DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction to Thermodynamics Models for Process Engineering How to Choose a Thermodynamic Model

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction to Thermodynamics Models for Process Engineering How to Choose a Thermodynamic Model Introduction to Thermodynamics models for process engineering How to choose a thermodynamic model - Simulation Baptiste Bouillot École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne - Centre SPIN 2019-2020 Thermodynamics reminders Phase equilibrium theory Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Thermodynamic models Why study Thermodynamics ? Thermodynamic properties calculation (Hv, Hl, Cp,...) Phase equilibrium prediction 2/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Phase equilibrium theory Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Thermodynamic models Why study Thermodynamics ? Débit sortie P, T Tension vapeur ! Q Thermodynamic properties calculation (Hv, Hl, Cp,...) Phase equilibrium prediction 2/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Phase equilibrium theory Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Thermodynamic models How does it work ? P (bar) 220 C (Point critique) Liquide Solide (s) (T) P 1 point triple 0,006 Gaz 273,15 273,16 373,15 673,16 T (K) Data base Correlations Thermodynamic models (6= correlations) 3/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Phase equilibrium theory Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Thermodynamic models How does it work ? 60 (S) T=50°C P1 50 Liquide 40 courbe de bulle P (kPa) Liquide + Vapeur 30 courbe de rosée 20 Vapeur (S) P2 10 0 x1, y1 1 Data base Correlations Thermodynamic models (6= correlations) 3/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Phase equilibrium theory Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Thermodynamic models How does it work ? A 0 1 xB miscibilité M(x ,x ,x ) α A B C xA x B α α x A D β 1 immiscibilité 0 B 0 α β 1 x C xC x C C Data base Correlations Thermodynamic models (6= correlations) 3/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Phase equilibrium theory Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Thermodynamic models Issues : Thermodynamics and Chemical Engineering Express magnitudes that characterizes phase properties and phase equilibria from measurable quantities (T, P...) ! Thermodynamic Equilibria Pure phases and mixtures properties LV Pure phase : single Thermodynamic LL component potentials : LLV Mixtures : more than 1 H(T; P; :::), component G(T; P), A(T; V) LS Mixing properties S ... Chemical potential Cp calculation Cv Fugacities ... ... 4/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Phase equilibrium theory Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Thermodynamic models Objectives Sensitize the engineer to be to Thermodynamics and its importance, Identify issues and choose the apropriate thermodynamic model, Know the theory and how to use a complex thermodynamic model in a process 5/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Phase equilibrium theory Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Thermodynamic models Outline 1 Thermodynamics reminders 2 Phase equilibrium theory 3 Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium 4 Thermodynamic models 6/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Outline 1 Thermodynamics reminders 2 Phase equilibrium theory 3 Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium 4 Thermodynamic models 7/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Rappels Magnitude symbol unit Temperature TK Pressure P Pa Volume V m3 Molar composition x - Internal Energy UJ Enthalpy HJ Entropy SJ=K Gibbs “Free Energy” (Potential) GJ Helmoltz “Free Energy” (Potential) AJ Chemical Potential µ J=mol 8/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Potentials and Fundamental relations Fundamental relation A thermodynamic system can be perfectly defined by its fundamental relation : - S = f (U; V; N) - U = f (S; V; N) How to do without it ? 2 “equations of state”, OR : 0 Mechanic equation under the form f (P; Vm; T) = 0 Thermal relation under the form Cpm = T=N:(@S=@T)p = Cp(T) These equations are usually unknown ! 9/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Usuall Thermodynamic quantities Quantity symbol differential expression P ∗ Internal Energy U dU = TdS − PdV (+ i µidNi ) P ∗ Enthalpy H dH = TdS + VdP (+ i µidNi ) P ∗ Gibbs “Free Energy” (Potential) G dG = −SdT + VdP (+ i µidNi ) P ∗ Helmoltz “Free Energy” (Potential) A dA = −SdT − PdV (+ i µidNi ) ! Which one to use ? ? ? !“Best” differential expression ? ? ? 10/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Usuall Thermodynamic quantities Quantity differential expression (T,P) @V @V @V Internal Energy dU = Cp − P j dT − T j + P j dP @T P @T P @P T @V Enthalpy dH = Cp dT + V − T j dP @T P Helmoltz “Free Energy” (Potential) dA = −S − P @V j dT − P @V j dP @T P @P T Gibbs “Free Energy” (Potential) dG = −S dT + V dP C Entropy dS = p dT − @V j dP T @T P Temperature and Pressure are measurable quantities, therefore the “bests”. 