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In 1996, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Completed a Five

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In 1996, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Completed a Five OVERVIEW OF RESERVOIR RELEASE IMPROVEMENTS AT 20 TVA DAMS By John M. Higgins,1 Member, ASCE, and W. Gary Brock2 ABSTRACT: In 1987, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) authorized a com- prehensive review of reservoir operating priorities that had been followed since 1933. The purpose was to ensure optimum operation of the reservoir system, rec- ognizing that needs, demands, and values change over time. The review resulted in a ®ve-year, $50 million program to improve the quantity and quality of releases from 20 dams in the Tennessee Valley. TVA worked with state and federal resource agencies to de®ne minimum ¯ow and dissolved oxygen targets for each tailwater. Facilities and operating procedures were designed and installed to meet the target conditions. This paper describes the facilities, operating procedures, and perfor- mance of the reservoir release improvements. Alternative approaches, monitoring requirements, operational problems, and costs are discussed. Results from four years of operation are presented. INTRODUCTION In 1996, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) completed a ®ve-year, $50 million program to improve the quantity and quality of releases from 20 dams in the Tennessee Valley. Prior to the program, over 500 km of tailwaters were being adversely impacted by reservoir releases. Hydropower operations re- sulted in periods of zero ¯ow below some dams. Thermal reservoir strati®- cation resulted in the release of water low in dissolved oxygen (DO), affecting downstream water quality, aquatic habitat, recreation, and waste assimilation. To improve the releases, TVA worked with resource agencies and nongov- ernmental organizations to de®ne minimum ¯ow and dissolved oxygen tar- gets. Facilities were installed and operating procedures developed to meet the target conditions. This paper provides an overview of the ®ve-year program. Conditions cre- ating the need for improvements and the planning process are described. The facilities installed and their operation are discussed. The resulting improve- ments in downstream ¯ows, water quality, and aquatic biota are summarized. Conclusions are presented from the release improvement program and use of the minimum ¯ow and aeration technologies. BACKGROUND Fig. 1 shows the 20 dams included in the release improvement program. These and other TVA dams are operated according to priorities de®ned in the TVA Act of 1933. Section 9a of the act requires that the reservoir system be operated primarily for navigation and ¯ood control, and to the extent consis- tent with these purposes, for power production. From 1933 until initiation of 1Sr. Water Quality Engr., Envir. Compliance, Tennessee Valley Authority, 1101 Market St., CST 17 B-C, Chattanooga, TN 37402-2801. 2Program Mgr., Water and Hydro Projects, Tennessee Valley Authority, 400 W. Summit Hill Dr., WT 10C-K, Knoxville, TN 37902-1499. Note. Discussion open until September 1, 1999. To extend the closing date one month, a written request must be ®led with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on Sep- tember 11, 1998. This paper is part of the Journal of Energy Engineering, Vol. 125, No. 1, April, 1999. ᭧ASCE, ISSN 0733-9402/99/0001-0001±0017/$8.00 ϩ $.50 per page. Paper No. 19241. JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING / APRIL 1999 / 1 FIG. 1. Reservoir Release Improvement Projects in Tennessee Valley 2 / JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING / APRIL 1999 the release improvement program in 1991, TVA interpreted section 9a to permit reservoir operations for other objectives, such as water quality and recreation, only if consistent with the three primary objectives of navigation, ¯ood control, and power (TVA 1990). Maximizing system bene®ts for the primary purposes has a variety of con- sequences for lake levels, release patterns, and the quality of reservoir tail- waters. Among the consequences are periods of no discharge and other pe- riods of low DO in water released (Table 1). Hydropower is most valuable during peak demand hours. For this reason, night and weekend releases are typically minimized, resulting in extended periods of no discharge. Prior to 1991, 12 of the 20 reservoirs shown in Table 1 had a mean minimum daily ¯ow of less than 5 m3/s Two- to three-day periods of zero discharge were common at some projects. Tailwater aquatic habitat was limited, and ®shery resources were poorly developed. Most of the projects have low-level or mid-level turbine intakes that with- draw water from near the bottom of the reservoir. During the summer and fall months, thermal strati®cation isolates the lower portion of the reservoir from atmospheric aeration. DO concentrations at 16 projects are