The Election of ’s First Episcopal Page 11

Fall 2007 Volume 42, Number 3

The Other Librarian Clara Baldwin and the Public Library Movement in Minnesota — Page 4

Clara F. Baldwin in 1936, shortly before her retirement from her position as the director of the Division of Libraries in the Minnesota Department of Education. She was a long-time leader in the Public Library movement in Minnesota whose career is profiled in this issue. Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY Executive Director RAMSEY COUNTY Priscilla Farnham Founding Editor (1964–2006) Virginia Brainard Kunz Editor Hıstory John M. Lindley Volume 42, Number 3 Fall 2007 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY the mission statement of the ramsey county historical society BOARD OF DIRECTORS adopted by the board of directors in July 2003: Howard Guthmann Chair The Ramsey County Historical Society shall discover, collect, W. Andrew Boss preserve and interpret the history of the county for the general public, President recreate the historical context in which we live and work, and make Judith Frost Lewis First Vice President available the historical resources of the county. The Society’s major Paul A. Verret responsibility is its stewardship over this history. Second Vice President Joan Higinbotham Secretary C O N T E N T S J. Scott Hutton Treasurer Thomas H. Boyd, Norlin Boyum, Julie 3 Letters Brady, Carolyn J. Brusseau, Anne Cowie, 4 The Other Librarian Nancy Randall Dana, Charlton Dietz, Joanne A. Englund, Robert F. Garland, John Clara Baldwin and the Public Library Movement in Minnesota Holman, George A. Mairs, Laurie Murphy, Robert F. Garland Richard H. Nichol­son, Marla Ordway, Sally D. Patterson, Marvin J. Pertzik, Jay 11 Creating a Diocese Pfaender, Ralph Thrane, David Thune, Richard Wilhoit. The Election of Minnesota’s First Episcopal Bishop Richard T. Murphy Sr. Anne Beiser Allen Director Emeritus 16 Growing Up in St. Paul EDITORIAL BOARD Frogtown’s Arundel Street Anne Cowie, chair, James B. Bell, John Diers, Thomas H. Boyd, Laurie Murphy, Richard H. James R. Brown Nicholson, Paul D. Nelson, Jay Pfaender, David Riehle, G. Richard Slade, Steve Trimble, 24 Roseville’s “Lost Son” Honored Mary Lethert Wingerd. John M. Lindley HONORARY ADVISORY BOARD 25 Book Reviews Olivia I. Dodge, William Fallon, William Finney, Robert S. Hess, George Latimer, Joseph S. Micallef, Robert Mirick, Marvin J. Pertzik, James Reagan, Rosalie E. Wahl, Publication of Ramsey County History is supported in part by a gift from Donald D. Wozniak. Clara M. Claussen and Frieda H. Claussen in memory of Henry H. Cowie Jr. RAMSEY COUNTY COMMISSIONERS and by a contribution from the late Reuel D. Harmon Commissioner Tony Bennett, chair Commissioner Victoria Reinhardt Commissioner Toni Carter Commissioner Rafael Ortega Commissioner Janice Rettman Commissioner Jan Parker A Message from the Editorial Board Commissioner Jim McDonough David Twa, manager, Ramsey County he theme for this issue is the creativity of diverse Ramsey county residents as they responded to change. TBob Garland adds an important chapter to Minnesota women’s history with his account of Clara F. Baldwin, Ramsey County History is published quarterly who headed the drive to build a library system in greater Minnesota as its population grew. From the time she by the Ramsey County Historical Society, 323 Landmark Center, 75 W. Fifth Street, St. graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1892, Baldwin worked to make books accessible to all Minne­ Paul, Minn. 55102 (651-222-0701). Printed in sotans. As state librarian from 1900 to 1936, she first oversaw the development of traveling libraries, then a U.S.A. Copy­right 2007, Ramsey­ County His­ comprehensive system of local libraries. James Brown follows an earlier article for this magazine with more torical Society.­ ISSN Number 0485-9758. All lively reminiscences of growing up in the 1920s and ’30s in Frogtown, which was then a vital neighborhood rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or otherwise reproduced near the state capitol that included African-American residents. His early relationships and activities, followed without written permission from the pub- by his education on racism at the neighborhood barbershop, make a compelling read. And Anne Beiser Allen lisher. The Society assumes no responsibility tells the intriguing story of Rev. Henry B. Whipple’s election as the first Episcopal bishop of Minnesota in for statements­ made by contributors. Fax 651- 1859, as that denomination was expanding in the new state. We hope you enjoy reading it all. 223-8539; ­e-mail address [email protected].; web site address www.rchs.com Anne Cowie Chair, Editorial Board

