Quantization of Black Holes Is One of the Important Issues in Physics [1], and There Has Been No Satisfactory Solution Yet

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arXiv:1003.2510v3 [hep-th] 5 Apr 2010 ASnmes 47.y 36.a 47.s 04.90.+e wit 04.70.-s, but 03.67.-a, size 04.70.Dy, in numbers: ones PACS big to energy and size o in existence both the scale predict Planck we which from given are holes Sev black theory. of quantum with gravity unify to way as gravity a explains suggests This also Ansatz an Such Ver force. and entropic formula an entropy as hole black the unify to work previous † ∗ eas eie rma nazo unie nrp ∆ entropy quantized of th Ansatz find an We from mechanics. derived quantum also in be atom the inside electron an of usi by holes black of knowledge conventional with agreement lcrncades [email protected] address: Electronic lcrncades [email protected] address: Electronic eso htbakhlscnb unie na nutv n e and intuitive an in quantized be can holes black that show We 4 etrfrHg-nryPyis eigUiest,Beijin University, Peking Physics, High-Energy for Center fPyis hnhiJaTn nvriy hnhi200240 Shanghai University, JiaoTong Shanghai Physics, of hsc n ehooy eigUiest,Biig100871 Beijing University, Peking Technology, and Physics 3 1 nttt fPril hsc n omlg,Department Cosmology, and Physics Particle of Institute colo hsc n tt e aoaoyo Nuclear of Laboratory Key State and Physics of School cecs ainlTia nvriy api10617 Taipei University, Taiwan National Sciences, 2 eateto hsc n etrfrTheoretical for Center and Physics of Department ioGn He Xiao-Gang uniaino lc Holes Black of Quantization ,2 ,4, 3, 2, 1, Abstract ∗ 1 n oQagMa Bo-Qiang and S 4 = gBh’ dao uniigtemotion the quantizing of idea Bohr’s ng netoi oc rmqatmeffect. quantum from force entropic an rmrilbakhlsrnigfrom ranging holes black primordial f rlitrsigadsrrsn results surprising and interesting eral πk id’ ojcuet xli gravity explain to conjecture linde’s o nrybehaviors. energy low h ∆ tpoete fbakhlscan holes black of properties at R/ ,2 4, 2, 1, λ eatwywt eut in results with way legant hc a ugse na in suggested was which , † 100871 g The quantization of black holes is one of the important issues in physics [1], and there has been no satisfactory solution yet. Black holes are characterized by the no-hair theorem, which states that once a black hole achieves a stable condition regardless how it is formed, it has only three independent physical properties: mass M, charge Q, and angular momentum J. This theorem is also called three-hair theorem sometimes. Once the mass M of a black hole with no charge and zero angular momentum is given, its other quantities should be completely fixed, as there is only one independent parameter from the no-hair theorem. Therefore the Schwarzschild radius R =2GM/c2, the surface area A = 4πR2, and the Compton wavelength λ = ~/Mc of a black hole cannot be considered as independent parameters from each other but only one quantity in essence. One elegant equality among possible relations is 2 Rλ =2lP , (1)

−35 where lP = pG~/c3 =1.61624(8) 10 m is the Planck length, ~ is the Planck constant, × and c is the speed of light, and G is the universal gravitational constant called Newton constant. The relation (1) is satisﬁed for any mass M, so we take it as a given fact without further inquiry about its rationality. As there is only one parameter for a black hole with no charge and angular momentum, it is natural to take the black hole as a sphere with Schwarzschild radius R as its boundary. Since nothing inside the sphere can be known for an outside observer, we should consider all of the information of the black hole as recorded on the surface, which is called event horizon or holographic screen from the holographic principle [2, 3]. There have been many studies of the physical properties of black holes. Bekenstein [4] conjectured that a black hole entropy 2 is proportional to the area A of its event horizon divided by the Planck area lP , and later the entropy formula of a black hole was found to be [5, 6] kA S = 2 , (2) 4lP where k is the Boltzmann constant. The black holes create and emit particles as if they were black bodies with temperature ~a T = , (3) 2πck where a denotes the surface gravity of the black hole [6] or the acceleration of a test particle at the horizon [7].

2 Due to the particle-wave duality property in quantum theory, any particle with energy 2 d Em = mc should also behave like a wave with the de Broglie wavelength λm = h/mv, which d can be also expressed as λm = ~/mv, where ~ = h/2π and v is the velocity of the particle. In Bohr’s theory of the one-electron atom, the condition for the electron-wave to be stable around its circular orbit with radius r is given by

d d 2πr = nλm, or r = nλm, (4) which corresponds to the condition for the electron to be in a standing wave state with n integer nodes. The electron of the atom is thus quantized in discrete energy states. The way to change the electron from one state to another is to emit or absorb a photon with energy to be equal to the energy diﬀerence between the two states. Similarly, we can naturally speculate that a black hole with mass M also behaves like a wave with the Compton wavelength λ = ~/Mc. From a classical viewpoint, nothing, including the wave, can escape from the black hole horizon, therefore the wave of the black body should also propagate within the sphere on the surface. One may ﬁrst speculate that the condition for the black hole to be stable is also that its wave to be in a standing wave state, i.e., 2πR =nλ, ˜ or R =n ˜λ. (5)

We should notice that the wave is not moving on a circular orbit, but on a sphere surface, so the numbern ˜ of nodes is adopted as an even number, hence we taken ˜ =2n and get

πR = nλ, or R =2nλ, (6) where n is an integer number now, no matter it is even or odd. By applying the equality (1) in the above condition to eliminate λ, we get the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole

