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bases that generate them do not need to be imposed ANDREWS, ANTHONY P., AND, F. ROBLES C. I985. "Chichen wholesale to be of use in comparative history and an- and : An Itza-Maya standoff in the Early Postclassic Yuca- thropology. I would only argue that aspects of the galac- tan," in The Lowland Maya Postclassic. Edited by Arlen Chase and Prudence Rice, pp. 62-72. Austin: University of Texas tic-polity model do lead us to focus on structural charac- Press. [AAD] teristics and dynamics central to an understanding of ANDREWS, E. WYLLYS, V, AND JEREMY SABLOFF. I986. the variability and the instability of Maya states. Even "Classic to Postclassic: A summary discussion," in Late Low- with the new rich epigraphic data, we need comparative land : Classic to Postclassic. Edited by Jer- emy Sabloff and E. W. Andrews V, pp. 433-56. Albuquerque: ethnography and history to provide alternative interpre- University of New Press. [AAD] tations of Maya culture history and to provide historio- AWE, JAIME J. i985. Archaeological investigations at Caledonia, graphic guidelines for the interpretation of the propagan- Cayo District, , M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropol- distic elite "emic" perspective of Maya monumental ogy, Trent University, Peterborough, Ont., Canada. inscriptions. Unlike some cynics, I agree completely ASHMORE, WENDY, AND GORDON R. WILLEY. I98I. "A his- torical introduction to the study of Lowland Maya settlement with Marcus, Schele, Freidel, Mathews, Stuart, Hous- patterns," in Lowland Maya settlement patterns. Edited by ton, Grube, and others that the inscriptions provide our W. Ashmore, pp. 3-I8. Albuquerque: University of New Mex- best data for the interpretation of Maya political organi- ico Press. zation (see, e.g., Marcus I976, i983b, I992, I993; Ma- BALL, JOSEPH W. I977. "The rise of the northern chiefdoms," in The origins of Maya civilization. Edited by R. E. W. Adams, thews I985, I988, I99I; Culbert I988; Schele and pp. IOI-32. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Freidel I990; Stuart and Houston I989). They can do so, . I993. , the ancient Maya, and modern Belize: however, only when this historical record is skeptically The story of an archaeological park. San Diego: San Diego processed by historiographic interpretation guided by State University Press. comparative history and ethnography. Mayanists should . I994. "Northern Maya archaeology: Some observations on an emerging paradigm," in Hidden among the hills: Maya not isolate themselves from comparative anthropology archaeology of the northwest Yucatan Peninsula. Edited by and history. H. J. Prem, pp. 389-96. (Acta Mesoamericana 7.) Mockmulhl: In the coming decades, models of Maya political dy- Verlag von Flemming. namics should be generated from epigraphic data and BALL, JOSEPH W., AND JENNIFER T. TASCHEK. I99I. Late Classic Lowland Maya political organization and central-place comparative studies and then tested, as the Chases and analysis: New insights from the Upper Belize Valley. Ancient others are doing, by archaeological and ethnohistorical 2:I49-65. researches. Such projects, instead of seeking to discover BECKER, MARSHALL J. I973. Archaeological evidence for occu- the true form of the Maya state, should focus on the pational specialization among the Classic period Maya at Ti- central issues of Maya political history: the instability kal, . American Antiquity 38:396-406. BENTLEY, G. CARTER. I986. Indigenous states of Southeast and variability of Maya politics, the phenomenon of the Asia. Annual Review of Anthropology I 5:275-305. collapse, and the failure of any of the Classic period's BERLIN, HEINRICH. i958. El glifo "emblema" en las inscripci- lowland political formations to give rise to urban, nucle- ones Mayas. Journal de la Societ6 des Americanistes 47: III -I9. ated, and economically powerful Postclassic states. As BLANTON, RICHARD, STEPHEN KOWALEWSKI, GARY FEIN- MAN, AND JILL APPEL. I98I. Ancient Mesoamerica: A com- we wrestle with these issues we should remember that parison of change in three regions. New