10/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Gibbs Phase Rule How many degree of freedom ? : F = N − Φ + 2 − R (1) avec : F degree of freedom, N number of components (molecules), Φ number of phases, R constraints (additional relations such as, constant composition, chemical reaction, azeotropy...). 11/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Gibbs Phase Rule How many degree of freedom ? : F = NP− (bar)Φ + 2 − R (1) 220 C (Point critique) avec : F degree of freedom, Liquide Solide (T) N number of components (molecules), (s) P 1 Φ number of phases, point triple R constraints (additional relations0,006 such as, constant composition, chemical reaction, azeotropy...). Gaz 273,15 273,16 373,15 673,16 T (K) Example : - Single component system/single phase : F = 2 - Single component / two phases : F = 1 - Singel component / three phases : F = 0 11/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Gibbs Phase Rule How many degree of freedom ? : F = N − Φ + 2 − R (1) avec : F degree of freedom, N number of components (molecules), Φ number of phases, R constraints (additional relations such as, constant composition, chemical reaction, azeotropy...). 60 (S) T=50°C P1 50 Liquide 40 courbe de bulle Example : Binary system ? P (kPa) Liquide + Vapeur 30 courbe de rosée 20 Vapeur (S) P2 10 0 x1, y1 1 11/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Gibbs Phase Rule How many degree of freedom ? : F = N − Φ + 2 − R (1) avec : F degree of freedom, N number of components (molecules), Φ number of phases, R constraints (additional relations such as, constant composition, chemical reaction, azeotropy...). 60 (S) T=50°C P1 50 Example : Liquide - 1 phase : F = 3 40 courbe de bulle ( T-P-x for instance), P (kPa) Liquide + Vapeur - two phases : F = 2 30 courbe de rosée ( T-P ou T-x ou P-x for instance) 20 Vapeur (S) P2 10 0 x1, y1 1 11/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Gibbs-Duhem equation Remember that : P dU = TdS − PdV + i µdNi et que : U = f (S; V; Ni) These two equations lead to the standard Gibbs-Duhem equation : l’Équation de Gibbs-Duhem : X SdT − VdP + Nidµi = 0 (2) i Why is this equation essential ? 12/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Fundamental properties Phase equilibrium theory Phase rule Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Gibbs-Duhem Thermodynamic models Gibbs-Duhem equation Remember that : P dU = TdS − PdV + i µdNi et que : U = f (S; V; Ni) These two equations lead to the standard Gibbs-Duhem equation : l’Équation de Gibbs-Duhem : X SdT − VdP + Nidµi = 0 (2) i Why is this equation essential ? It provides the chemical potential variation as a function of measurable quantities, temperature adn pressure 12/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics reminders Chemical equilibrium ? Phase equilibrium theory Residual approach Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium Excess approach Thermodynamic models Conclusion - Objectives - Exercise Outline 1 Thermodynamics reminders 2 Phase equilibrium theory 3 Equilibrium equationss, issues of phase equilibrium 4 Thermodynamic models 13/85 Baptiste Bouillot Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hydrophilic Surface-Treating Aqueous Solution and Hydrophilic Surface
    Europaisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office Office europeenpeen des brevets EP 0 654 514 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) intci.6: C09D 201/00, C09D 177/04, of the grant of the patent: C09D 5/08, C23C 22/68, 09.12.1998 Bulletin 1998/50 C23C 22/66 (21) Application number: 94307102.7 (22) Date of filing: 28.09.1994 (54) Hydrophilic surface-treating aqueous solution and hydrophilic surface-treating method Hydrophile wassrige Oberflachenbehandlungslosung und hydrophiles Oberflachenbehandlungsverfahren Solution aqueuse hydrophile de traitement de surface, et methode de traitement de surface (84) Designated Contracting States: • Hirasawa, Hidekimi DE FR GB Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa (JP) • Yamasoe, Katsuyoshi (30) Priority: 06.10.1993 JP 250314/93 Yotsukaido-shi, Chiba (JP) (43) Date of publication of application: (74) Representative: Stuart, Ian Alexander et al 24.05.1995 Bulletin 1995/21 MEWBURN ELLIS York House (73) Proprietor: Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. 23 Kingsway Kita-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 531 (JP) London WC2B 6HP (GB) (72) Inventors: (56) References cited: • Matsukawa, Masahiko EP-A- 0 413 260 US-A-4 828 616 Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa (JP) US-A- 4 908 075 US-A- 4 973 359 • Mikami, Fujio Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa (JP) DO ^> lo ^- LO CO Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice the Patent Office of the Notice of shall be filed in o to European opposition to European patent granted. opposition a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid.
