 Micro climate, 1824 Modelization, 1676 Microcrystals, 743 Modern Microculture tetrazolium treatment assay exposure, 1194 (MTT), 1457 extraction, 2217 Microcystins, 1634 practice, 1180 Microelements, 410 Modern-soy isoflavones, 1197 Index 2351

Moisture, 1897 Mushrooms, 1383, 1387, 1389, 1598, 1865 content, 1871, 1879 anti-tumor/anti-cancer of, 1601 loss, 743 polysaccharides, 1600 Molecule triterpenoids, 1605 association, 1965 Mutans streptococci (MS), 1568 conformation, 1974 Mycelium, 1600, 1867, 1868 mechanism, 938–942 Mycelial mat, 1826 repulsions, 1965 Myceritin, 2306 weight, 1962, 1974 Myc factors, 233 Mollusks, 1399, 1406, 1408, 1409 Mycoremediation, 1599 Monilia, 1729 Mycorrhizal fungi, 231, 1853 Monitoring programs, 1743 Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 231 Monocarboxylic transporter 1, 730 Mycotoxin(s), 1175, 2121, 2123 Monocrotophos, 1808, 1809 Myeloperoxidase activity, 617 Monocytes, 1238 Myocardial infarction, 1078 Monosaccharides, 1679 Myocardial ischemia, 1257 Monoterpene, 1316, 2208 Myofibrillar, 1401 Monoterpenoids, 1990 proteins, 332–335, 454 Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), 30, 44, Myricetin, 66, 1145 409, 671, 1073, 1080 Myristic acid, 472 Moromi, 250 Myristica fragrans, 2186 Morpho agronomic characters, 2242 See also Bioactivity Morroniside, 1289, 1290 Myristicin, 2189 Mortality, 31, 32, 34–36, 47 Mytilan, 1428 Moth bean, 245 Mouthfeel, 1960 N Mouthwash, 1269 NADPH-oxidase, 613 Mozzarella cheese, 453 Nanocapsules, 2173 MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr, 1207 Nanocarriers, 501 MS, see Mass spectrometry (MS) Nanoemulsions, 499, 626–627, 2167 mTOR, see Mammalian target of rapamycin preparation techniques, 628 (mTOR) Nanoencapsulation, 873, 884, 2165 Mucosal cells, 1234 bioactive compounds, 624 Mucosal immunity, 1900 of food bioactive compounds, 637–654 Muffins, 742 by lipid-based nanocarriers, 625 Multidomain Alzheimer’s preventative trial Nanofibers, 2041 (MAPT), 618 Nanoflowers, 2048 Multidrug resistance, 1265 Nanoliposome, 2041 Multigenerational studies, 1187 production, 630 Multi-niche market, 1392 Nanoliposomes, 627, 632, 2050 Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), 2149 Nanoparticles (NP’s), 499, 2047, 2173 Multi-residue methods, 2143, 2147 Nanopetals, 2049 Multisensory, 1687, 1689 Nano-phytosomes, 632, 633 Multivariate statistical procedures, 2132 Nanoprecipitation, 2167 Mung bean, 1298–1299 Nanospaces, 2055 Murcia al Vino cheese, 450 Nanospheres, 2054 Musa, 1756 Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), 635 See also Banana Nanotechnology, 2039, 2166 MusaANR1, 1766 Naphthalene, 2006 MusaFer1, 1764 Naringenin, 62 Muscle Narrow size distribution, 2169 proteins, 332, 333, 337 National Aeronautics and space administration soreness, 1392 (NASA), 1623 2352 Index

National Institute of Nutrition, 121 Neoflavonoids, 55 National standards, 1738 Neolithic agriculture, 227 Native microorganisms, 1538 Neolithic period, 225 Natto, 1180 Neolithic site, 230 Natural antioxidant, 2222 Neolithic times, 228 Natural colorants, 1124 Neonicotinoids, 1724 Natural elastomers, 1566 Neophobia, 394 Natural estrogens Neoplastic cells, 1236 animals, beneficial effects in, 1184 Neosarcodonin, 1837 autoimmune diseases, 1206–1207 Neovessel growth, 1237 bone health in women, 1186–1187 Nephropathy, 1285 estrogen-dependent cancers, Nephrotoxicity, 1638 1200–1205 Nervous system, 66, 606–608 human exposure, 1175 Net protein utilization (NPU), 1625 menopause in women, 1184–1186 Neuritic plaques, 611 plants, effects in, 1182–1184 Neurodegeneration, 1263 reproduction in animals, 1191–1194 Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) reproduction in human, 1194–1200 characterization, 606 substances and sources, 1159–1175 neuroinflammation thyroid, 1205–1206 (see Neuroinflammation) Natural fermentation, see Spontaneous nutritional management, 614–618 fermentation Neurogenic bladder, 173–175 Natural flavorings, 1562 Neuroinflammation, 608, 1638 Natural food preservatives, 1549 and Alzheimer’s disease, 611–612 Natural gums, 1564, 1588 and Parkinson’s disease, 613–614 Natural ingredients, 2221 Neurons, 611 Natural insecticide molecules Neuroprotectins, 616 azadirachtin, 1799–1801 Neuroprotection, 610 milbemycins and avermectins, 1801 Neurosporene, 909 nicotine, 1804 Neurotoxin, 1723 pyrethrins, 1801 Neurotransmitters, 2248 rotenone and deguelin, 1802–1804 Neutral sugar, 769 rynodine, 1804 Neutrophils, 1234 spinosads, 1801 Never being pregnant, 1194 Natural pigments and colorants Next generation sequencing (NGS), 2077 anthocyanins, 868–873 NF-κB pathway, 937, 942, 943, 947, 950, betacyanins, 873–878 952, 984 carotenoids, 878–884 Niacin, 1829 chlorophylls, 884–886 Nicotiana tabacum, 1805 health benefits, 886–888 Nicotine, 1570, 1804 Natural potent estrogens, 1208 Nicotine sulfate, 1794 Natural sources, 448, 1567 Niemann-pick C1 protein (NPC1), 167 Nausea, 241 Night sweats, 1184 Near East region, 225 Niosomal membrane, 2172 Necrosis, 611 Niosomes, 2168, 2170, 2172 Necrotic death, 241 Nipple aspirate apolipoprotein D, 1202 Nectandrin A, 2188 Nitric oxide, 1239, 2229 Nectandrin B, 2188, 2193 Nitrogen, 546 Negative binomial distribution, 2124, 2128 Nitrogenase enzyme complex, 232 Nendran, 1758 Nitroreductases, 1906 Neoantigens, 255 Nitrosative state, 610 Neobetanin, 877, 878 Nixtamalized corn, 707 Index 2353