2 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY Creating a Diocese The Election of Minnesota’s First Episcopal Bishop

Anne Beiser Allen n the morning of June 29, 1859, approximately fifty delegates from and elect a bishop to govern it. Both the twenty-two Episcopal parishes in the new diocese of Minnesota gath- diocese and its bishop-elect must then re- Oered in St. Paul’s Church at Olive and Ninth streets in St. Paul to ceive a vote of approval from the national choose their first bishop.1 General Convention in order to become a legitimate part of the Protestant Episcopal­ Minnesota was changing rapidly from a church leaders felt it was time to begin or- Church of the of America. frontier region to one filled with farms, ganizing an independent diocese. Thus, in September 1857, a convention towns, and industry. Its population had had been held at Christ Church in St. mushroomed following the signing of the Episcopal Church Polity Paul, at which a diocesan constitution was 1851 treaty in which Dakotah Indian lead- Although the Episcopal Church retains drawn up and approved. Further organi- ers ceded nearly 1.5 million acres of land many of the forms of the ancient Roman zational details were settled in 1858, but in the southern half of the state to the U.S. from which it derives, the election of a bishop had been put off government. In 1849, there were barely there are important differences in its gov- 4,000 white people in the region; by 1859 ernance. When the Church of England there were over 150,000, with more ar- severed its connection with Rome in riving every day. Towns sprang up almost the 1500s, it continued to operate in a overnight. The new settlers brought their system of local parishes, gathered into religious yearnings with them, and visit- dioceses governed by under ing preachers received a warm welcome, the archbishop of Canterbury. In 1789, whatever their denomination. In 1850, the the American Church, influenced by the Episcopal priest had republican philosophy of the late eigh- founded a three-man Associated Mission teenth century, abandoned the mother in St. Paul. Within a year, a parish known church’s authoritarian structure. Instead, as Christ Church had formed around the it set up a bicameral­ governing body, the mission and built a board-and-batten neo- General Convention, with a House of Gothic church on Cedar Street between Dele­gates consisting of elected lay and Third (now Kellogg Boulevard) and clergy delegates from each diocese, and Fourth. A missionary society, led by both a House of Bishops consisting of all bish- clergy and laity, was set up “to assist in ops in the church. The General Conven- the erection and completion of churches tion meets every three years to decide is- throughout the territory.”2 sues of importance to the national church By 1857 nineteen Episcopal churches as a whole. Each individual diocese sets had been founded in Minnesota, and sev- its own operating rules, however, and James Lloyd Breck (1818–1876), Episcopal eral others were in the early stages of the bishop of that diocese, along with an priest and missionary. Educated in Philadel- formation. There were nearly 400 official elected standing committee that is com- phia by William Muhlenberg, a High Church- communicants among their congrega- posed of clergy and lay representatives, man whose fascination with liturgy predated tions, most of them leaders of their com- governs the diocese more or less inde- the Oxford Movement, Breck dreamed of 3 pendently. Each priest (minister) serving founding missions based on the ­medieval munities. These churches were under monastic model. In 1844 he founded ­Nashotah the supervision of the church’s mission- in the diocese is licensed by, and serves House in . Six years later, he came ary bishop of the Northwest, the Rt. Rev. at the discretion of, the diocesan bishop. to St. Paul, where his Associate Mission was ­, who was responsible for For a new diocese to be established the first Episcopal establishment in Minnesota. a broad area ranging from Kansas to Wis- in the United States, Episcopal Church After an unsuccessful attempt to organize a mission among the , Breck moved to consin. Now, with Minnesota on the brink law requires that representatives of both Faribault in 1857 and founded Seabury Theo- of statehood and the number of churches clerical and lay leadership convene to logical School. Photo courtesy of the Minne- steadily growing, Minnesota’s Episcopal draw up a constitution for the diocese sota Historical Society.

RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY 11 until 1859. Now it was time to choose the centered on Christ Church in the “Upper- man whose name would be presented to town.” Ebenezer Steele Peake had joined the General Convention’s planned meet- Breck’s Associated Mission in 1856 and ing in Richmond, Virginia, in October, at was responsible for the mission’s In- which time he would be consecrated the dian work, which he supervised from his first bishop of Minnesota. home in Crow Wing. Solon Manney was Delegates arrived from Christ Church the army chaplain at Fort Ripley. Other and the newly completed St. Paul’s Church clergy delegates included Edward P. in St. Paul; Holy Trinity in St. Anthony Gray, Ezra Jones, David Knickerbacker, (now part of Minneapolis); Gethsemane Joseph Russell, Joshua Sweet, John V. and St. Mark’s in Minneapolis; Holy Com- Van Ingen, Timothy Wilcoxson, John munion in St. Peter; St. Peter’s in Shako- Williamson, Charles Woodward, Mark pee; St. John’s in St. Cloud; Ascension Olds, John A. Fitch, Edward R. Welles, in Stillwater; St. Paul’s in Winona; Grace Dudley Chase, and Benjamin Evans. in Sauk Rapids; St. Luke’s in Hastings; St. John’s in Chanhassan; Trinity in St. The Lay Leaders Alban’s; St. John’s in Hassan; Christ in The thirty-plus lay delegates were also a Red Wing; Trinity in Stockton; St. John’s distinguished group. There was Isaac At- in Minnetonka;­ Trinity in Orono; St. Co- water of Gethsemane Church, a lawyer The Rt. Rev. Jackson Kemper (1789–1870), lumba at Gull Lake; and Trinity in Anoka. and newspaper editor who served on the missionary bishop of the Northwest from state Supreme Court and the university’s 1835 to 1859, whose district included Minne- The Clergy Leaders sota until 1857. Born in Pleasant Valley, New first board of regents. His fellow dele- York, Kemper oversaw the organization of the They were a diverse and highly respected gate from Gethsemane, Henry T. Welles, Diocese of Minnesota and the election of Rev. group of men. Nineteen of them were was an entrepreneur in lumber, railroads, as its first bishop. ordained ministers. Ezekiel Gear, aged and real estate who had been elected Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress. 66, had served as army chaplain at Fort the first mayor of Minneapolis in 1855. Snelling since 1837; lame, feisty and gar- Harwood Iglehart of St. Paul’s was a rulous, he was revered as the diocese’s wealthy lawyer and real estate speculator Lowertown, a growing area positioned a elder statesman. James Lloyd Breck was from Maryland whose name is preserved short distance downriver from the city’s a visionary who had recently moved in St. Paul’s Iglehart Avenue. Captain earlier settlement. Despite recurrent finan- his mission’s headquarters to Faribault, Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana was cial problems caused by recessions and where he was organizing a theological a retired army officer who had super- bank failures in 1857 and 1859, the parish school. Breck was a strong proponent of vised the construction of Fort ­Ripley had managed to scrape together enough the High Church movement, which laid before going into banking. One of the money, with generous donations from a strong emphasis on liturgical worship founders of St. Paul’s Church, he served friends in the eastern states, to complete and called for the restoration of many of on its vestry and had donated the lots on the building and pay off its debt on the eve the Roman Catholic liturgical practices which the church was built. Henry Lam- of the convention. The smell of new wood that had been abandoned in the church’s bert, a lawyer from , was one from its recently installed pews scented early, more Protestant era. A vocal mem- of the first wardens at Christ Church. Eli the mid-summer air as the delegates knelt ber of the opposing Low Church or evan- T. Wilder of Minneapolis was a judge; to ask God’s blessing on their endeavors. gelical party, which advocated personal Loomis White of St. Paul was a real es- After formally consecrating the new conversion and was opposed what was tate salesman and banker; Charles W. church, Bishop Kemper called the meeting seen as the trappings of Catholicism, was Wooley of St. Paul was a prosperous to order at 3 pm. In his opening address, Jacob S. Chamberlain, the missionary merchant from Iowa. Representing the the seventy-year-old bishop announced son-in-law of Bishop Philander Chase, Ojibwe mission at Gull Lake was an that, having served for nearly twenty-five the diocesan in Illinois. Arriving in Min- ­Ottawa Indian from Canada named John years as missionary bishop, he intended nesota in 1852, Chamberlain had estab- Johnson Enmegabowh, who had come to to resign his post at General Convention lished his headquarters at St. Anthony’s Minnesota in 1839, joined the Episcopal in October. Thereafter, he would serve Falls and traveled widely in the lower Church, and had been preaching Chris- only as bishop of Wisconsin. He planned Minnesota River valley, preaching and tianity to the Ojibwe for nearly twenty to visit Kansas “before July has elapsed,” organizing missions. Dr. Andrew Bell years. Enmegabowh would be ordained and would “attend to a few urgent calls” in Paterson, rector of St. Paul’s Church in as a deacon by Bishop Kemper at the Minnesota before that. But his jurisdiction St. Paul since 1857, came from a wealthy convention’s end.4 in the diocese would cease in October, family in New Jersey; his “Lowertown” These men gathered in the nave of following the consecration of the bishop faction tended to favor Low Church St. Paul’s Church, which had been built “you expect to elect this week.” views, in opposition to Breck’s faction over the past two years to serve St. Paul’s The implication was clear. There must