signi®cantly depressed during this period by natural biochemical processes. The subse- quent release of this hypolimnetic water can create tailwaters with a DO concentration that is below the state water quality standard. Historically, the average period of depressed DO ranged from 17 days at Fort Loudoun Dam to 199 days at Tims Ford Dam (Table 1). The minimum DO concentra- tion ranged from near zero at Cherokee and Tims Ford Dams to 5.0 mg/L at Apalachia Dam. As the released water traveled downstream, natural re- aeration restored the DO. The distance required for reaeration varies from dam to dam and is dependent on the ¯ow rate. Under normal ¯ow condi- tions, over 500 km of tailwaters experienced low DO concentrations (Table 1). In 1987, TVA authorized a comprehensive review of reservoir operating priorities that had been followed since 1933. The purpose was to ensure optimum operation of the reservoir system, recognizing that needs, demands, and values change over time. Navigation, ¯ood control, and power production are still important objectives, but water quality, recreation, and economic development also provide substantial regional bene®ts. The review was in response to a growing number of requests from people in the Tennessee Valley for major adjustments in TVA's reservoir management policy. Two basic changes were evaluated: (1) improving water quality and aquatic habitat by increasing minimum ¯ow rates and aerating releases to raise dissolved oxygen levels; and (2) extending the recreation season on TVA lakes by delaying drawdown for other reservoir operating purposes, primarily hydro- power generation. Trade-offs between operating objectives and alternatives require broad pub- lic and private participation. The National Environmental Policy Act requires a formal Environmental Impact Statement and public review. The initial scop- ing process included 11 information meetings attended by over 800 people; two intensive planning meetings involving 60 technical, governmental, and private representatives; and written comments from over 100 individuals and groups. Twelve public meetings were held to solicit review comments on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Nearly 1,200 registrants attended the meetings, providing 627 written and 196 verbal responses. The public par- ticipation process assisted TVA in de®ning the issues, objectives, alternatives, and values to be balanced. The process was also instrumental in evaluating JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING / APRIL 1999 / 3 4 / JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING / APRIL 1999 TABLE 1. Characteristics of Reservoir Release Flows and DO Concentrations Mean Mean minimum Stream length im- Mean minimum Mean number of days Stream length im- ¯ow daily ¯ow pacted by low ¯ow DO concentration DO concentration pacted by low DO Dam (m3/s) (m3/s) (km) (mg/L) below targeta (km) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Apalachia 62 4 24 5.0 64 3 Blue Ridge 17 0 21 3.4 83 24 Booneb 72 6 0 3.9 46 16 Chatuge 13 0 29 1.3 91 11 Cherokee 130 2 76 0.2 122 80 Douglas 197 4 40 0.9 113 129 Fontanab 114 1 2 2.7 54 8 Fort Loudounb 466 41 0 3.7 17 68 Fort Patrick Henry 75 20 53 3.8 59 8 Hiwasseeb 60 1 0 4.1 82 5 Norris 119 2 21 1.0 120 21 Nottely 12 0 23 1.0 81 5 South Holston 28 0 23 0.8 122 10 Tims Ford 27 1 69 0.4 199 64 Watauga 20 0 13 3.8 66 3 Watts Barb 798 124 0 4.5 27 48 Chickamaugab 984 192 0 5.3 0 0 Kentuckyb 1,797 376 0 6.1 0 0 Ocoee No. 1 40 5 19 6.9 0 0 Pickwickb 1,614 312 0 6.5 0 0 [Total] Ð Ð 413 Ð 1,346 503 Note: Based on daily ¯ow and weekly DO data from 1960 through 1996. Data affected by release improvements have been omitted. aDO target is 6.0 mg/L for nine dams with coldwater downstream ®shery, and 4.0 mg/L for 11 dams with warmwater downstream ®shery. bThese tailwaters are not impacted by low ¯ows due to backwater from downstream reservoirs. the effects of potential operational changes and in establishing speci®c nu- merical objectives (e.g., minimum ¯ows and DO targets). Results of the review are presented in the Final Environmental Impact Statement, issued in December 1990. Modi®ed operating policies are rec- ommended for 20 of the 40 major TVA dams. Minimum DO targets are recommended for 16 dams. Minimum ¯ows are recommended for 12 of the 16 dams and for four other dams. Minimum ¯ows are based on downstream water needs (e.g., aquatic habitat, water supply, and waste assimilation), hy- dropower generation, and reservoir pool elevations. DO targets are generally set at 6.0 mg/L for coldwater ®sheries and 4.0 mg/L for warmwater ®sheries (warmwater targets are actually 5.0 mg/L, with 4.0 mg/L coming from release improvements and 1.0 mg/L coming from pollution control measures to be implemented in the upstream watershed). In early 1991, the TVA Board of Directors accepted the report recommendations and initiated the Reservoir Releases Improvements Program.
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