NOAEL, see No observable adverse effect Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), 1001 level (NOAEL) Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of Nobiletin, 65 activated B cells (NF-κB), 140 Nod factors, 233 Nucleation, 2046 NOEL, see No observable effect Nucleic acid sequence based amplification level (NOEL) (NASBA), 2078 Nominal data, 2132 Nucleosides, 1877 Non-alcoholic beverage, 1545 Nucleotides, 1877, 1878 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Nude mice model, 1204 855, 1021 Nuggets, 1823 Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 309 Number of stillborns, 1196 Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), Nutmeg, 2186 357, 1443 Nutraceuticals, 85, 111, 501, 1313, 1501, Non-covalence, 1977 1829, 1865, 2164 Non-covalent complexation, 976 activities, 1532 Non-digestible oligosaccharides, 768–769, 834 and bioactive compounds from seafood, Non-enzymatic oxidation, 883 1411 Non-essential amino acids, 1403 characteristics, 1853 Non-green revolution, 1820 definition, 1399 Non immunologic reactions, 252 fish bone phosphopeptide, 1429 Nonionic surfactants, 2168 fish bone powder, 1429 Non-malted sorghum flour, 1543 and functional foods, 1399, 1400 Non-Newtonian materials, 1966 lipid based, 1417–1421 Non-nutritive metabolites, 1345 mineral based, 1429 Non-obese diabetic/severe combined nitrogen based, 1417 immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID), 165 polysaccharide based, 1421–1429 Non-parametric analysis of variance, 2130 properties, 1297 Non-phenolic components, 2220 supplements, 2265 Non-polar components, 2217 Nutrient(s), 418, 739, 1345, 1379, 1383 Non-polar functional carotenoids, 1354 depletion, 1550 Non-processed foods, 1369 from seafood, 1400–1411 Non-starch polysaccharides, 834, 1347 and water management, 1505–1506 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Nutrient-matrix, 122 (NSAIDs), 612, 1264 Nutriology, 614 Non-toxic extraction, 2217 Nutrition, 555, 702, 942, 957, 1313, 1869, Nontriglycerides, 535 1870, 2203, 2219 No observable adverse effect level (NOAEL), chewing gum, 1571 1187, 1189–1190, 1193, 1194, composition, 1378, 1381, 1699, 1701 1202, 1739 contents, 1850 No observable effect level (NOEL), 1187 evaluation, in seafood, 1409–1411 NO production, 1022 requirements, 2221 Nordihydrocapsaicin, 163 value, 403 Norpsilocin, 1612 supplements, 416 North Western plains, 1822 surveys, 37, 38 Nortriterpenoids, 1608 Nutrition, cereals Nostoc, 1634 amaranth, 851–852 Novel food, 422, 2221 buckwheat, 852–853 n-3 PUFA, 1405 composition in whole grains, 848 n-6 PUFA, 1405 fatty acid profile, 852 Nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2) nutritional values and uses, 849 signaling, 937, 939, 944, 945, 950, quinoa, 850–851 952, 953, 957, 1008 Nutritional quality, see Mangifera species 2354 Index

Nutritive elements, 410 Onco-suppressor expression, 1201 Nutritive metabolites, 1345 One-dimension (1-D) isolation procedure, 1993 Nutritive value, 1410, 1827 Onopordosin, 445, 452, 455 Optimization, 1578 O Optimum temperature, 1826 Oat, 713 Oral behaviour, 1688 bran, 778 Oral bioavailability, 2169 flour, 778 Oral cancer, 954 Obesity/metabolic syndrome, 268, 281, 308, Oral cavity, 1579 688–691, 731, 772, 1015, Oral diseases, 1585 1111–1113, 2281 Oral disintegrating film (ODF), 1579 Obesity related inflammation, 1062 Orange, 780, 1731 Obiolor, 1542–1543 Orchard management, 1505 Observational studies, 34–36, 47 Ordinal data, 2132 Occludin, 730 Organic acids, 1679 Ochratoxin, 2121 Organic farming, 1794 Octadecadienoic acid, 674 Organic germanium, 1874 Off-flavors, 1921 Organic manure, 1839 Off-springs malformations, 1194 Organic pesticides, 2142 Ogi, 1536, 1541 Organic solvents, 2213 Oil binding capacity, 774 Organochlorines, 1794, 1796, 1808, 1809 Oil-in-water, 2167 Organoleptic characteristics, 1570, 2209 Oil-in-water-in-oil, 2167 Organoleptic properties, 1588, 2173 Okara, 245, 248 Organoleptic qualities, 1546 Olea europaea, 540 Organophosphorus, 1723, 1794, 1796, 1808 Oleic acid, 471, 671, 1073 Organophosphorus pesticides (OPP), 2142 Oleoresins, 2203 Organo-sulfur compounds, 146, 148, 1357 Oleuropein, 1077 Orodispersible tablets, 2253 Olfactory epithelium, 1572 Orthogonal base set, 2133 Oligofructose, 726, 731 Orthogonal transformation, 2133 Oligopeptides, 276, 1267 Orthoptera, 403 Oligosaccharides, 235, 239–241, 269, 767, 769, Oryza sativa, 1545 1383, 1384, 1390, 1830 Oscillatory, 1973, 1979, 1980 Olive oil (OO), 30, 31, 34, 39, 477, 540, 571, Osteblastogenesis, 1265 572, 1073, 1076 Osteoarthritis, 1264 benefits of, 1077 Osteoblast, 1186 characteristics, 1076 Osteocalcin, 734 consumption of, 46, 1077 Osteoclastogenesis, 1265 on lipid oxidation, 1083 Osteoporosis, 268 MUFA, 1080 Outer pericarp, 302 nutrient-specific biases and type of, 1086 Ovarian cancer, 947, 956 supply of, 39, 42 Ovarian function, 1198 Olive pomace, 572 Ovariectomized rodent model, 1186 Omega-3, 470 Overexertion of athletes, 1908 alpha-linolenic acid, 1084 Overweight, 731 PUFA, 1405 Ovicide, 1725 Omega-3 fatty acids Oxalic acid, 2248 EPA and DHA contents, 1417 Oxidation, 59, 71, 485, 1083, 2220 food supplementation, 1419 biomarkers, 2226 fortified foods, 1419 damage, 278, 1883, 1884 Omega-6, 470 enzymes, 1231 linoleic acid, 1084 reduction potential, 1538 Omic technologies, 36 stability, 781, 1574 Index 2355

Oxidative stress, 66, 67, 86, 140, 309, 370–371, Patch budding, 1504 608, 938, 940, 953, 957, 1230, 1260, Pathogenesis-related-proteins, 254 1267, 1364, 2222, 2273 Pathogens, 1782 Mediterranean diet (MD), 1074 Patient-derived prostate cancer xenograft Oxygenated monoterpenes, 2208 model, 1201 Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), Patients, 1149 978, 982, 1455 PCR-ELISA and dipstick, 2079, 2080 Oxytocin receptor, 1199 PCs, see Phenolic compounds (PCs) Oyster mushroom, 782, 1822 Pea, 243, 254 Peach dietary fiber, 781 P Peanut, 229, 252, 254 P450, 127 Pear, 454 Packaging, 1912 Peas, 227 Paenibacillus, 1853 Pectin, 704, 766, 776, 1227, 1966, PAF-acetylhydrolase, 560, 566, 574 1968, 1970 PAF-cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT), Pediococcus 560, 566 P. acidilactici, 342, 2177 PAF-R agonists, 564, 567 P. halophilus, 247 PAF-R interactions, 559 Penicillium chrysogenum, 342 PAH-AH, 560 Pennisetum glaucum, 1541 Palatal mucosa, 1583 Pentacyclic triterpenoids, 1516 Palmitic acid, 1877 Pentapeptides, 334 Palmitoleic acid, 409, 471 Peonidin-3-glucoside, 1242 Palm oil and palm kernel oil, 538 Pepsin, 239 Pancreas Peptide, 412, 1384, 1391, 1415, 1834 cancer, 715, 951 Peptide mass finger printing spectra (PMF), β-cell, 1262 2083 cells, 2281 Peptide YY, 731 lipase, 1058 Peptidoglycans, 1874, 1875 secretion, 244 Per capita seafood protein consumption, 1400 Papain, 444, 445, 453–457, 2049 Per cent direct value (%DV), 1410 Papilloma, 687 Perception, 1676 Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), 1262 Pericarp, 298, 302 Paraquat, 1719 Pericarp proteins, 297 Parasites, 1266 Peri-menopausal women, 1200 Parasitosis, 1266 Periodontitis, 1269 Parathion, 1796 Peripheral nervous system, 607 Parkinson, 1732 Peristaltic movements, 1900 Parkinson’s disease, 58, 66, 67, 613–614 Permanent estrous, 1191 Parma hams, 340 Permeability, 242, 1585 Parotid gland, 237 Peroxidase, 2049 Parsley, 1324 Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 543 Parsnip, 1323 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors Partial hydrogenation, 545 (PPARs), 1013 Partially debranched amylopectin, 819 Peroxyl radicals, 1514 Particle size, 1576, 1880 Persia, 1254 Pasta, 745 Pesticides, 1716 Pasteurization, 1823, 1897 benefits and hazards, 2141 Paste viscosity, 743 classification, 2142 Pastinaca sativa, 1323 legislation, 2143 Pasting properties, 456 organic and inorganic, 2142 Pastırma, 342 residue in fruits and vegetables, 2150–2155 Patatin, 1451 toxicological risks of, 1726 2356 Index