    [Show full text]
  • (CCC)95-Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) Relationship
    Minerals 2012, 2, 208-227; doi:10.3390/min2030208 OPEN ACCESS minerals ISSN 2075-163X www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Article Characterizing Frothers through Critical Coalescence Concentration (CCC)95-Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) Relationship Wei Zhang 1, Jan E. Nesset 2, Ramachandra Rao 1 and James A. Finch 1,* 1 Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 Univeristy Street, Wong Building, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada; E-Mails: [email protected] (W.Z.); [email protected] (R.R.) 2 NesseTech Consulting Services Inc., 17-35 Sculler’s Way, St., Catharines, ON L2N 7S9, Canada; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +01-514-398-1452; Fax: +01-514-398-4492. Received: 22 June 2012; in revised form: 26 July 2012 / Accepted: 31 July 2012 / Published: 13 August 2012 Abstract: Frothers are surfactants commonly used to reduce bubble size in mineral flotation. This paper describes a methodology to characterize frothers by relating impact on bubble size reduction represented by CCC (critical coalescence concentration) to frother structure represented by HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance). Thirty-six surfactants were tested from three frother families: Aliphatic Alcohols, Polypropylene Glycol Alkyl Ethers and Polypropylene Glycols, covering a range in alkyl groups (represented by n, the number of carbon atoms) and number of Propylene Oxide groups (represented by m). The Sauter 3 mean size (D32) was derived from bubble size distribution measured in a 0.8 m mechanical flotation cell. The D32 vs. concentration data were fitted to a 3-parameter model to determine CCC95, the concentration giving 95% reduction in bubble size compared to water only.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrification at Water–Hydrophobe Interfaces
    Electrification at water–hydrophobe interfaces Item Type Article Authors Nauruzbayeva, Jamilya; Sun, Zhonghao; Gallo Junior, Adair; Ibrahim, Mahmoud; Santamarina, Carlos; Mishra, Himanshu Citation Nauruzbayeva, J., Sun, Z., Gallo, A., Ibrahim, M., Santamarina, J. C., & Mishra, H. (2020). Electrification at water–hydrophobe interfaces. Nature Communications, 11(1). doi:10.1038/ s41467-020-19054-8 Eprint version Publisher's Version/PDF DOI 10.1038/s41467-020-19054-8 Publisher Springer Nature Journal Nature Communications Rights This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Download date 05/10/2021 16:06:59 Item License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10754/665657 ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19054-8 OPEN Electrification at water–hydrophobe interfaces Jamilya Nauruzbayeva1,3, Zhonghao Sun 2,3, Adair Gallo Jr.1,3, Mahmoud Ibrahim1, J. Carlos Santamarina 2 & ✉ Himanshu Mishra 1 The mechanisms leading to the electrification of water when it comes in contact with hydrophobic surfaces remains a research frontier in chemical science.
    [Show full text]
  • Physicochemical Properties and the Gelation Process of Supramolecular Hydrogels: a Review
    gels Review Physicochemical Properties and the Gelation Process of Supramolecular Hydrogels: A Review Abdalla H. Karoyo and Lee D. Wilson * Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-306-966-2961 Academic Editor: Clemens K. Weiss Received: 10 November 2016; Accepted: 2 December 2016; Published: 1 January 2017 Abstract: Supramolecular polysaccharide-based hydrogels have attracted considerable research interest recently due to their high structural functionality, low toxicity, and potential applications in foods, cosmetics, catalysis, drug delivery, tissue engineering and the environment. Modulation of the stability of hydrogels is of paramount importance, especially in the case of stimuli-responsive systems. This review will update the recent progress related to the rational design of supramolecular hydrogels with the objective of understanding the gelation process and improving their physical gelation properties for tailored applications. Emphasis will be given to supramolecular host–guest systems with reference to conventional gels in describing general aspects of gel formation. A brief account of the structural characterization of various supramolecular hydrogels is also provided in order to gain a better understanding of the design of such materials relevant to the nature of the intermolecular interactions, thermodynamic properties of the gelation process, and the critical concentration values of the precursors and the solvent components. This mini-review contributes to greater knowledge of the rational design of supramolecular hydrogels with tailored applications in diverse fields ranging from the environment to biomedicine. Keywords: gel; sol; aggregation; cyclodextrin; hydration 1. Introduction Polymer gels are generally defined as 3D networks swollen by a large amount of water [1].
