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Durham E-Theses Vladimir Solovyov : His restatements of a traditional cosmology. Sutton, Jonathan Fleming How to cite: Sutton, Jonathan Fleming (1983) Vladimir Solovyov : His restatements of a traditional cosmology., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1608/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk "VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV: HIS RESTATEMENTS OF A TRADITIONAL COSM LG" Thesis submitted by Jonathan Sutton for a Ph. D. Degree in the I Department of Russian, University of Durham 1983 -.5. flFI. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Very crucial indeed to the completion of this work have been the encouragement and friendship given me by the late Dr Nicolas Zernov, DD, of Keble College, Oxford, and former Spalding Lecturer in Eastern Orthodox Studies. Dr Zernov not only read some of my early articles on Solovyov- and advised me on them, but also introduced me to the Russian Orthodox Tradition and provided my first direct contact with the Russian Orthodox Church in England. I am very grateful to Mr Stephen le Fleming, my Supervisor (Russian Department, Durham University), for his help and advice in the presentation of this Thesis. Much recent help and encouraging advice have been given me by Professor Charles Drage, (School of Slavonic and East European Studies, London University), and I am most grateful to him. I would also like to thank Dr Alexander Piatigorsky (School of Oriental and African Studies, London University) for reading my work in 1980 and for giving me good is guidance. It difficult to convey the extent of my gratitude for the important help and guidance given me by Dr Karel Werner, Lecturer in Buddhist thought and in Indian civilization (Oriental Department, Durham University). I value his lectures that I have attended, and also the opportunity to participate in the Symposia on Indian Religions, annually convened by him at the University of Oxford and elsewhere. Dr Werner has read most of my work and has given me very extensive advice on its content and presentation. In both tangible and intangible ways, he has substantially deepened my knowledge of religious thought. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my own family for all their support, and most particularly Mrs Ursula Fleming, of Wolvercote, Oxford, to whose guidance and discernment I undoubtedly owe my best work. ******** The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. his No quotation from it should be published without it prior written consent and information derived from should be acknowledged. V DEDICATION To the memory of' Ananda Coomaraswamy (1877-1947) NOTES ON ABBREVIATIONS AND TRANSLITERATION Throughout our Study we denote references to pages In the Collected Works of Vladimir Solovyov by the abbreviation 'Sob. Soch. 19 (Sobranie Sochineniyq Collected Works) References to the 4 volumes of SolovYov1s collected letters are indicated, in our foot-notesq by the Russian word Pissma (Letters). The philosopher's family name may be spelt Solovyov, Soloviev, Soloviev, or Solovieff. We have kept. to the most widely accepted spelling of his name, that isq tSolovyovl. However, where we cite critical works that give an alternative spellingg we provide the spelling used in those works. We have also kept to the most widely accepted spelling of the names I)ostoevsky and Tolstoy, even though this means a sl .ight departure from the transliteration used in our Study. We also use the meet common form of the name Mikhail and of the patronymic Mikhailovich rather than using the English letter 'Y' to denote the IR I in those names. We use the English letter ly' to denote both the IMM I and the The only exception to this usage occurs in the Masculine nominative singular of hard adjectivesp where we transliterate the ending ah. ,- iy, than rather f-yyv . ERRATA * Two consecutive pages in the thesis are marked p. 127. * 'The Decline of the Mediaeval Worldviewl should read I On the Decline the of Mediaeval -Worldviewl: pp. 264' and 268. Numbers in square brackets preceded by the letter IBI denote the item in number our Bibliography of books and articles I referred to in the footnotes. il VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV: J, ý, HIS RESTATEMENTSOF A TRADITIONAL COSMOLOGY THESIS ABSTRACT We have undertaken a reassessment of the religious philosophy of Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov (1853-1900). We treat the central terms of Solovyov's religious philosophy individually (Chapter V), we indicate the major themes in his works on religion (Chapter IV), and we provide a brief account of his life and scholarly career (Chapter Taking due account of Solovyov's stated aims in the fields of philosophy and of theology (his endeavour to 'justify the faith of [his] fathers, raising it to a new level of rational consciousness'. see Chapter II), we examine the arguments he employed to establish the truth and the