Pests, 1717 phenylpropanoid pathway, 974 Petroselinum crispum, 1324 and polyamines on human health, 13 Petrovská Kolbása, 338 and polyamines on plants, 12 Petunidin-3-glucoside, 1242 polyphenol oxidases, 6 Petunidin-glucoside, 1586 processing methods, 9 PGF2-α, 1192 shikimate pathway, 5 pH, 1914 tyrosine ammonia-lyase, 5 shift process, 360 Phenol-sulphuric acid, 1881 Phagocytic activity, 1905 Phenotypes, 541, 1241 Pharmaceuticals, 2211, 2253 Phenylpropanoid pathway, 123, 974 industry, 1316 Pheophytin, 885 products, 1777 Pholiota adiposa, 1834 Pharmacokinetic particularity, 126, 2174 Phoma, 1733 Pharmacology Phosalone, 1808, 1809 active compounds, 1766 Phosphatases, 1583 effects, 1387 Phosphate storage form, 239 management, hypertension, 321 Phosphatidic acids, 1877 studies, 2206 Phosphatidylcholine (PC), 478, 562, 577 tools, 2306 Phosphatidylethanolamine Phase I reaction, 1932 (PE), 479, 562 Phase II enzymes, 939, 957 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Phase II metabolites, 1946 (PEPCK), 1013 Phase II reaction, 1932 Phospholipase, 484 glucuronidation, 1932 Phospholipid, 558, 560, 565, 2168 methylation, 1932 Phosphorus, 1507 sulfation, 1932 Phosphorylated mammalian target of Phaseolin, 228, 235 rapamycin (p-mTOR), 937, 950 Phaseolus vulgaris, 228, 251 Phosphorylation of AKT, 1065 Phenanthrene, 2006 Phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase Phenol(s), 1230, 1231 (PI3K), 1002 Phenol-Explorer database, 56 Photoaging, 1268 Phenolic(s), 183–189, 1347, 1354–1355, 1510, Photodiode array (PDA), 2018 1586, 1679 Photooxidation, 533 acids, 1227, 1851, 2207 Photoprotective effect, 1255 content, 2206 Photosensitized oxidation, 531 derivative, 2207 Photosensitizers, 533, 542 lipids, 491 Phyllobacterium, 1853 microconstituents, 570 Physical adsorption, 2039 Phenolic compounds (PCs), 235, 537, 546, Physical characteristics, 2170 637, 974, 977, 983, 984, 1077, Physical gel, 1978 1313–1316, 1452–1453, 1513, Physical structure, 1688 1570, 1757, 1853, 1876, 1931, Physicochemical properties, 1881 1952, 2274 Physiologic disposition, 126 antioxidant activity, 5 Phytase, 239 beneficial effects of, 10–12 Phytates, 190 bound to proteins, 983 Phytic acid, 124, 238–239, 248 cancer, 983 degradation, 1532 cell wall, 976 Phytoalexin, 1140, 1180 concentrations of, 18–19 Phytochemical(s), 703, 950, 951, 1290, 1291, lipid based nanocarriers, 639 1294–1299, 1313, 1346, 1507, 1586, organic vs. conventional fruits and 2219, 2263, 2303 vegetables, 10 ascorbic acid, 1510 peroxidases, 6 carotenoids, 1510 phenylalanine ammonia lyase, 5 polyphenols, 1508–1509 Index 2357

Phytochemicals, in starchy tuber and root crop improvement of oxidative stability by, 541 anticancer activity, 1457–1458 oil processing, 535 antimicrobial activity, 1463 oxidative stability, 538–541 anti-obesity, 1461 oxygen concentration, 536–537 antioxidant activity, 1454–1456 prooxidants, 537 anti-ulcerative activity, 1457 temperature and light, 535–536 hypocholesteromic activity, 1459–1460 Plant growth promotion rhizobacteria hypoglycaemic activity, 1458–1459 (PGPR), 1853 immunomodulatory activity, 1461–1463 Plant lipids Phytochemistry, 2201, 2230 chemistry of, 591–592 coriander, 2206–2212 neuroprotective effects of, 596–599 Phyto-compounds, 270 Plant proteases Phytoene, 906 bioactive peptides production, 455–456 Phytoestrogens, 146, 235, 270, 1159, 1161, cheese production, 449–453 1181, 1182, 1184, 1185, 1187, 1188, endoproteases, 444 1192, 1199, 1203, 1207 exoproteases, 444 Phytohemagglutinins, 241 flour/dough modification, 456–457 Phytohormones, 1719 in vitro production, 449 Phytol, 885, 886 meat tenderization, 453–455 Phytonutrients, 2227, 2245 natural sources, production from, 448–449 Phyto remediating, 1255 sources, 445 Phytosterols, 189, 284, 651, 652, 1256, 1265, Plaque, 1239, 1365, 1589 1268, 1347, 1355, 1759 Plasma, 455 Piceid, 1141 concentrations, 1161 Picrocrocin, 1990, 1992, 2019 dendritic cells, 1206 Pig, 332, 679 membrane, 2212 Pile, 1824 oxidized LDL, 60 Pimpinella anisum, 1325 protein, 786 Pin heads, 1825 Plasmalogens, 479 Pinoresinol, 185, 186 Plasmin hydrolysis, 338 Piptolinic acids, 1608 Plasticizer, 1565, 1566 Piptoporus betulinus, 1608 Plastic packaging, 1914 Pisum Platelet-activating factor (PAF), 480, P. elatius, 227 556, 559, 564, 565, 569, 571, 572, P. humile, 227 574, 575 P. sativum, 227 Platelet aggregation, 572, 1080 Pituitary, 1202 Platelet function, 570 gonadotropins, 272 Pleuran, 1602 hormones, 1193 Pleurostrin, 1834 Plantains, 1756, 1766 Pleurotus spp., 1819 Plant(s), 1381, 1383, 1384 P. ostreatus, 1602 absorb, 1780 Poisoning, 1732 cell culture, 445 Polarity, 2206 coagulant, 450, 452, 453 Polar lipids, 559, 564, 566, 567, 569, 570, extracts, 543 572–575, 577 matrix, 121 Polar paradox, 494 probiotic bacteria, 1850 Polar solvent, 2216 protection, 1182 Polidispersity index, 2167 protection products, 1195, 1199 Pollens, 254 tissues, 445, 449, 457 Polyacetylenes, 1316 Plant edible oils Polyamines antioxidants, 537–538 antioxidant action, 8 fatty acid composition, 534–535 interaction of phenolic compounds, human harmful effects of oxidation, 534 health, 13–18 2358 Index