    [Show full text]
  • T8532 Storage Temperature 25°C
    TRITON X-100 Product Number X-100, T9284, T8787, T8532 Storage Temperature 25°C CAS #: 9002-93-1 reported in numerous references. It does absorb in the Synonyms: X-100; TRITON X-1001; Octylphenol ultraviolet region of the spectrum, so it can interfere 1 ethylene oxide condensate with protein quantitation by absorption at A280nm. A number of polymeric resins have been used to remove Product Description X-100 from solution, including Amberlite hydrophobic XAD resins6 and Rezorian A161 cartridges.3 The "Triton X" series of detergents are produced from CH3 CH3 octylphenol polymerized with ethylene oxide. The number ("-100") relates only indirectly to the number of H3C C CH2 C (OCH2CH2)xOH ethylene oxide units in the structure. X-100 has an CH CH "average of 9.5" ethylene oxide units per molecule, with 3 3 an average molecular weight of 625.1,3 In addition, lower and higher mole adducts will be present in lesser amounts, varying slightly within supplier's standard manufacturing conditions. A by-product formed during x = 9-10 the reaction is polyethylene glycol, a homopolymer of Appearance: Liquid, clear to slightly hazy, colorless to ethylene oxide. Acid is also added to the product to light yellow neutralize the product after the base catalyzed reaction Specific gravity: 1.065 at 25°C (approx. 1.07 g/mL)1 is completed. No antioxidants are added by Sigma or Approximate Molecular Weight: 6251; the manufacturer, but commercial preparations of Triton 1 X-100 have been found to contain peroxides up to effective molarity =1.7 M for the neat liquid.
    [Show full text]
  • European Patent Specification
    (19) TZZ ¥_T (11) EP 2 629 763 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: A61K 9/00 (2006.01) A61Q 17/04 (2006.01) 06.12.2017 Bulletin 2017/49 A61K 8/49 (2006.01) A61K 31/353 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 11788238.1 (86) International application number: PCT/US2011/001802 (22) Date of filing: 24.10.2011 (87) International publication number: WO 2012/054090 (26.04.2012 Gazette 2012/17) (54) METHODS OF INCREASING SOLUBILITY OF POORLY SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING FORMULATIONS OF SUCH COMPOUNDS VERFAHREN ZUR ERHÖHUNG DER LÖSLICHKEIT VON SCHWER LÖSLICHEN VERBINDUNGEN UND VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON FORMULIERUNGEN DERARTIGER VERBINDUNGEN PROCÉDÉS VISANT À ACCROÎTRE LA SOLUBILITÉ DE COMPOSÉS FAIBLEMENT SOLUBLES, ET PROCÉDÉS DE FABRICATION ET D’UTILISATION DE FORMULATIONS DE TELS COMPOSÉS (84) Designated Contracting States: (74) Representative: Stafford, Jonathan Alan Lewis et AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB al GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO Marks & Clerk LLP PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR 1 New York Street Manchester M1 4HD (GB) (30) Priority: 22.10.2010 PCT/US2010/002821 22.04.2011 US 201113064882 (56) References cited: EP-A1- 1 600 143 EP-A1- 1 731 134 (43) Date of publication of application: WO-A2-2007/006497 WO-A2-2010/007252 28.08.2013 Bulletin 2013/35 DE-A1- 10 129 973 DE-A1- 10 260 872 US-A- 4 603 046 (60) Divisional application: 17199056.7 • RODRIGUEZ-TENREIRO ET AL: "Estradiol sustained release from high affinity cyclodextrin (73) Proprietor: Vizuri Health Sciences LLC hydrogels", EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF Fairfax, VA 22033 (US) PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V., (72) Inventor: BIRBARA, Philip, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Surfactants, Cosurfactants, and Oils for Prospective Use in Formulation of Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions
    pharmaceutics Article Studies on Surfactants, Cosurfactants, and Oils for Prospective Use in Formulation of Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions Shahla S. Smail 1,2,* , Mowafaq M. Ghareeb 3, Huner K. Omer 2 , Ali A. Al-Kinani 1,* and Raid G. Alany 1,4 1 Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, Department of Pharmacy, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK; [email protected] 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil 44001, Iraq; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10011, Iraq; [email protected] 4 School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.S.S.); [email protected] (A.A.A.-K.) Abstract: Nanoemulsions (NE) are isotropic, dispersions of oil, water, surfactant(s) and cosurfac- tant(s). A range of components (11 surfactants, nine cosurfactants, and five oils) were investigated as potential excipients for preparation of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) ocular nanoemulsion. Diol cosur- factants were investigated for the effect of their carbon chain length and dielectric constant (DEC), Log P, and HLB on saturation solubility of KT. Hen’s Egg Test—ChorioAllantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay was used to evaluate conjunctival irritation of selected excipients. Of the investigated surfac- Citation: Smail, S.S.; Ghareeb, M.M.; Omer, H.K.; Al-Kinani, A.A.; Alany, tants, Tween 60 achieved the highest KT solubility (9.89 ± 0.17 mg/mL), followed by Cremophor RH R.G. Studies on Surfactants, 40 (9.00 ± 0.21 mg/mL); amongst cosurfactants of interest ethylene glycol yielded the highest KT Cosurfactants, and Oils for solubility (36.84 ± 0.40 mg/mL), followed by propylene glycol (26.23 ± 0.82 mg/mL).