12 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY a candidate failed to be elected by both laity and clergy (voting separately) after two ballots, his name would be dropped from consideration. Two formal ballots had been taken on two successive days, and Tucker had been eliminated. Pat- erson, however, did not appear to have sufficient support among his fellow cler- gymen to be elected. When the results of the second vote were reported, Solon Manney asked for a brief adjournment to allow the clergy to discuss their options.

Deadlock at the Convention The eighteen clergymen retired to Cap- tain Dana’s nearby home, gathering in the parlor to discuss their dilemma. Sev- eral other names were proposed, but none of them seemed feasible. As the diocesan historian, George Tanner, later observed, “It was a critical moment in the history of the Diocese . . . the work of the church was suffering. . . . To a large extent every clergyman seemed free to do what was right in his own eyes, to organize work on lines of his own choosing without any visible bond of unity.” A bishop was Located at Olive and Ninth streets, St. Paul’s Church was founded in the capital city’s Lower- 6 town neighborhood in 1856. The conventions of 1858 and 1859, which completed the work of needed, but whom could they agree on? organizing the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota and elected the Rev. Henry Benjamin Whipple The men knelt briefly in prayer. its first bishop, were held at St. Paul’s. Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. When they finished, Solon Manney got to his feet and observed that he had no- ticed, in both ballots, that someone had be no further delay in choosing a bishop vote was taken, Dr. Tucker received written in the name of Henry Benjamin to run the new diocese. eleven votes out of the eighteen that had Whipple. Could the man who had cast been cast; Paterson received three; Alex- that vote explain it? The Election ander Vinton two; Abram Littlejohn one; Dr. Paterson admitted that, unwill- Process Begins and Henry Benjamin Whipple one.5 ing to cast a vote for his own candidacy Jacob Chamberlain promptly moved The convention then adjourned for the and yet not satisfied that his rival was that the election begin. His motion was day, to allow the laity to decide whether or sufficiently worthy, he had recalled an tabled to allow for discussion of the new not to accept the clergy’s nominee. It was incident that took place during his re- bishop’s salary. Chamberlain’s proposal soon apparent that they did not. Tucker’s cent visit to . A fellow clergy- of $2,000 a year was rejected in favor of support was strongest among the High man had asked him whom Minnesota Henry Welles’s proposal of $1,500. Then Church clergy associated with James would choose as its first bishop. When the credentials of several new parishes Lloyd Breck. Paterson, with the support of ­Paterson admitted that he didn’t know, were accepted. the evangelical clergy, was more popular the man said no one was more fitted to be At last, at 4:30, the convention pro- among the laity. Voting by parish rather a bishop than Henry Whipple, the young ceeded to the business of electing a than individually, the laity gave Tucker rector of Chicago’s Holy Communion bishop. After a brief prayer, a representa- ten votes and Paterson eleven. Church. After visiting Holy Communion, tive of the clergy who were present read When the delegates reconvened the Paterson was impressed by what he saw out their ballot of nominees. Of the five following morning, a second ballot was and heard. Whipple, he told his fellow names presented to the laity for consider- taken among the clergy. Tucker again clergymen, had arrived in Chicago two ation, two stood out: Dr. Andrew Pater- ­received eleven votes. This time Paterson years earlier with the mandate to form a son, rector of St. Paul’s, and Dr. John Ire- received six and Henry Whipple one. “free” church, one which would not fund land Tucker, author of a popular hymnal, The laity again voted ten parishes for its budget in the usual manner by renting who had been endorsed by Bishop Hora- Tucker to eleven for Paterson. pews, among the city’s railroad workers. tio Potter of New York. When the clergy It had been agreed beforehand that if The young clergyman had not only suc-

RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY 13 ceeded in organizing a viable parish in ments, and few modern conveniences. At that short time, but had even acquired a his consecration in Richmond that fall, church building to house it. Bishop Kemper also urged him not to Ezekiel Gear then recalled having met forget the needs of the nearly seventeen Whipple in 1856, when the young priest thousand “wandering Indians” who lived came to Minnesota to visit his brother in his new diocese. It was a tall order, but John, a land agent in Crow Wing. Gear Henry Whipple had always liked a chal- had been impressed by Whipple’s ge- lenge. nial manner and his beautiful speaking As a preacher, organizer, fund-raiser voice. He had been corresponding with and peacemaker, Henry Whipple had Whipple, trying to persuade him to be- few peers. Establishing his headquarters come rector of one of Minnesota’s new at Faribault, he built a cathedral and ex- churches. James Lloyd Breck admitted panded Breck’s tiny Seabury mission into that he had also been in correspondence a highly respected educational complex with Whipple for several years, receiv- comprising Seabury Theological School, ing money Whipple had collected for the Shattuck School, and St. Mary’s Hall. He Associated Mission’s work. An informal supervised the establishment of over 150 ballot was taken, and it was decided to churches and supported missions among present Whipple’s name to the laity when The Rev. Dr. Andrew Bell Paterson the state’s Dakotah and Ojibwe. Despite the convention resumed. (1815–1876), rector of St. Paul’s Church, was years of bronchial problems and frequent one of the leading candidates for election as the first Episcopal bishop of Minnesota. When operations for recurrent nasal polyps, his The Election of the election process became stalemated, Rev- voice retained a powerful beauty that Henry B. Whipple erend Paterson nominated Henry Whipple for “seemed to reach and search the very souls When the convention resumed, Whipple bishop. Born to a wealthy family in New Jer- of those that heard it.”8 His tall, erect fig- received fourteen votes from the clergy sey, Paterson first visited Minnesota in 1849 ure, deep-set eyes and flowing hair led and contributed two-thirds of the money for to Paterson’s four. Judge Wilder re- the construction of Christ Church in St. Paul. one English reporter to describe him as quested permission for the lay delegates In 1857 he became rector of St. Paul’s. Photo having “the figure of a sirdar and the face to withdraw for consultation, and they too courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. trooped over to Captain Dana’s house. Captain Dana told the group that he was familiar with Whipple’s reputation as an year-old Henry Whipple had come to the energetic and congenial clergyman. He ministry rather late in life after several reminded them that the members of St. years as a merchant and political activ- Paul’s had seriously considered invit- ist. Ill health had put an end to his for- ing Whipple to be their rector in 1856, mal education in 1840, and his financial before choosing Dr. Paterson instead. position as the father of two had forced He described Whipple’s work at his first him to take his theological training under parish in Rome, New York, and later in the private tutelage of W.D. Wilson, then Chicago. The lay delegates were con- rector of Christ Church in Sherburne but vinced. Returning to the church, they cast destined to become one of the found- a unanimous vote for Henry Whipple. ers of Cornell University. Following his Harwood Iglehart suggested that the con- ordination, Whipple was called to Zion vention make the vote unanimous, and the Church in Rome, New York, in 1849, clergy agreed. A committee was then ap- where he turned a “feeble” parish into a pointed to inform Whipple of his election. thriving religious community and raised Word spread quickly. Whipple had not money to build a new church. He left in yet received the official letter from the 1857 to organize the Church of the Holy The Rev. Dr. John Ireland Tucker Minnesota diocese when his friend and Communion in Chicago. (1819–1895) was another leading candidate As bishop of Minnesota, Whipple for election as the first Episcopal bishop fellow clergyman Robert Clarkson, rector in Minnesota. Photo from Doctor Tucker, of Chicago’s St. James Church, came up would be called upon to use the skills he had learned in Rome and Chicago, along Priest-Musician: A Sketch Which Contains to him after services, put his arm around the Doings and Thinkings of the Rev. John Whipple’s shoulders and congratulated with those he had acquired earlier as a Ireland Tucker, S.T.D., Including a Brief him on becoming Bishop of Minnesota. district worker with New York’s Demo- Converse about the Rise and Progress of cratic party, to organize a diocese cover- Church Music in America by Christopher A dumbfounded Whipple wrote in his W. Knauff (New York: A.D.F. Randolph Co., diary that evening, “May God help me!”7 ing nearly eighty thousand square miles, with few roads, widely scattered settle- 1897). Our thanks to anglicanhistory.org Born in upstate New York, the 37- for supplying this photo source.

