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Regilena Emy Fukui Bolognesi.Pdf Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Regilena Emy Fukui Bolognesi Aristocracia Espiritual: a mística de Nikolai Bedyaev Mestrado em Ciência da Religião São Paulo 2018 Regilena Emy Fukui Bolognesi Aristocracia Espiritual: a mística de Nikolai Bedyaev Mestrado em Ciência da Religião Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para a obtenção de título de Mestre em Ciência da Religião, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Luiz Felipe Pondé. São Paulo 2018 Banca Examinadora ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Aos meus pais, Genésio (maçom, que me transmitiu o interesse pelo estudo do não revelado) e Satika (católica, que me criou numa mistura de doutrina Católica e prática Budista). E a todos os meus ancestrais, em especial aos meus avós, Santo - Assumpta e Antonio - Mitsue (de quem herdei alma Corinthiana). “O presente trabalho foi realizado com o apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) e da Fundação São Paulo – FUNDASP. Processo número: 88887. 160.620/2017-00”. AGRADECIMENTOS Inúmeras pessoas contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para a realização deste trabalho e a todas elas eu serei eternamente grata. Eu não me perdoaria se, por descuido, deixasse de mencionar o nome de alguma e, para não correr este risco, decidi não as nominar. Se ainda não o fiz, tentarei dizer obrigada a cada uma individualmente. Neste espaço, faço meu agradecimento a todos na pessoa de meu orientador nesta jornada, Prof. Luiz Felipe Pondé. Na primeira conversa que tive com o Prof. Luiz Felipe Pondé, manifestei a ele meu interesse nos estudos de filosofia e religião sem saber, no entanto, por onde começar. Ele, então, me fez uma série de perguntas, desde a crença em Deus, reencarnação, frequência à Igreja, posicionamento quanto ao Catolicismo, até questões sobre o sentido da vida. Ao final do encontro, ele prescreveu: leia Liberdade e Espírito de Berdyaev e depois retorne. Pondé agiu como um médico homeopata que faz um sem número de perguntas antes de ministrar a solução adequada ao caso; e, assim como no tratamento homeopático não se cura apenas a ferida aberta, mas o corpo como um todo; a recomendação por Berdyaev não apenas supriu a falta de um objeto de pesquisa, mas foi a porta de entrada para novos horizontes e ampliação geral de conhecimento. O diagnóstico foi preciso, e o remédio indicado, qual seja, o filósofo religioso russo, Conde Nikolai Berdyaev, proporcionou um aprendizado intenso e sem limites sobre coisas diversas, pois além do próprio conteúdo dos livros de Berdyav, para entender o que ele havia escrito, foi preciso estudar em outras fontes assuntos que eu desconhecia. Descobri coisas que não enxergava e, como brinde, ganhei de Pondé o apelido de Condessa, pelo fato de eu ter o Conde Berdyaev como foco principal deste trabalho. Utilizando-me de uma expressão popular, diria que: Pondé saiu da medicina, mas a medicina não saiu de Pondé. Pondé é um verdadeiro doutor do espírito. Agora, vemos como enigmas num espelho; depois, veremos face a face. Agora, conheço imperfeitamente; depois, conhecerei tão bem quanto sou conhecido. (1Cor 13,12). RESUMO Este projeto aborda o trabalho de Nikolai Bedyaev, um dos mais importantes e notáveis pensadores religiosos russos, que veio a ser amplamente estudado no Ocidente. O foco da investigação é seu conceito de aristocracia espiritual e a relação deste com a mística. O propósito nesta pesquisa é mostrar o quão importante é o pensamento filosófico religioso de Nikolai Bedyaev, e contribuir com a ampliação do conhecimento intelectual sobre a mística. A hipótese é a de que a aristocracia espiritual exibe personalidade mística, e para demonstrar a suposição, o trabalho apresenta uma análise teórica do conceito de aristocracia espiritual de Berdyaev e da mística de Berdyaev. Como resultado, o trabalho oferece um panorama resumido da vida de Nikolai Berdyaev, algumas linhas sobre sua teoria da criatividade e liberdade; e, finalmente, apresenta uma análise detalhada do conceito de aristocracia espiritual. Demonstra-se que Nikolai Berdyaev considera os aristocratas do espírito como um tipo especial de místicos, os quais são concebidos para suportar pesadas responsabilidades; mas isto não é questão de escolha, é um dom entregue por Deus. Palavras-chave: Aristocracia spiritual. Aristocracia do espírito. Personalidade mística. Biografia de Berdyaev. Criatividade em Berdyaev. Liberdade em Berdyaev. Aristocratas espirituais. Aristocratas do espírito. ABSTRACT This project revisits the work of Nikolai Bedyaev, one of the most important and remarkable Russian religious thinker to be widely read in the West. The focus of this