York: Cambridge Uni- our greatest challenges-and our frustrations-come versity Press. from the protean nature of the Maya state itself. BLOCH, MAURICE. I96I. Feudal society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. BORHEGYI, STEPHAN F. DE. i956. The development of folk and complex cultures in the southern Maya area. American An- tiquity 2I:343-56. References Cited BORIE, GRETA Z. i982. Amaq': An emic model of organization for the Highland Maya. Master's thesis, Department of Anthro- ADAMS, RICHARD E. W. I974. "A trial estimation of Classic pology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Maya palace populations at ," in Mesoamerican ar- BOSERUP, ESTER. I965. The conditions of agricultural growth. chaeology: New approaches. Edited by N. Hammond, pp. Chicago: Aldine. 285-96. Austin: University of Texas Press. BROWN, KENNETH L. I985. "Postclassic relationships between . I977. Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Boston: Little, Brown. the Highland and Lowland Maya," in The Lowland Maya Post- ADAMS, RICHARD, E. W., AND R. D. JONES. I98I. Spatial pat- classic. Edited by A. F. Chase and D. Z. Chase, pp. 270-8i. terns and regional growth among Maya cities. American Antiq- Austin: University of Texas Press. uity 46:30I-22. BRUMFIEL, ELIZABETH M. I995. "Heterarchy and the analysis ADAMS, RICHARD E. W., AND W. D. SMITH. I98I. "Feudal of complex societies: Comments," in Heterarchy and the anal- models for Classic Maya civilization," in Lowland Maya settle- ysis of complex societies. Edited by Robert M. Ehrenreich, Car- ment patterns. Edited by W. Ashmore, pp. 335-49. Albuquer- ole L. Crumley, and Janet E. Levy, pp. I25-3i. Archaeological que: University of New Mexico Press. Papers of the American Anthropological Association 6. ADAMS, ROBERT MC C. I966. The evolution of urban society. BRUMFIEL, ELIZABETH M., AND JOHN W. FOX. Editors. I993. Chicago: Aldine. Factional competition and political development in the New ALVAREZ AREVALO, MIQUEL. I987. Manuscriptos de Coval- World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. chaj. Museo del Collecci6n de Documentos Histor- BULLARD, WILLIAM, R., JR. I960. The Maya settlement pat- icos I. tern in northeastern Peten, Guatemala. American Antiquity ANDREWS, ANTHONY. I983. Maya salt production and trade. 25:355-72. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. . I964. "Settlement pattern and social structure in the ANDREWS, ANTHONY P. I990. The fall of : A pre- southern Maya lowlands during the Classic period." Actas y liminary hypothesis. Latin American Antiquity i:258-67. Memorias, XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, [AAD] M6xico, I962, vol. I, pp. 278-87. Mexico City.

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CANCIAN, FRANK. I976. Social stratification. Annual Review of I99I. Three Terminal Classic monuments from , Be- Anthropology 5:227-48. lize. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 36. CARBONELL PASTOR, FERNANDO. I973. Gramatica Quich6. CHASE, ARLEN F., AND PRUDENCE M. RICE, Editors. I985. Guatemala: Instituto Indigenista Nacional. The Lowland Maya Postclassic. Austin: University of Texas CARMACK, ROBERT M. I966. La perpetuaci6n del clan patrilin- Press. eal en Totonicapan. Antropologia e Historia de Guatemala CHASE, DIANE Z. I986. "Social and political organization in the I8(e2):43-60. land of cacao and honey: Correlating the archaeology and eth- . I976. "La estratificacion quicheana prehispanica." in Es- nohistory of the Postclassic Lowland Maya," in Late Lowland tratificaci6n social en la Mesoam6rica prehisp6nica. Edited by Maya civilization. Edited by J. A. Sabloff and E. W. Andrews, R. M. Carmack, pp. 245-77. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional pp. 347-77. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. de Antropologia e Historia de Mexico. . I992. "Postclassic Maya elites: Ethnohistory and archaeol- . I977. "'Ethnohistory of the central Quiche: The commu- ogy," in Mesoamerican elites: An archaeological assessment. nity of Utatlan," in Archaeology and ethnohistory of the cen- Edited by D. Z. Chase and A. F. Chase, pp. II8-34. Norman: tral Quich6. Edited by D. T. Wallace and R. M. Carmack, pp. University of Oklahoma Press. I-I9. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of CHASE, DIANE Z., AND ARLEN F. CHASE. I988. A Postclassic New York, Albany, publ. I. perspective: Excavations at the Maya site of Santa Rita Coro- . 198I. The Quich6 Mayas of Utatlan. Norman: Univer- zal, Belize. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Monograph sity of Oklahoma Press. 4. CARMACK, ROBERT M., JOHN W. FOX, AND RUSSELL E. . I992. "An archaeological assessment of Mesoamerican STEWART. I975. La formaci6n del reino quich6. Instituto de elites," in Mesoamerican elites: An archaeological perspective. Antropologia e Historia, special publ. 7. Edited by D. Z. Chase and A. F. Chase, pp. 303-I7. Norman: CARNEIRO, ROBERT L. I967. On the relationship between size University of Oklahoma Press. of population and complexity of social organization. Southwest- . Editors. 1994. Studies in the archaeology of Caracol, Be- ern Journal of Anthropology 23:234-43. lize. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Monograph 7. . 1992. "Point counterpoint: Ecology and ideology in the CHASE, DIANE Z., ARLEN F. CHASE, AND WILLIAM A. HAVI- development of New World civilizations," in Ideology and pre- LAND. 1990. The Classic : Reconsidering "The Meso- Columbian civilizations. Edited by A. Demarest and G. Con- american urban tradition." American Anthropologist 92: 499- rad, pp. 175-203. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press. 506. CARRASCO, PEDRO. I963. La endogamia segun un documento CHORDAS, THOMAS J. I980. "Catholic Pentecostalism: A new Cakchiquel. Tlalocan 4:97-119. word in a new world," in Perspectives on Pentecostalism: . 1971. "Social organization of ancient Mexico," in Hand- Case studies from the Caribbean and Latin America. Edited book of Middle American Indians, vol. io. Edited by G. F. Ek- by Stephen D. Glazier. Washington, D.C.: University Press of holm and I. Bernal, pp. 349-75. Austin: University of Texas America. Press. CLAESSEN, HENRI J. M. I978. "The early state: A structural ap- . I988. Territorial and kinship segments in pre-Spanish proach," in The early state. Edited by H. J. M. Claessen and P. highland Guatemala and Central Mexico and their role in polit- Skalnik, pp. 533-96. The Hague: Mouton. ical conflict. Paper presented to the symposium "Factional . i992. Segmentary and state are strange bedfellows. Paper Competition and Political Development in the New World," presented at the symposium "The Segmentary State and the 46th International Congress of Americanists, Amsterdam. Classic Lowland Maya," Cleveland State University, Cleve- CERVANTES MARTINEZ, RAM6N W. I990. Un pueblo de fugi- land, Ohio. tivos: Etnografia e historia oral de un pueblo maya del centro COHEN, RONALD, AND ALICE SCHLEGEL. I968. "The tribe as de Belice. Master's thesis, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e a socio-political unit: A cross-cultural examination," in Essays Historia, Mexico, D.F. on the problem of tribe. Edited by J. Helm, pp. I20-46. Seat- CHASE, ARLEN F. I992. "Elites and the changing organization of tle: University of Washington Press. Classic ," in Mesoamerican elites: An archaeologi- COHEN, RONALD, AND ELMAN R. SERVICE. Editors. I978. Ori- cal assessment. Edited by D. Z. Chase and A. F. Chase, pp. gins of the state. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Hu- 30-49. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. man Issues. . n.d. "Polities, politics, and social dynamics: 'Contextu- CONRAD, GEOFFREY, AND ARTHUR DEMAREST. I984. Reli- alizing' the archaeology of the Belize Valley and Caracol," in gion and empire: The dynamics of Aztec and Inca expan- New developments in the archaeological of the Belize Valley. sionism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [AAD] Edited by J. Garber and J. Awe. MS. COOK, GARRETT W. 198I. Supernaturalism, cosmos, and cos- CHASE, ARLEN, F., AND DIANE Z. CHASE. i987. Investiga- mogony in Quichean expressive culture. Ph. D. diss., State Uni- tions at the Classic Maya city of Caracol, Belize: I985-I987. versity of New York at Albany, Albany, N.Y. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Monograph 3. COOK, GARRETT W, AND JOHN W. FOX 1994. Sacred journeys. 1. 991. Mixing archaeology and touristic development at Paper presented at the Mesa Redonda de , Mexico. Caracol. Belize Today 5(5):I2-I3. C'OYOI. I973 (ca. I560). "Titulo C'oyoi," in Quich6an civiliza- . I992. "Mesoamerican elites: Assumptions, definitions, tion. Translated and edited by Robert Carmack, pp. 265-345. and models," in Mesoamerican elites: An archaeological as- Berkeley: University of California Press. sessment. Edited by D. Z. Chase and A. F. Chase, pp. 3-I7. CRUMLEY, CAROL E L. I995. "Heterarchy and the analysis of Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. complex societies," in Heterarchy and the analysis of complex . I994. "Details in the archaeology of Caracol, Belize: An societies. Edited by Robert M. Ehrenreich, Carole L. Crumley, introduction," in Studies in the archaeology of Caracol, Belize. and Janet E. Levy, pp. i-5. Archaeological Papers of the Ameri- Edited by D. Z. Chase and A. F. Chase, pp. I-II. Pre- can Anthropological Association 6. Columbian Art Research Institute Monograph 7. CULBERT, T. PATRICK. I973. The Classic Maya collapse. Albu- . i995. Visions of empire: Economy, society, and power at querque: University of New Mexico Press. Caracol, Belize. Paper presented at the 94th annual meeting of . I99I. "Polities in the northeast Peten, Guatemala," in the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., Classic Maya political history: Hieroglyphs and archaeological November I8. evidence. Edited by T. P. Culbert, pp. i28-46. Cambridge: . i996. An embarrassment of riches: Mid-level Maya and Cambridge University Press. nation-building at Caracol, Belize. Archaeology 49(5). In press. . I995. Warfare and the segmentary state. Paper presented . n.d. Investigations at Caracol, Belize: I988-I993. Pre- at the Primera Mesa Redonda de Palenque, September. Columbian Art Research Institute Monograph 8. CULBERT, T. PATRICK, LAURA J. KOSAKOWSKY, ROBERT E. CHASE, ARLEN F., NIKOLAI GRUBE, AND DIANE Z. CHASE. FRY, AND WILLIAM A. HAVILAND. I990. "The population of

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Tikal, Guatemala," in Precolumbian population history in the DUNHAM, PETER S. I990. Coming apart at the seams: The Clas- Maya Lowlands. Edited by T. P. Culbert and D. S. Rice, pp. sic development and the demise of Maya civilization, a segmen- I03-2I. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. tary view from Xnaheb, Belize. Ph.D. diss., State University of CULBERT, T. PATRICK, AND DON S. RICE. Editors. I990. Pre- New York at Albany, Albany, N.Y. columbian population history in the Maya Lowlands. Albu- . I992. Summary remarks. Paper presented at the sympo- querque: University of New Mexico Press. sium "The Segmentary State and the Classic Lowland Maya," DE COTO, FRAY TOMAS. I983. Thesaurus verboru: Vocabularic Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio. de la lengua cakchiquel v(el) Guatemalteca, nuevamente DUNNING, NICHOLAS P., AND JEFF K. KOWALSKI. I994. hecho y recopilado con sum estudio, trabajo y erudici6n. Ed- Lords of the Hills: Classic Maya settlement pattems and politi- ited by Ren6 Acuna. M6xico, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Aut6 cal iconography in the Puuc region, Mexico. Ancient Meso- noma de M6xico. america 5:63-95. DEMAREST, ARTHUR A. I984. Conclusiones y especulaciones EARLE, TIMOTHY K. I987. Chiefdoms in archaeological and eth- acerca de . Mesoamerica 7:I38-50. [AAD] nohistorical perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology . I986. The archaeology of Santa Leticia and the rise of I6:279-308. Maya civilization. Middle American Re- EDMONSON, MUNRO S. Translator and editor. I97I. The book search Institute Monograph 52. [AADI of counsel: The Popol Vuh of the Quiche Maya of Guatemala. . i988. "The Salvadoran frontier," in The civilization of Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, publ. the southeastern Classic Maya. Edited by Elizabeth Boone, pp. 35. 