Polyamines (cont.) phenolic acids, 1138 interaction of phenolic compounds, technological approaches, 1142 plants, 12–13 stilbenes, 1140 organic vs. conventional fruits and Polyphenon E (PPE), 998 vegetables, 9–10 Polyporales, 1867 ornithine decarboxylase, 7 Polypore mushroom, 1869 processing methods, 9 Polysaccharide(s), 767, 976, 1294, 1295, putrescine, 7 1298, 1352, 1421–1425, 1573, reactive oxygen species accumulation, 8 1600–1605, 1866, 1875, 1881, role of, 6 1962, 1973, 1979, 1980, 2120 spermidine synthase, 7 (1-4)-D glucan), 1428 spermine, 8 mytilan, 1428 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 125, 1994 Polysaccharide krestin (PSK), 1600 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Polysaccharopeptide, 1600 2006 Polystyrene, 428 Polycystic ovarian syndrome, 1268 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 190, Polyethylene glycol 4000, 242 242, 409, 469, 534, 615, 671, 1359, Polyherbal, 2205 1405, 1627, 2212 Polymeric matrix, 2164 contents, 1404, 1405 Polymerization, 116 functional differences, 1406 Polynomial model, 1966, 1968 susceptibility to oxidation, 1405 Polyols, 1565, 1567 Pomegranate Polyphenolics, 1879, 1880 anthelmentic activities of, 1266 Polyphenol(s), 5, 6, 9, 12–17, , 246, 1009, anti-diabetic properties of, 1262 1055, 1290, 1295, 1302, 1508, 1519, anti-inflammatory and bone health 1584, 1866, 1931, 2120, 2166, 2170, promotion properties, 1264–1265 2171, 2202 biochemical composition of, 1255–1260 anthocyanins, 1932, 1936, 1940 and brain health, 1263–1264 bioavailability, 1932–1934, 1936, 1943, cancer chemoprevention, role in, 1949, 1951 1260–1262 blood and urine, 1935–1936 cardiac health, 1257–1260 bovine and human serum albumin, cosma care properties of, 1268–1269 1937–1941 fertility, 1267–1268 catabolism, 1934 gut health promotion properties of, in cocoa, 1055 1266–1267 detection, 1950–1951 hepatoprotective role of, 1262–1263 effect of processing on, 1056 maintaining oral hygiene, role in, 1269 epigallocatechin (EGC), 1939 microbial pathogenesis inhibitory role gut microbiota, 1933 of, 1265 matrix effects, MS analysis, 1941 in modulating renal disorders, 1267 metabolism, 1931, 1932, 1934 prophylactic properties of, 1254 quercetin, 1938, 1939, 1945 wound healing properties of, 1268 reference compounds, synthesis Popularity phenomena, 739 of, 1947 Population exposure, 1188 rutin, 1938, 1939 Porcine haemoglobin, 336 sample preparation, 1943 Porcine skin gelatine, 336 separation, 1949–1950 Porphyrins, 884, 886 with digestive enzymes, 1058 Post-acidification, 1914 Polyphenol oxidases (PPO), 310 Posterior intensity techniques, 2012 Polyphenols, wine Postharvest handling, 115 flavonols, 1139 Postharvest quality, 1683 mechanism of action, cardiovascular Postmenopausal women, 716, 734, 1200 diseases, 1145 Postpartum care, 87 Index 2359

Postpartum healthcare, vegetarian Processing, 116 diet in, 87 conditions, 2164 Postpartum period, 87 discards, 1399, 1411–1413, 1415 Postprandial glycemic responses, 1063 Procyanidins, 1851 Postprandial hyperglycaemia, 563 Producing oils, 428 Potassium, 1507 Production process, 1562 Potato, 1445–1446 Production systems, 1850 Poultry, 332, 681 Professional insect farms, 424 Powdery mildew, 1729 Profilins, 254 Preadipocytes, 1023 Profitability, 426 Prebiotics, 728–729, 769, 1266, 1347, Progesterone, 1192 1359–1361, 1383, 1532, 1562, Progesterone receptor, 1202 1571, 1604 Proinflammatory cytokines, 608 effect, 716 Projection Pursuit Regression (PPR) Precipitation, 1881 techniques, 2006 Precocious puberty, 1196, 1200 Prolactin, 1194 Precooking step in water, 245 Prolamins, 233, 734 PREDIMED, see Prevención con Dieta superfamily, 254 Mediterránea (PREDIMED) Proliferative effect, 1201 Pre-farming zones, 226 Proline, 735 Preferences, 1674, 1689 Proline-rich proteins, 237, 238 of consumers, 394 Prolongued release, 2174 Pregnancy, 1192, 1193 Pro-oncogene depletion, 1201 Pre menstrual syndrome (PMS), 1638 Prophylactic properties, of pomegranate, 1254 Preservative effect, 1385 Propionate, 473 Pre-treatment, with aqueous ethanol, 1880 Propionibacterium freudenreichii, 1903 Prevalent diseases, 485 Prospective cohort studies, 34, 35 Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea Prostaglandin, 480, 689, 1192 (PREDIMED), 34, 35 Prostaglandin D2, 253 Prevention, 1149 Prostanoids, 1261 Prickly pear, 1472, 1478, 1480, 1483, 1484, Prostate cancer, 80, 687, 887, 942, 951, 954, 1487, 1488 996, 1201, 1204, 1261 Primary health concerns, 1390 Proteases, 274 Primary metabolites, 111, 112 inhibitors, 254 PrimHolstein, 1191 See also Plant proteases Primordia, 1870 Protection, 1150 Principle components analysis Protein, 191, 250, 356, 357, 403, 406, 775, (PCA), 2133 976–978, 982–985, 1501, 1580, Pristane, 1420 1838, 2048, 2173 Proanthocyanidins, 976, 1056, 1589, 1852 aggregates, 255 Probiotic(s), 81, 1266, 1347, 1359–1361, vs. agricultural sources, 1402 1561, 1568, 2175 alternative sources of, 396, 418 bacteria, 1379, 1380, 1382, 1384 bioavailability, 361 cereal fermented food, 1530 connective tissue, 359 cultures, 1897–1899 content, 406 drink, 1536 contents in seafood items, 1401 foods, 1696 determination methods, 1402 functionality of, 1536 determination, methods used from, 406 lactobacilli, 1549–1550 digestibility, 244, 1546 microorganisms, 1532 digestibility, 1402 yogurt, 1536 essential amino acids, 1402 Procarcinogens, 282 expressions, 1062 Processed animal proteins, 427 extraction, 359–361 2360 Index

Protein (cont.) Pseudoplasticity, 746, 784, 1968 factors influencing contents, 1402 Pseudo-pregnancy, 1194 fractions, 1401 Pseudostem, 1288, 1290 functional properties, 1412 Psidium guajava, see Guava hydrolysates, 357, 358, 363, 370, 373, 374, Psilocin, 1612 412, 455 Psilocybe, 1612 isolates from fishery discards, 1414 Psilocybin, 1612 isolation techniques, 1412 Psoriasis, 1122 nano-particles, 310 Psychoactive, 1760 nutritional value, 1401 Psyllium, 705, 767 quality, 407 Psyllium husk, 775 in seafood, 1400–1403, 1412–1415 PTPVP, 334 shakes, 416 PubMed, 714 supplement, 1181 PUFA, see Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) synthesis, 299–301 Puffball, 1832 technofunctional, 361 Pullulanase treatment, 820, 827 uses, 1413 Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology, 1143 Proteinase inhibitors, 243 Pulses, 83, 86, 1162, 1175, 1179, 1184 Protein efficiency ratio (PER), 1626 Pulveriser, 1880 Protein-phytate complexes, 239 Punicaceae, 1254 Proteoglucans, 1834 Punicalagin, 1257 Proteoglycan, 1833 Punicic acid, 476 Proteolysis, 450, 452–454, 1910, 2053 Pure culture, 1818 activity, 449, 451–454 Purgative, 1303 capacity, 1921 Purge and trap extraction system (PTE), 2003, system, 276 2004 Proteome, 300 Purification, 1740 Proteomics, 304 Puroindolines, 307 Protocatechuic acid, 1138 Pyranoanthocyanins, 1101, 1103, 1109 Provitamin A, 1758, 1764 Pyranose configuration, 727 Provitamin D2, 1878 Pyrethrins, 1801 Proximate composition, 1400 Pyrethroids, 1724, 1796 pS2, 1202 Pyrogallol, 1835 Pseudobulb, 1322 Pseudocereals, 741 amaranth, 851–852 Q bakery products (see Bakery products) Quadrupole, 2149 beneficial effects, 858 Quality, 1674, 1675 buckwheat, 852 control, 1966 crops, 1697–1699 standards, 1680 cultivation, 1698–1699 Quantification, 1742 extruded products, 1706 Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), 747, morphological definition, 1697–1698 1684 nutritional composition, 1699–1702 Quasi-Latin square, 2130 pasta, 1705–1706 QuEChERS, 1740, 2144–2147 phenolic compounds and antioxidant Quercetin, 60, 63, 66, 67, 70, 1140, 1145, 1511, activity, 1702 1516, 1572, 1585, 2210, 2306 quinoa, 850–851 Quercetin-BSA complex, 982 regular consumption of, 1696 Quick, Easy, New, CHEap, Reproducible sensory aspects and perceptions of (QUENCHER), 983 consumers, 1706–1708 Quinoa, 850, 1696, 1698–1700, 1702–1707 use of, 1703 carbohydrates in, 1700 Pseudomonas, 1518, 1853, 1854 chemical composition of, 1700 Index 2361