investigation is his concept of spiritual aristocracy and its relation to the mysticism. The purpose in this research is to show how important Nikolai Bedyaev’s philosophical religious thought is, and to contribute to the enlargement of the intellectual knowledge on mysticism. The hypothesis is that the spiritual aristocracy has mystic personality, and to demonstrate the assumption, the essay presents theoretical analysis of the Berdyaev´s concept of spiritual aristocracy and the Berdyaev´s mysticism. As the result, the research gives a brief overview of Nikolai Berdyaev´s life, some words about his theories on creativity and freedom, and finally gives a detailed analysis on spiritual aristocracy concept. It demonstrates that Nikolai Berdyaev sees the aristocrats of the spirit as a special kind of mystics who are made to shoulder heavier responsibilities; but that is not a matter of option, is a gift from God. Keywords: Spiritual aristocracy. Aristocracy of the spirit. Mystic personality. Berdyaev´s biography. Creativity on Berdyaev, Freedom on Berdyaev. Spiritual aristocrat. Aristocrat of the spirit. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................... 10 1 VIDA DO CONDE BERDYAEV ......................................................................... 16 1.1 Apresentação ................................................................................................. 16 1.2 Biografia ......................................................................................................... 18 1.3 Contexto......................................................................................................... 25 1.3.1 Breve panorama da Rússia ......................................................................... 26 1.3.2 Filosofia russa ............................................................................................. 28 1.3.3 Era de Prata (Silver Age) ............................................................................ 30 1.4 A mística na vida de Berdyaev ....................................................................... 31 1.5 Conclusão parcial ........................................................................................... 32 2 CRIATIVIDADE E LIBERDADE EM NIKOLAI BERDYAEV ............................. 33 2.1 Temas principais de Berdyaev ....................................................................... 33 2.2 Criatividade .................................................................................................... 36 2.3 Liberdade ....................................................................................................... 41 2.3.1 Liberdade em Dostoievsky .......................................................................... 45 2.3.2 Liberdade meônica ...................................................................................... 50 2.4 A mística na obra de Berdyaev ...................................................................... 54 2.5 Conclusão parcial ........................................................................................... 56 3 ARISTOCRACIA ESPIRITUAL ......................................................................... 58 3.1 Aristocracia .................................................................................................... 58 3.2 Aristocracia espiritual ..................................................................................... 60 3.3 Aristocratas espirituais e personalidade mística ............................................. 66 3.4 Mística no conceito de aristocracia espiritual ................................................. 75 3.5 Conclusão parcial ........................................................................................... 84 CONCLUSÃO ...................................................................................................... 86 REFERÊNCIAS ................................................................................................... 90 10 INTRODUÇÃO A palavra aristocracia remete, usualmente, à ideia de uma casta de pessoas que detêm poderes, direitos e privilégios indevidos e, com isso, gera sentimento de antipatia. No entanto, aristocracia é um modelo de governo que teve origem na Grécia antiga, caracterizado pela concentração do poder nas mãos de poucos, que seriam os excelentes, os mais qualificados, os melhores. Convém mencionar, desde logo, que este trabalho não explica em profundidade a definição, as características e os tipos de aristocracia como modelos de sociedade, isto porque, a ideia é tratar da aristocracia de outro mundo, qual seja, da aristocracia do espírito. O termo aristocracia espiritual foi cunhado por Nikolai Berdyaev1 para falar de um grupo de pessoas que
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