14 RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY The Minneapolis Times reported his death on September 16, 1901, on its front page, giving it equal coverage with the funeral of President William ­McKinley. Today, the Episcopal Diocese of Min- nesota claims 28,000 baptized members in 127 congregations.13 Seabury Theo- logical School moved to Evanston, Il- linois, in 1933, becoming a partner in Seabury-Western Theological Seminary. Shattuck and St. Mary’s merged in 1984, but the school continues to maintain a high reputation, drawing students from all over the world. As the Diocese of Minnesota celebrates the 150th anniver- sary of its founding, Episcopalians across the state take understandable pride in the achievements of their first bishop, Henry Benjamin Whipple. Anne Beiser Allen is the author of And the Wilderness Shall Blossom: Henry Benjamin Whipple, Churchman, Educa- tor, Advocate for the Indians to be pub- lished by Afton Historical Society Press in the fall of 2007.

Notes 1. Most of the details regarding the events of the 1859 convention are taken from George C. Tanner, Fifty Years of Church Work in the Diocese of Minnesota, 1857–1907 (St. Paul: W.C. Pope, 1909), 286–293. The Rev. Henry Benjamin Whipple was thirty-seven years old in 1859, when he was elected 2. Tanner, 32, 48–49. first Episcopal bishop of Minnesota. Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society. 3. Tanner, 160–161, 297. 4. Much of the information on the lay delegates comes from the 1860 U.S. Census and from Tanner’s book. 5. As a deacon, the Rev. Mark Olds did not qualify to of a saint.”9 A colleague described him Here his record is more controversial. vote. He was subsequently ordained priest in 1861. as “ninety-nine parts St. John, one part Like most nineteenth century “Friends of 6. Tanner, 288–289. Captain Dana’s home later became New York politician,” a man who com- the Indian,” he hoped to see the Native the Roman Catholic Orphanage (Tanner, p. 146). bined “the wisdom of the serpent with the assimilated into the ­majority 7. Whipple’s diaries are in the Henry B. Whipple ­Papers, 10 1833–1934 at the Minnesota History Center, St. Paul, gentleness of the dove.” culture, as European immigrants had Minn., box 43. Whipple describes his reaction to his During his forty-two years in office, been. In addition to overseeing mission election as bishop on page 27 of his autobiography, the diocese grew to 11,495 confirmed work serving the Ojibwe and Dakotah in Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate; Being Remi- niscences and Recollections of the Right Reverend Henry members in 160 active congregations, his diocese, Bishop Whipple attended nu- Benjamin Whipple, D.D., LL. D, Bishop of Minnesota with perhaps three times that number merous national conferences and served (New York, Macmillan, 1901). attending services each Sunday.11 He at- on several government commissions. He 8. The Church Record, vol. 25, no. 10 (October 1901): 31. tended international conferences of the made thousands of speeches on Indian 9. An unidentified newspaper from Cambridge, England, in London, per- policy, and his reputation spread well be- quoted in Franklyn Curtiss-Wedge, History of Rice and Steele Counties (Chicago: H.C. Cooper Jr. & Co., 1910), suaded the American church to establish yond America’s borders. 282. missions in Cuba and Puerto Rico, and, In his letter of acceptance in 1859, 10. Charles L. Slattery, Certain American Faces (New as a member of the secular Peabody Edu- Whipple told the Minnesota diocesan del- York: E.C. Dutton, 1918), 102. cation Committee, helped to oversee the egates that he believed their call to him 11. This does not include the nearly 4,000 communicants in development of schools for former slaves “was from God.”12 By the end of his min- the Diocese of Duluth, which operated independently from 1895 to 1944. Statistics are from Tanner, p. 297, and the in the south after the Civil War. istry, the members of his diocese appar- 1909 U.S. Census report on churches in the United States. Whipple became most widely known, ently agreed with that assessment. Even 12. Whipple Papers, Minnesota History Center, box 2. however, as an outspoken advocate for the state’s non-Episcopalians regarded 13. Statistics are from the Minnesota Episcopal diocesan America’s Native American population. him as one of Minnesota’s living legends. newspaper, Soundings, Spring 2007.

RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY 15 A postcard view from about 1909 showing the Carnegie Library in Spring Valley, Minnesota. For more on Clara F. Baldwin and her role in the Public Library movement in Minnesota, see Robert Garland’s article beginning on page 4. Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society.

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