colors of, 1699 Reference standards, 1677–1678 fatty acids of, 1700 Refining, 535, 538 folic acid in, 1701 grains, 711, 713, 715 properties and quality of, 1699 Refractometer, 1677, 1681 starch, 1700 Refrigerated conditions, 1914 use of, 1707 Regeneration, 876 Regulation (EU) 2015/2281, 422 R Regulatory and cytoskeletal proteins, 334–335 Rabbit meat, 681 Reishi, 1867 Radical-scavenging activity, 1882 Relative activity, 2051–2052 Raffinose, 239, 241, 246, 269 Relative humidity, primordia, 1871 Ragi millet, 779 Relative sweetness index, 1680, 1685 Raisins, 1293 Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 955 Ramnose, 1227 Rennin-angiotensin system, 326 Random coil, 1974, 1978, 1979 Replacement therapy, 485 Randomized controlled trials, 35, 1185 Repository, 1286 Randomized cross-over study, 2171 Representative sample, 2125 Rape seed oil, 478 Reproduction, 1208 Rapidly digestible starch in animals, 1191–1194 classification and structure, 820–821 disruption, 1159 definition, 819 efficiency, 1197 Rapid process, 1909 in human, 1194–1200 Raspberry, 1854 problems, 1158 Raw potato, 836 tracts, 1191 Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenger, Repulsive forces, 1918 163, 486, 1230, 1884 Resident microbiota, 1900 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 140, 273, 479, Residual activity, 2050 485, 607, 1000, 1884, 2222, 2251, Residual levels, 1777 2283 Resiniferatoxin (RTX) effect, 175 Ready-to-eat cereal, all bran, 710 Resistant layer, 2164 Real-time PCR (qPCR), 2072, 2074 Resistant starch (RS), 706, 744, 768, 769, 817 Recombinant DNA technology, 328 absorption of minerals, 837 Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), applications, 831–833 2079 bland flavor, 823 Recommended daily allowances (RDA), 711, calorie content, 824 744, 1409 chemical treatment, 828–829 Recovery, 1741–1742, 2218 commercially available, 830–833 activity, 2049 description, 820 Recurrent diarrhea, 1904 dietary fibers, 834 Red in energy and weight management, 836–837 beet, 1472, 1473, 1476, 1478, 1480–1482, enzymatic treatment, 827–828 1484, 1485, 1487, 1488 extrusion, 826 dragon fruit, 1472 functional properties, 823 gram, 1827 future research, 838 meat, 669 heat and enzyme treatment, 827 pitahaya, 1472, 1478, 1480, 1481, 1483, heating and cooling cycles, 824–825 1485, 1488 high GI foods, 833 wine color, 873 hydrostatic pressure treatment, 829–830 Reduced-fat food products, 827 hydrothermal treatment, 825–826 Reduced prolificity, 1191 hypocholesterolemic effect, 836 Reduced weight gain, 1058 hypoglycaemic effect on, 835–836 Reference compounds, 1947–1949 particle size, 824 Reference methods, 2134 physiological benefits of soluble fibre, 834 2362 Index

Resistant starch (RS) (cont.) Rot disease, 1869 probiotic bacteria, 834–835 Rotenone, 1794, 1799, 1802, 1807, 1809 production improvement in plants, 830 Roughages, 1184 production technologies, 824 Row beans, 250 reduction of gallstone formation, 837 RS1, 820 Resolvins, 616 RS2, 820–822 Resorcinol(s), 493, 2190 RS3, 822 Resorcylic acid lactones, 1169, 1208 RS4, 822 human exposure, 1182 RS5, 823 reproduction in animals, 1194 Rumen, 671 Respiratory disease, 712 bacteria, 676 Respiratory infections, 1904 biohydrogenation, 675 Response surface methodology (RSM), 2166 digesta, 678 Resveratrol, 1140, 2174, 2240 pH, 677 Resveratrol-loaded mucoadhesive tablets, 1583 Rumenic acid, 475, 674 Retardation of the LH surge, 1197 Rust, 1736 Retentates, 1921 Rutin, 67, 69, 1765, 2306 Retrogradation, 745, 818 Ryania insecticide, 1804 Retronasal perception, 1685 Ryania specicosa, 1804, 1805 Reusability, 2051–2052 Rye bran, 777 Reverse-phase high-performance liquid Rynodine, 1794, 1799, 1804 chromatography (RP-HPLC), 1993 Rheological properties, 743 Rheological properties of food gums, see Food S gums Saccharide chains, 242 Rheumatoid arthritis, 1264 Saccharomyces, 247 Rhizobia, 231 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 1144, 1545 bacteria, 231 Saccharopolyspora spinosa, 1801 nod factors, 233 Saffron, 1989 strains, 1851 aroma and aroma-active compounds, 2008, Rhizobium, 1182 2010, 2013 Rhizobium leguminosarum, 1852 bioactive compounds, 1990, 2018, 2021, Rhizome, 1302 2023 Rhyzopus, 247 chemical composition, 1991–1992 R. oligosporus, 247, 248 GC-Olfactometric characterization, Ribavirin, 1032 2011–2017 Riboflavin, 1829 volatile compounds, 1994 Ribonucleases, 1876 Safranal, 1990, 1997, 2009, 2016 Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIP), 1834, Sage seed gum, 1962, 1968, 1970, 1974, 1976, 1876 1978 Rice bran, 776 Salad, 1292, 1300 Rice breads, 456 SALATRIM, 472 Rigidity, 1974 Salchichón, 342 Rigid rod, 1974, 1979 Salep, 1970, 1973, 1980 Ripeness, 1680 Saline stress, 115 Risk assessment, 1737 Saliva, 1572, 1579, 1580 RNA virus, 2310 Salivary secretion, 1582 Roasting, 256 Salmonella enteritidis, 1517 Root bark ethanol extract, 2309 Salt in mass, 1912 Root crops, 242 Salvia, 1571 Rosemary, 544, 1389 Sambucus nigra L., 2263 extract, 1585 applications, 2264–2266 Rosmarinate, 495 botany, 2264 Index 2363