335-94. Washington, D.C., Dumbarton Oaks Foundation/ . Translator and editor. i982. The ancient future of the Trustees for . [AADJ Itza: The book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin. Austin: Univer- 9. i92a. "Ideology in ancient Maya cultural evolution: The sity of Texas Press. dynamics of galactic polities," in Ideology and pre-Columbian . Translator and editor. I986. Heaven-born Merida and its civilizations. Edited by A. Demarest and G. Conrad, pp. destiny: The book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. Austin: Uni- I35-57. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press. versity of Texas Press. . i992b. The Petexbatun Regional Archaeological Project: EVANS-PRITCHARD, E. E. I940. The Nuer. Oxford: Oxford Uni- War, peace, and the collapse of the Maya civilization. Paper pre versity Press. sented at the 47th Intemational Congress of Americanists, FARRISS, NANCY M. I984. Maya society under colonial rule: New Orleans, La. [AAD] The collective enterprise of survival. Princeton: Princeton Uni- . I993. The violent saga of a Maya kingdom. National Geo versity Press. graphic I83:94-III. [AAD] FASH, WILLIAM L. I988. A new look at Maya statecraft from . i996. "War, peace, and the collapse of a native American Copan, . Antiquity 6.2:I57-59. [AAD] civilization," in A natural history of peace. Edited by Thomas . I99I. Scribes, warriors, and kings: The city of Copan Gregor, pp. 2I5-48. Nashville: Press. and the ancient Maya. London: Thames and Hudson. [AAD] FASH, WILLIAM L., AND ROBERT J. SHARER. I99I. Sociopoliti- DEMAREST, ARTHUR A., AND H. ESCOBEDO. I996. "El Pro- cal developments and methodological issues at Copan, Hondu- yecto Arqueol6gico : Objectivos, descubri- ras. Latin American Antiquity .2:i66-87. mientos, interpretaciones preliminares," in IX simposio de in- FEINMAN, GARY, AND JILL NEITZEL. I984. Too many types: vestigaciones arqueol6gicas en Guatemala. Guatemala: Museo An overview of sedentary prestate societies in the Americas. Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia. [AADJ Advances in Archeological Method and Theory 7:39-IO2. DEMAREST, A., T. INOMATA, H. ESCOBEDO, AND J. PALKA. FLETCHER, LARAINE A., JACINTO MAY HAU, LYNDA M. FLO- i99I. Proyecto Arqueol6gico Regional Petexbatun: Informe pre- REY FOLAN, AND WILLIAM J. FOLAN. I987. Un analisis es- liminar 3, Tercera temporada. Guatemala: Instituto de Antro- tadistico preliminar del patr6n de asentamiento de . pologia e Historia de Guatemala. [AAD] Campeche: Universidad Aut6noma del Sudeste. DEMAREST, A., AND J. A. VALDES. I99I. "Conclusiones pre- FOLAN, WILLIAM J. I992. Calakmul, Campeche: A centralized liminares e interpretaciones de la temporada de campo de urban administrative center in the northern Peten. World Ar- i99i: Resumen y revisi6n general," in Proyecto Arqueol6gico chaeology 24:I58-68. Regional Petexbatun: Informe preliminar 3, Tercera tem- FOLAN, WILLIAM J., E. R. KINTZ, AND L. A. FLETCHER. porada. Guatemala: Instituto de Antropologia e Historia de I983. Coba: A Classic Maya metropolis. New York: Academic Guatemala. [AAD] Press. . I993. "Proyecto Arqueol6gico Regional Petexbatun: Re- FOLAN, WILLIAM J., JOYCE MARCUS, AND W. FRANK sultados y perspectivas de la cuarta temporada," in VI sim- MILLER, I995. Verification of a Maya settlement model posio de investigaciones arqueol6gicas en Guatemala. Edited through remote sensing. Cambridge Archaeological Journal by J. P. Laporte, H. Escobedo, and S. V. de Brady, pp. I55-58. 5(2). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia. [AAD] FOLAN, WILLIAM J., JOYCE MARCUS, SOPHIA PINCEMIN, . I994a. "Regresion politica y el colapso de la civilizaci6n MARIA DEL ROSARIO DOMINGUEZ CARRASCO, LARAINE Maya en la regi6n Petexbatun," in VIII simposio de investigaci- FLETCHER, AND ABEL MORALES L6PEZ. I995. Calakmul: ones arqueol6gicas en Guatemala. Guatemala: Museo Nacio- New data from an ancient Maya capital in Campeche, Mexico. nal de Arqueologia y Etnologia. [AAD] Latin American Antiquity 6:3IO-34. . Editors. I994b. Proyecto Arqueol6gico Regional Petexba- FORTES, MEYER. I945. 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