    [Show full text]
  • PATENT OFFICE 2,159,312 PROCESS for BREAKING OL-N-WATER, TYPE PETROLEUM EMULSIONS Carles M
    Patented May 23, 1939 2,159,312 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,159,312 PROCESS FOR BREAKING OL-N-WATER, TYPE PETROLEUM EMULSIONS Carles M. Blair, Jr., Webster Groves, Mo., assign or to fhe Tret-O-Lite Company, Webster Groves, Mc., a corporation of Missouri No orawing. Application December 13, 1937, Serial No. 179,471 1. Claims. (CI. 196-4) This invention relates to the treatment of a tive colioid or equivalent thereof. To this extent, certain peculiar kind of naturally occurring crude although not necessarily due to this factor alone, oil emulsion and has for its main object to provide these particular or peculiar oil field emulsions, a practicable process for separating the water ianiely, the naturally occurring oil-in-water ... and oil contained in said peculiar emulsion. emulsions having a significant proportion of dis 5 The vast majority of petroleum emulsions are of persed phase and a substantially complete absence the Water-in-oil type and comprise fine droplets Of a protective colloid or equivalent substance of naturally occurring waters or brines dispersed appear to be substantially a new type of emulsion in a more or less permanent state throughout the that requires a new method of treatment, in 10. oil, which constitutes the continuous phase of the order to separate them economically and rapidly O emulsion. They are obtained from producing into their component parts, and thus permit the wells and from the botton of oil storage tanks, recovery of dry or merchantable oil, and are commonly referred to as "cut oil', 'roily It is to be emphasized that the external phase oil', 'emulsified oil', and 'bottom settlings'.
    [Show full text]
  • Affinity of Small-Molecule Solutes to Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic, and Chemically Patterned Interfaces in Aqueous Solution
    Affinity of small-molecule solutes to hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and chemically patterned interfaces in aqueous solution Jacob I. Monroea, Sally Jiaoa, R. Justin Davisb, Dennis Robinson Browna, Lynn E. Katzb, and M. Scott Shella,1 aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; and bDepartment of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 Edited by Peter J. Rossky, Rice University, Houston, TX, and approved November 17, 2020 (received for review September 30, 2020) Performance of membranes for water purification is highly influ- However, a molecular understanding that links membrane enced by the interactions of solvated species with membrane surface chemistry to solute affinity and hence membrane func- surfaces, including surface adsorption of solutes upon fouling. tional properties remains incomplete, due in part to the complex Current efforts toward fouling-resistant membranes often pursue interplay among specific interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds, surface hydrophilization, frequently motivated by macroscopic electrostatics, dispersion) and molecular morphology (e.g., sur- measures of hydrophilicity, because hydrophobicity is thought to face and polymer configurations) that are difficult to disentangle increase solute–surface affinity. While this heuristic has driven di- (11–14). Chemically heterogeneous surfaces are even less un- verse membrane functionalization strategies, here we build on derstood but can affect fouling in complex ways.