health benefits, 2271–2284 Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), in vitro and in vivo assays, 2266–2271 1185, 1204 nutrivigilance system, 2284–2286 Secondary metabolism, 2208 Sample preparation, 1943–1947 Secondary metabolites, 110, 114, 1228, 1537, uncertainty, 2127 2219, 2298 Sampling and analytical plan (SAP), 2124 accumulation of, 114, 115 Sampling uncertainty, 2127 and bioactive compounds, 112 Sandy loamy soils, 1501 formation of, 111–112 Sapogenin(s), 1453 role in plant, 112–113 moiety, 242 Secondary processing, 1411 Saponins, 235, 242, 243, 283, 1453, 1589, 2247 Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, 1235 Sarcoplasmic proteins, 335, 360, 1401 Sedative, 1294 Saturated fatty acids (SFA), 31, 44, 46, 538, Seed 671, 1080 crops, 187 Saucernetindiol, 2188 culture, 1545 Saw dust, 1825 oil, 2204 cultivation, 1871–1872 Seed coating membrane (SCM), 2247 Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Selected reaction monitoring (SRM), 2149 Industrial Research (BCSIR), 1636 Selective estrogen receptor modulators Scavenging assay, 2219 (SERM), 1160, 1208 Schiff base, 1285 Selenium, 1629 Schizophyllan, 1600, 1836 Self-assembly, 311, 2165 Schizophyllum commune, 1600 Self-association, 871 Sciatic functional index, 617 Self-contributors, 1392 Scientific evidence, carbohydrate polymers, Self-diagnosed gluten-related 704 disorders, 739 Sclerotium, 1600 Self-emulsifying, 499 SDG, see Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside Semen production, 1193 (SDG) Semolina, 745 SDS-PAGE, 1513 Senescence pathway, 1236 Seafood, 679, 682, 1206, 1399, 1400 Senile plaque, 1263 authentication, 2065, 2078, 2081, 2092, Sensitivity, 1684 2097 Sensory analysis, 1581 enzymes, 1415 Sensory evaluation, 1390 fatty acid composition of, 1404 Sensory interaction, 1686 geographical discrimination, 2085–2089 Sensory panels, 1683 global consumption, 1400 Sensory properties, 122 landing, 1399 Sensory qualities, 741 nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds Separation, 1386 from, 1411–1432 Sepsis, 1263 nutraceuticals in markets, 1431 Sequestration, 1780 nutrients from, 1400 Serine proteases, 1234 types of, 1401 Serotonin, 1760 Seafood identification, DNA markers, 2069 Serum glucose, 2227 Seafood surveillance, 2065–2074 Serum insulin, 1243 geographic origin in seafood, 2085 Sesame, 182 immunological methods, 2067–2068 bioactive compounds (see Bioactive main DNA-based methods, 2068–2074 compounds) protein-based methods, 2065–2067 biotechnological applications, 192–193 species identification, 2074–2085 oil, 478, 541 wild seafood vs. farmed, 2089–2092 quantitative insight in lignans and Seaweed, 1389 tocopherol, 191 Secalins, 735 Sesamin, 185–186, 193, 1205 2364 Index

Sesamolin, 182, 185, 188 liver enzyme preparations, 1948 Sesamum indicum, 193, 541 polymer, 1944 Sesangolin, 184 precipitation, 1945 Sesquiterpenes, 1316 quercetin, 1946, 1947 Seven Countries Study, 32, 44 stereoselective synthesis, 1948 Sex ratio distortion, 1207 Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), 1996 Sexually dimorphic area of the hypothalamus, Solid state cultivation (SSC), 1872 1196 Solid state fermentation (SSF), 1872 Shark liver oil, 504 Solubility, 2174 Shear force, 454, 455, 778, 826 Soluble acids, wine polyphenols and health, Shear rate, 1966–1967, 1971, 1979 see Wine polyphenols and health Shear stress, 1577 Soluble dietary fiber (SDF), 208, 704, 730, 766 Shear-thinning behavior, 1966 Soluble phenolics, 974 Shelf-life, 1382, 1383, 1387, 1566, 1826, 2053, Soluble solids content (SSC), 1676 2164 Solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), sporoderm, 1869 1995, 2011 Shift factor, 1980 Solvent quality, 1961, 1962, 1965 Shijiahe period, 230 Sonification, 2050 Shimi-tofu, 249 Sorbent, 2146 Short chain fatty acids, 728, 770, 817, 1900 Sorbitol, 1568, 1680 Shorter time to pregnancy, 1199 Sorghum, 237 Short method of composting (SMC), 1823, S. bicolor, 1545 1824 and millet malt, 1542 Si-iu, 247 Sources, 871, 875 Silibinin, 69 of anthocyanins, 871 Silica cage, 2055 of β-carotene, 880 Simmering, 1175 of lycopene, 880 Simulated gastric fluid (SGF), 128 of zeaxanthin/lutein, 880 Simulated gastrointestinal digestion, 378 Sourdough fermentation, 741 Simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) South America, 228 technique, 2011 South Korea, 1181 Single sugars, 1682 Sowing time, 2209 Singlet oxygen quenchers, 542 Soxhlet extraction, 2024, 2216 β-Sitosterol, 489, 1759 Soy-based infant formula, 1180, 1196 Skeletal muscle, 669 Soybeans, 190, 230–231, 243, 252, 254, 268, proteins, 332 1162, 1169, 1181, 1182, 1852 Skin allergies, 737 bioactive peptides (see Bioactive peptides) Skin cancer, 686–687, 948, 952, 1123 oil, 540–541 SLE-induced nephropathy, 1207 isoflavones (see Isoflavones) Slowly digestible starch, 819 phytosterols, 284 Smaller brain volume, 617 saponins, 283–284 Smaller waist circumference, 712 Soy cakes, 249 Small intestine, 974, 978 Soy flake, 1176 Smoltification, 1192 Soy flour, 250 Soaking, 245, 1175 Soy milk, 245, 247, 1179 Solanum tuberosm, 1445 Spaghetti, whole wheat, cooked, 709 Solgel, 2054–2055 Spanish dry-cured ham, 338 Solid-like state, 1979 Spanish Teruel, 341 Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), 633, 634 Spawn, 1824, 1871 Solid-phase approach, 328 run, 1827 Solid-phase extraction (SPE), 1934, 1941, Spectrophotometric measurements, 1882 1942, 1944–1946, 1952, 2011 Spermatogenesis, 1267 Koenigs-Knorr reaction, 1948 Sperm production, 1195 Index 2365

SPE technique, see Solid-phase Stable isotope analysis, 2086–2088 extraction (SPE) Stachyose, 239, 246, 269 Sphingolipids, 480 Standard references, 1685 Sphingomyelin, 480 Staphylococcal enterotoxin, 2121 Sphingomyelinases, 481 Starch, 765, 818, 1548, 1587, 1679, 1680 Sphingosine, 481 classification, 818–819 Spice, 1292, 1295, 1298, 1301–1305, 1312, branching enzyme, 830 2187 digestion, 717, 745 and condiments, 85 endosperm, 298 Spinosads, 1794, 1801, 1807, 1809, 1810 granules, 743 Spirulina, 1623 hydrolytic enzymes, 821 and agriculture, 1636–1638 regression, 1681 bioactive molecules, 1624–1629 RDS (see Rapidly digestible starch) biomass, 1634 resistant (see Resistant starch) as food supplement, 1632–1634 slowly digestible, 819 as GRAS, 1634 Starchy tuber and root crop, 1445 laboratory cultivation, 1635 aroids, 1450 mass cultivation, 1636 bioactivity, phytochemicals natural production, 1634–1635 (see Phytochemicals, in starchy tuber S. laxissima, 1635 and root crop) S. lonar, 1635 cassava, 1446–1447 S. maxima, 1624 non-nutrients, 1452–1454 S. platensis, 1624, 1635, 1636 nutrients, 1450–1452 small-scale production, 1635 potato, 1445 taxonomic position and characters, sweet potato, 1446 1623–1625 yams, 1447 therapeutic and nutraceutical agent, Starter, 1144 1629–1632 Starter culture, 1144, 1529, 1539, 1910, 1918 Spontaneous fermentation Start-ups, 429 backslopping, 1539 Stationary phase, 2148 description, 1538–1539 Statistical methods, 2134 fermented cereal-based products, Statistical planning, 2133 1540–1546 Steady shear rheological properties Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 1017 concentration dependency, 1968 Sporamin, 1451 shear rate dependency, 1966–1968 Spores, 1722, 1866, 1868, 1869 temperature dependency, 1968–1970 Spray chilling, 2172 time dependency, 1970–1973 Spray-drying, 2170, 2171 Steaming, 249 Spreadability, 746 Stearic acid, 471, 687 Springiness, 743 Stearidonic acid, 470 value, 782 Sterilization, 1823 Sprouts, 245 Steroidal alkaloids, 1454 Squalamine, 1420 Steroidal saponins, 1453 Squalene, 1417, 1420 Sterol, 489, 1722, 1876, 1879, 2210 Squid, 1410 Sterol regulatory element-binding protein Stability, 2042 (SREBP), 1024 anthocyanins, 871–873 Steryl glycosides, 490 betalain, 875 Stigmasterol, 489 betanin, 876 Stilbenes, 1136, 1138, 1140–1142, 1835 carotenoid, 880–884 Stipe, 1869 thermal, 886 Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), 1996 Stabilization, 1387 Stomach cancer, 996 Stabilizer, 1960 Stone apple, 1292 2366 Index