Rn =2√nlP , (7) which means that black holes are quantized in discrete states with radius Rn. Thus we easily obtain the other quantities of black holes, i.e., the energy

4 2 Rnc 2 En = Mnc = = √nMP c , (8) 2G

3 19 2 −8 where the Planck mass MP = p~c/G =1.22089(6) 10 GeV/c =2.17644(11) 10 kg; × × the surface area 2 2 An =4πRn = 16πnlP ; (9)

and the Compton length ~ lP λn = = . (10) Mnc √n 2 The Planck scale relations, i.e., MP lP = ~/c and MP /lP = c /G, are useful for the derivation of the above expressions. When the black hole is quantized, the surface gravity a is also quantized by

2 GMn c n a = 2 = . (11) Rn 4√nlP This also leads to a quantized temperature T

2 ~an MP c Tn = = . (12) 2πck 8π√nk From above we see that black holes have been quantized in a simple and elegant way with interesting and surprising results, acceleration and temperature are also quantized. It is most interesting to notice that the entropy formula is now given by

S =4πkn, (13)

which is quantized as proposed in Ref. [8] that the entropy change ∆S for a 2 dimensional holographic screen is given by 4πk, for the purpose to reconcile the black hole energy formula with the Verlinde conjecture of the entropic force idea [9]. Reversely, if we make the Ansatz that the entropy change of a black hole with its horizon radius R change ∆R is, according to the rule suggested in Ref. [8], ∆l ∆S =2πkD , (14) λ where ∆l is a linear displacement to cause entropy change and D is the dimensional degree of freedom of the objects under consideration, and apply to a black hole, we obtain ∆R R∆R k∆A ∆S =4πk =4πk 2 = 2 . (15) λ 2lP 4lP Up to an integration constant R2 kA S =4πk 2 + S0 = 2 + S0. (16) 4lP 4lP

4 The constant can be chosen to be zero in consistent with intuitive expectation that no area no entropy for black hole. We then obtained the black hole entropy formula (2), consistent with that obtained from classical considerations [4–6]. If the entropy change on the black hole holographic screen is due to a test particle of

Compton wavelength λm moving ∆x towards the black hole, according to the Verlinde conjecture of the entropic force idea [9], one has ∆S = 2πk∆x/λm. If ∆x/2λm = ∆R/λ is quantized as suggested in Ref.[8], one can then obtain (13). From there, one can go backwards in our previous derivations to obtain the same quantization rules for the radius, the black hole wavelength, the mass spectrum and the temperature. This tells us that one can relate black hole quantization with quantization of entropic change [8], which can also explain gravity as an entropic force [9–11]. The quantization of black holes found in this work, however, should not be interpreted as only a support of gravity as an entropic force, it also suggests a new way to unify gravity with quantum theory. Now we discuss some of the physical implications and predictions can be obtained from the above results. First, the most small stable black hole is obtained for n = 1. The

Schwarzschild radius R1 = 2lP doubles that of the Planck length lP , the energy E1 is just 2 the Planck mass MP c , and the Compton length just equals to the Planck length λ1 = lP . Thus the most small black hole is of the Planck scale both in size and energy as expected [12]. It also supports the proposal for the existence of primordial black holes. These black holes range from mini black holes of Planck scale to very big ones with large n. Their distribution spectrum can be calculated and consequences can be also predicted from the results in this work. From the quantized energy formula (8) we get the energy diﬀerence between two nearby states 2 2 MP c ∆E = En+1 En =(√n +1 √n)MP c = . (17) − − √n +1+ √n 2 Note that the largest diﬀerence is (√2 1)MP c and ∆E decreases with the increase of n. − When n is very large, one gets 2 MP c ∆E 0 when n . (18) ≈ 2√n → →∞ Therefore the energy change between two nearby states for a big black hole approaches to zero, i.e., it possesses also low energy continuum behavior. In this case, the black hole

5 temperature also approaches to zero. This means that a black hole can absorb a particle with small energy by transition between nearby states or a big one by transition between far-away states. It is natural to ask what would happen during the transition between two states. Similar to the Bohr’s theory of one-electron atom, we can also predict the quantum emission and absorbtion of a charge neutral particle ranging from Planck scale to low scale for the specific case discussed in this work. As the situation considered in this work is a black hole with no angular momentum, one may still not be possible to identify the particle as photon yet. It is possible to make extension of this study to general situation with both charge and angular momentum being considered. In that case the black hole can emit or absorb particles or objects with any mass and spin or total angular momentum. However, the mini black holes can only emit or absorb particles with finite energy and definite quantum numbers, in similar to the case of atomic spectrum in quantum mechanism. Our approach shows that the quantization of black holes of gravitational in nature can be performed in the same way as that for the electron motion inside the atom from quantum theory. It leads to interesting results on black holes as shown in this work. The entropic framework [8, 9] indeed offers new perspectives on quantum properties of gravity beyond classical physics. The quantization of black holes found in this work, however, should not be interpreted as only a support of gravity as an entropic force, it also suggests a new way to unify gravity with quantum theory. We anticipate that these ideas will lead to new understanding and perspectives on gravity.

Acknowledgments

This work is partially supported by NSC, NCTS, NSFC (Nos. 10721063, 10975003). BQM acknowledges the support of the LHC physics focus group of NCTS and warm hospitality from W.-Y. Pauchy Hwang during his visit of NTU. He also acknowledges discussions with Jiunn-Wei Chen, Pisin Chen, Tzihong Chiueh, George Wei-Shu Hou, Shin Nan Yang, and

6 Hoi-Lai Yu.

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