    [Show full text]
  • The Molecular Basis of Surface Activity
    The Molecular Basis of Surface Activity Dong-Myung Shin Hongik University Department of Chemical Engineering Molecular Basis – Basic Structure for Sur. Act. Stories about surfactants (surface active agents) DM Shin : Hongik University Molecular Basis – Basic Structure for Sur. Act. • BASIC STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE ACTIVITY • Lyophobic Group - Little attraction to the solvent (Hydrophobic - water repellent) • Lyophilic Group - Strong attraction to the solvent (Hydrophilic- fond of water) • Amphiphilic (“liking both”) - some affinity for two essentially immiscible phases • Lyophobic group and solvent interaction unfavorable distortion of solvent structure Increase in energy (due to entropy) preferential adsorption at interface or undergo low energy system (eg. Micelle formation) DM Shin : Hongik University Molecular Basis – Preferrential Orientation Preferrential Orientation Orientation of Surfactant Molecules Orientation away from the bulk solvent phase change in physical properties DM Shin : Hongik University Molecular Basis – Solubility Solubility Hydrophobic group - Hydrophilic group balance 물을 예를 들면 Hydrophobic: Hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon, siloxane chain을사용할수 있고 Hydrophilic: ionic and polar group 이 용해를 시키는데 유용하다. Hydrocarbon 용매의 경우에는 반대로 생각하면 된다. 온도, 압력, surfactant 주변의 조건이 바뀌면 용해도 및 interfacial properties가변하게된다. DM Shin : Hongik University Molecular Basis – Surfactant Struc. & Sources SURFACTANT STRUCTURES AND SOURCES Building Surfactant Molecules Functional group Modification Alcohol dodecane [CH3(CH2) 10CH3], insoluble in
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Physics
    Biological Physics FYS4715 2020 Some questions Write, 5 min, read aloud the parts you want, publish anonymously, helpful for me • Why did you choose to follow FYS4715? • What do you expect to get out of the course? • What have you learnt previously that is relevant for the course? • What education background do you have? Themes this year • General: Processes on cellular and molecular scale • 1nm – 100 um • from atomic to macroscopic: stat mech • small scale: atomic forces, velocities, charges • large scale: surface tension, stress-strain, diffusion, osmosis, electrochemistry • Nelson ch 1-8, 12 + chosen topics • Projects: • Passive and active swimmers • Cellular Potts model (?) • Mechanobiology, effects of ultrasound on cells • Bioimpedance • Nerve impulses Chapter 1 • What is heat? • Entropy • 2nd law vs. order • Free energy • Osmosis • Physical models • For biologists: https://www.natur e.com/articles/d41 586-019-03960-z Biological Physics • In physics we make mathematical models and calculate stuff • What is the volume of one molecule of water? • Most famous model: ideal gas • equation of state: PV = nkBT • What is PV? • How much is kBT? pN forces nm distances Chapter 2: What’s inside cells • Biological question: How do organisms organize all the chemical processes? • Physical ideas • Compartmentalization • Active transport • Specific processes • Non-linearity -> switching in networks Polar – hydrophilic – water soluble Hydrophobe & amphiphile higher energy cost energy and entropy Important molecules • Important nitrogenous bases: Adenine,
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Hydrophobe Fraction Content on the Rheological Properties of Hydrosoluble Associative Polymers Obtained by Micellar Polymerization
    http://www.e-polymers.org e-Polymers 2012, no. 009 ISSN 1618-7229 Influence of hydrophobe fraction content on the rheological properties of hydrosoluble associative polymers obtained by micellar polymerization Enrique J. Jiménez-Regalado,1* Elva B. Hernández-Flores2 1Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA) Blvd. Enrique Reyna #140, 25253, Saltillo, Coahuila, México; e-mail: [email protected] bCentro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA) Blvd. Enrique Reyna #140, 25253, Saltillo, Coahuila, México; e-mail: [email protected] (Received: 20 November, 2009; published: 22 January, 2012) Abstract: The synthesis, characterization and rheological properties in aqueous solutions of water-soluble associative polymers (AP’s) are reported. Polymer chains consisting of water-soluble polyacrylamides, hydrophobically modified with low amounts of N,N-dihexylacrylamide (1, 2, 3 and 4 mol%) were prepared via free radical micellar polymerization. The properties of these polymers, with respect to the concentration of hydrophobic groups, using steady-flow and oscillatory experiments were compared. An increase of relaxation time (TR) and modulus plateau (G0) was observed in all samples studied. Two different regimes can be clearly distinguished: a first unentangled regime where the viscosity increase rate strongly depends on hydrophobic content and a second entangled regime where the viscosity follows a scaling behavior of the polymer concentration with an exponent close to 4. Introduction Water-soluble polymers are of great interest from the scientific as well as the technological point of view. These polymers have been subjected to extensive research [1]. Water-soluble polymers are present in the composition of different types of industrial formulations as stabilizing, flocculants, absorbent, emulsifiers, thickeners, etc.
    [Show full text]