worth of Christ's teachings. We hold that Ernest Radlov is largely correct in describ Iing Solovyov as first and foremost a moral (Chapter philosopher VI), and we draw attention to solovyov's preoccupation with values. This preoccupation became very marked in the last decade of the philosopher's life, 1890 to 1900, and it is consistently expressed in his wri'tings of that period. In the previous decade he had envisaged Russia (and the Russian people) as the eminent defender of authentic Christian values and culture. We set his celebrated poem 'Panmongolism' (1894) in the context of other writings which belong to the 1890's. These writings, especially the essay 'China and Europe' (Kitay i Evropa, 1890), have received minimal critical attention to date, but they cast valuable light on the central theme of the poem 'Panmongolism'. They also reveal Solovyov's the extent of reliance upon historical argument and upon cultural comparisons in his treatment of religious questions. We aim to show the strengths and the defects of his comparative method, (Chapters VIII and IX). A close examination of Solovyov's writings on the non-Christian religions reveals considerable discrepancies in his treatment of, and in his criteria for the evaluation of, the religions belonging to Judaeo-Christian culture, on the one hand, and the religions of India and Asia, on the other hand. Our examination of Solovyov's essays 'China and Europe', (1890)p 'On the Decline of the Mediaeval Worldview', (1891), 'Byzantinism and Russia' (1896), and of 'The Drama of Plato's Life' (1898), is also intended to clarify Solovyov's stance towards contemplative spirituality, active spirituality and towards quietism. An informed and clear understanding of his position, here, greatly assists the task of reassessing his religious philosophy as a whole. We argue that Solovyov found complete renunciation of the secular world to be incompatible with true Christian faith and practice. He adhered consistently to'the view that the Christian Gospels present man with an ideal of 'community' that serves his needs better than any secular ideal can serve. He also believed that the whole collective humanity needs to work for the transformation and gradual perfection of the created order. We examine solovyov's views on the theocratic organisation of society and on the Priest, King and Prophet as spiritual types, as figures charged with responsibility for guiding men towards Christian goals, (Chapters V and VI). CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THESIS ABSTRACT CHAPTER I PROBLEMS OF ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGYIN THE STUDY OF MYSTICISM AND OF MYSTICAL LITERATURE I- 21 CHAPTER II VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV: HIS RESTATEMENTSOF A TRADITIONAL COSMOLOGY 22 - 41 CHAPTER III THE LIFE AND CAREER OF VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV (1853-1900) 42 - 58 CHAPTER IV VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV'S CENTRAL TEACHINGS 59 - 79 CHAPTERV VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV'S CENTRAL TEACHINGS 80 - 141 CHAPTER VI 'JUSTIFICATION OF THE GOOD' AS A CENTRAL TERM IN VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV'S RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY 142- 224 CHAPTER VII TWO BASES OF 'AUTHORITY' IN VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV'S PHILOSOPHY: REVEALED SCRIPTURE AND SPECULATIVE REASON 225 - 242 CHAPTER VIII TOWARDSAN UNDERSTANDING OF VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV'S CONCEPTION OF CHRISTIAN CULTURE 243 273 CHAPTER IX 'PANMONGOLISM', AND VLADIMIR SOLOVYOVS ESSAY 'CHINA AND EUROPE' (1890) 274 304 CONCLUSION 305 311 A LIST OF VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV'S WORKSEXAMINED OR REFERRED TO IN OUR THESIS APPENDIX RUSSIAN TEXT OF VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV'S POEM 'THREE'MEETINGS' (TRI SVIDANIYA), 1898 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER I 4 PROBLEMSOF--ANALYSIS'-AND-METHODOLOGY IN THE-STUDY'OF MYSTICISM AND OF MYSTICAL LITERATURE A considerable number of problematic issues beset any attempt to examine the writings of a religious philosopher with an acknowledged reputation as a 'mystic' or in whose works and thought 'mystical apprehension' is assigned a central or at least prominent function. Especially over the past fifteen or twenty years it has been the case that fashionable interest in the subject of mystical religion has created a climate of thought in which it seems acceptable to investigate 'mystical' ideas and teachings without submitting oneself to the disciplines they properly entail, or else to appropriate random ideas and terminology from mysticism for more or less irresponsible use in other, obviously secular contexts'. The effects of this contemporary phenomenon are sufficiently wide-spread to cause general concern; but if we address ourselves just to the matter of investigating one or other aspect of mysticism, one thing is clear.