Stool(ing), 1504 Symbionts, 232 consistency, 731 Symbiosis, 1182 Storage, 1387, 1390, 2170 Syneresis, 746 lipids, 242 Synergism, 542, 1685 modulus, 1974 Synergistic effects, 1782 proteins, 253, 305 Synergy, 726, 733, 734, 748, 1208 stability, 2051–2052 Synthetic antihypertensive peptides, 328 temperature, 1921 Synthetic drug, 2230 Strains, 1820 Synthetic insecticide molecules Strawberry, 1743, 1853 carbamates, 1796 Straw bundles, 1827 organochlorines, 1796 Strecker degradation, 2015 organophosphorus, 1796 Streptozotocin, 1029 phenoxyacetic acid and bipyridyls group, Stress sweep, 1974 1800 Stroke, 34, 35, 713 pyrethroids, 1796–1800 Stroma, 1401 Systematic review, 1604 proteins, 1401, 1415 Systemic, 1723 Structure, 905, 1973 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 1207 characteristics, 2049 Systemic resistance, 1850 lipids, 497 Systolic blood pressure, 715, 1017 transformations, 869 Syzygium cumini Styrofoam degradation, 428 bark, 2309 Successive extraction, 304 See also Jamun Sugar, 1565, 1585, 1689 Syzygium cumini, 2301, 2308 beet fiber, 782 aquoeus extract, 2310 composition, 1675 leaves, 2310 total amount of, 1679 Sugarcane bagasse, 1825 T Sugarcane dietary fiber, 782 Tamarillin, 445, 448 Sugar-free chewing gum, 1567–1569 Tamoxifen, 1207 Sulfonamides, 1782 Tandem mass spectrometry, 2148 Sulforaphane, 148 Tangeretin, 67 Sunflower oil, 541 Tannic acid, 1588 Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), 1994 Tannins, 237–238, 1143, 1762, 1835, 2206 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), 1557, Tao-cheow, 247 1996, 2053, 2213 Targeting induced local lesions in genomes GC methods, 2002 (TILLING) approach, 830 HPLC methods, 2002 Tarwi, 229 Superdisintegrants, 2253 Taste, 416 Superoxide dismutase, 1231, 1516, 2230 interactions, 1685 Supplement, 1149 Tauopathies, 1235 ω-3 Supplementation, 618 Taurine, 1404 Surfactants, 2167 T cells, 1238 Surimi process, 360 Technological processing, 1897 Survival rate, 2175 Technology, 1143 Sustainable development, 47 Tempeh, 247, 1180 Sweeteners, 1567 Temperate, 1297, 1825 Sweetness intensity, 1676 Temperature dependency, 1968–1971, Sweet potato, 1446 1979–1980 bioactive compounds from, 924–930 Temporal dominance of sensations (TDS), 1686 characteristics, 920 Tenderness, 453–455 health benefits, 921 Tenebrio molitor, 420 purple skinned, 920 Terpenes, 488, 2204, 2301 Index 2367

Terpenoids, 488, 1316, 1834 Tomato, 937, 939, 942, 944, 948, 949, 951, 955, Testosterone, 1268 957, 1854 Testosterone neonatal-production, 1196 Tomato fiber, 780 Tetrahydrofuroguaiacin B, 2188 Tomophagus colossus, 1607 Texture, 1580, 1674, 1688, 1689 Tooth decay, 1570 baked goods, 741 Top-down, 2165 features, 1973 Topoisomerase, 272 Texturized vegetable protein (TVP), 250 Total cholesterol, 713 Theaflavins, 1003 Total dietary fiber (TDF), 208, 1519 Theobromine, 1054 Total fertility rate, 1195 Theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI), Total fiber, 704 1746 Total oxygen scavenging capacity (TOSC), 978 Therapeutic compounds, 1589 Total phenolic, 114, 115, 1519, 2213 Therapeutic efficacy of drugs, 1906 Total sugar content, 1677 Thermal processing, 873, 876, 882, 885 Toxicity, 2192 Thermal stability, 543, 1574 Toxicological studies, 1188 Thermal treatment, 338 Toxicology study, 1202 Thermodynamics, 1572, 1573 TPO-catalyzed tyrosine iodination, 1206 Thermosensitive, 2053 Traceability Thiaminase, 422 aquaculture products, 2087 Thiamine, 1829 requirements, 2097 Thickener, 1960 seafood labelling, 2065 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 2019 Trace element fingerprints (TEF), 2086 Thixotropic breakdown, 1970 Trace metals, 1632 Thixotropy, 748, 1970, 1971 Tradition, 393 Three-dimensional networks, 1976 cheeses, 450 Thrips, 1734 dehulling, 245 Thrombogenetic profile, 1080 fermented foods, 1530, 1534 Thyrocytes, 1207 food-stuffs, 1179 Thyroid, 1192, 1205–1206 medicines, 2202 diseases, 736 methods, 2218 hormone receptors, 1206 recipes, 255 Tight junction proteins, 738, 1122 Traditional Mediterranean Diet (TMD), 1078 Time dependency, 1970–1973, 1979 Trained panels, 1684 Time-intensity technique, 1581, 2013 Trametes versicolor, 1600 Time-of-flight (ToF), 1950 Tranquilizer, 1294 Tissue transglutaminase, 736 Transcription factors, 944, 956, 1159 Titratable acidity, 1543, 1914 Transcriptomic fingerprints, 37 TNF-α, see Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) Transesterification, 498 Tocochromanols, 186 Trans fatty acids, 474, 538, 671, 778 Tocols, 489, 2210 Transgenic manipulation, 1637 α-Tocopherol, 2172 Transient receptor potential vanilloid Tocopherol(s), 186–187, 488, 535–537, 1631, type 1 (TRPV1) 1829, 1851, 1852, 2210 calcium signaling, 167, 168 Tocotrienols, 488, 537, 1356 C-fibers, 175 Toddler, 45 colon cancer, 166 ToF, see Time-of-flight (ToF) Cx43-facilitated adipocyte-adipocyte, 170 Tofu, 245, 248, 1180 metabolic rate increase, 168 Tofu whey, 246 oxidation trauma, 167 Togwa, 1545 weight management, 170 Tolerable daily intake (TDI), 1182, 1188 Transmucosal route, 1584 Tolerance limits establishment (TLE), 1810 Trans-resveratrol, 1141 Toll-like receptors, 608 Trans vaccenic acid, 676 2368 Index

Tremella, 1600, 1837 Ulcer(s), 1296, 1300 T. fuciformis, 1600 Ulcerative colitis, 71, 1266, 1905 Triacylglyceride, 1831 Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Triacylglycerols, 670 (UHPLC), 1932, 1942, 1949 Triazines, 1719 chiral, 1949 Triazoles, 1721 HILIC, 1949 Triglyceride(s), 732, 1077, 1909, 2209 normal phases, 1949 Triglyceride hydrolysis, 308 Ultrasonic extraction, 1867 Triiodothyronine (T3), 1206 Ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE), 1996 Trimyristin, 2192 Ultrasound, 2218 Tri-peptides, 323 detectors, 2017 Triple negative, 1203 mediated cell death, 1261 cell-line, 1203 UV-Vis-DAD, 1993 Triple quadrupole (QQQ), 2149 UV-Vis detector, 1993, 2002 Triplet oxygen, 533 Ultrasound-assisted extraction/ Triterpene(s), 1605–1611, 1837, 1867, 2187 ultravioletÀvisible spectroscopy Triterpene aglycone, 242 (USAE/UVÀvis), 2020 Triterpenoids, 1874, 1875, 1881, 1882 Umbelliferone, 1288, 1289 Triticum Uncertainty factors, 1188 T. aestivum, 297 Uncooked berries, 2284 T. durum, 307 Uncooked Ogi, 1550 T. monococcus, 307 Undigested fiber, 769 L-Tryptophan, 1613 Unemployment, 1820 Trochanter, 1186 Unexplained autoimmune disease flares, 1207 Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity Unimodal size, 2167 (TEAC), 1519 Unpleasant flavors, 242 True gel, 1978 Unsaturated fatty acids, 1385 Trypsin, 239, 243, 2049 Unweighted Pair Group Method with inhibitor, 246, 251 Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) Tryptophan, 235 methods, 2070 Tsugaric acid, 1605 Upper-bound (UB), 1176 Tukey’s ‘Least Significant Difference’ test, Urbanization, 1818 2132 Urease, 2049 Tumor, 1600 Ureides, 232 xenografts, 1237 Uric acid, 2229 angiogenesis, 1204 Urolithin(s), 1257 biomarkers, 1204 A and C, 1237 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), 612, 1009, isomers, 1240 1083, 1235, 2278 Ursolic acid, 1585 Turner’s syndrome, 736 Urushiol, 493 Two-dimensional electrophoresis, 297, 303 US 2013-2020 Dietary Guidelines, 1409 Type-1 diabetis mellitus, 736 USA, 1181, 1739 Type-2 diabetes, 711, 1085, 1516, 1630 USDA databases, 56 Type 2 diabetes melitus (T2DM), 58, 363, 375–377, 729, 733, 1018 Type II topoisomerases, 274 V Tyramine, 1761 Vaccenic acid, 474 Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, 272 Vacuum headspace (VHS), 1996 Vagina U dryness, 1198 U251 cells, 167 gel, 1198 UHPLC, see Ultra-high-performance liquid mucosa, 1198 chromatography (UHPLC) secretion, 1191 Index 2369

Validation, 1943 fat-soluble, 1407 Valine digestibility, 239 functional role, 1408 Value added products, 1823 lipid based nanocarriers, 647 Vanillic acids, 2211 in seafood, 1407–1408 Varicella-zoster virus, 2254 variations in seafood, 1408 Vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAM), 607 water soluble, 1408 Vasoactive, 1760 Vitamin A, 1631, 1852, 2171, 2212 Vasoconstriction of placenta vessels, 1199 Vitamin B2–12, 412 Vasodilatory peptides, 326 Vitamin B9, 1853 Vasorelaxant response, 1232 Vitamin B12, 1627, 2171 Vedas,81 Vitamin C, 1452, 1507, 1519, 1853, 2171 Vegetables, 5, 7, 9, 10, 16, 30–32, 39, 45, 46, Vitamin-D, 1379, 1383, 1876 1312, 1320, 1324, 1354, 1717, 2152 Vitamin D3, 2172 fiber, 713 Vitamin E, 188, 1627, 1764, 1852, 2172, 2222 oils, 190 Volatile compounds, 884, 1571, 1687 Vegetarian diet, 80 Volatile oil, 2203 Vegetarianism, 1820 Volatile organic compounds, 1545 Vehicles, 1534 Volatile principles, 116 Ventilation, 1826 Volvariella spp., 1819 Verbascose, 239 Vomiting, 2284 Veri-green, 886 Vermi compost, 1839 Verrucosin, 2188 W Verticillium, 1732 Waist circumference, 731 Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), 1908 Walnut oil, 478 VLDL-cholesterol, 733 Wastewater discharge, 1781 Veterinary antibiotics Water, 1777 monitoring, 1780 activity, 2222 pig production, 1776 and oil holding capacity, 417 Viability, 1385 removal, 2166 probiotic cultures, 1913 Water holding capacity (WHC), 773 Vibrio cholerae, 1517 Water-in-oil-in-water, 2167 Vicia faba var. minor, 228 Water-soluble fragments, 1866 Vicilin, 234, 254 Water-soluble vitamins, 411 Vigna Waxes, 768 V. aconitifolia, 250 Weak-gel, 1979 V. radiata, 251 Weaning food, 1543 Villous atrophy, 735 Wedge grafting, 1504 Vinification, 1144 Weight management, 772 Viral infections, 69 Weissella confusa, 1543 Virgibacillus halodenitrificans, 327 Well-being, 1366 Virgin oils, 546 Wetted straw, 1824 Virgin olive oil (VOO), 1074 Wet weight, 1825, 1828 MUFA, 1077 Wheat aleurone, 307 Viruses, 279 Wheat bran, 302–303, 774, 776, 1824 Viscoelasticity, 740, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1979 albumins, 311 Viscosity, 773, 1573, 2217 bioactive properties of proteins and peptides VIS detectors, 2017 isolated from, 307–309 Vital components, 2218 proteins, 303–307, 310–312 Vitamin(s), 149–150, 246, 411, 645, 1381, Wheat-dependent, exercise-induced 1382, 1384, 1391, 1561, 1564, 1589, anaphylaxis (WDEIA), 737 2169 Wheat pericarp, 299, 303 deficiencies, 736 White adipose tissue (WAT), 169 2370 Index

Whitefly, 1732 X White sauce, 745 Xanthan gum (XG), 767, 1962, 1965, 1968, Whole grain(s), 82 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1979 body fat, percentage of, 714 Xanthine oxidase, 1231 consumption, 708 Xanthones, 1644, 1647, 1652 cornmeal, popcorn, 707 anticancer activity, 1651–1653 health outcomes of, 717 anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity, weight regulation, role in, 714 1651 Whole grain intake antimicrobial activity, 1653 body mass index, 712 antioxidant activity, 1650–1651 deaths, 712 anti-parasitic and anathematic activity, infections, 712 1653–1654 mortality, 712 Xanthophyll(s), 878, 879, 884, 1510, 1759 overweight and obesity risks, 717 X chromosomes, 1206 respiratory disease, 712 Xenbiotics, 1263 smaller waist circumference, 712 Xerogels, 2054 weight gain, 717 Xylanase inhibiting proteins, 306 Wild blackberry, 1389 Xylitol, 1568 Wild mango, see Wild mangos Mangifera species Wild seafood vs. farmed, 2089 Y Wine, 30, 31, 38, 39, 42, 47 Yam mucopolysaccharides (YMP), 1462 consumption, 569 Yams, 1447 Winemaking, 1138 Yardlong bean, 230 Wine polyphenols and health Yeast, 1143, 1144 flavonols, 1139 Yields, 1725, 1966, 1967, 1974, 1975 mechanism of action, cardiovascular Yogurt, 569, 1378, 1380, 1382, 1384, 1389 diseases, 1145–1149 Yuba, 245, 246, 249 phenolic acids, 1138–1139 technological approaches, 1142–1145 stilbenes, 1140 Z Winged ants, 393 Zearalenone Winged yam, 1448 bone health, women, 1187 Withania coagulans, 445, 452 menopause, 1186 Women diagnosed with a breast cancer, 1202 reproduction in human, 1199–1200 Wonder medicine, 1882 Zeaxanthin, 880, 1628, 1990 Woodlands, 1818 Zein, 1566 Wood log cultivation, 1870 Zingibain, 444, 445, 448, 454, 455, 457 World Edible Insect Day, 425 Zn-pheophytin, 886 World food security, 391 Zucchini, 1735 World Health organization (WHO), 1623 Wound, 1121 healing, 1875 Wrinkled crust, 743