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A Comparison Between Men Charged with Domestic and Nondomestic Homicide

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A Comparison Between Men Charged with Domestic and Nondomestic Homicide A Comparison Between Men Charged with Domestic and Nondomestic Homicide Anasseril E. Daniel, MD, MRC Psych, and William R. Holcomb, PhD Two hundred thirteen males charged with mur4er and who received pretrial psychiatric evaluations were divided into two groups of domestic and nondomestic homicide defendants. Demographics, developmental and fam­ ily background, prior criminal records, victim characteristics, and psychi­ atric status at the time of the crime were used to compare these groups. Those who were charged with intrafamilial homicide tend to be older, have a more stable adjustment in the community, but have more evidence of early childhood behavioral problems. Also, they are more likely to have committed prior crimes against persons. Two psychosocial stressors which were found to be important were the recent loss of employment and recent release from a psychiatric hospital. Post-offense suicidal attempts and psychotic/bizarre behavior were more prevalent for the intrafamilial mur­ derers. Implications of these results for forensic psychiatry and future directions of research are discussed. The significance of violence in the family as a major public health issue in the U.S. was highlighted by the appointment of the President's Task Force on Family Violence (1983). Although violence between family mem­ bers is rarely viewed as criminal, intrafamilial homicide is a well-defined entity and has been investigated extensively by criminologists. However, the psychiatric literature on homicide within the family seems to be sparse. Murders within the family constitute one-third of all homicides in the U.S. Spouses kill spouses in 50 percent of intrafamilial murders; in the rest, parents kill children, children kill parents, and other relatives kill one another. Several types of family murder are recognized: (1) filicide (murder of a child by parents); (2) neonaticide l (murder of the newborn child); (3) parricide which is either matricide (murder of mother by a child) or patricide (murder of father); (4) uxoricide (spouse murder); (5) fratricide (sibling murder); and (6) familicide2 (murder of the entire family). l 3 A review of specific categories - of intrafamilial murder suggests that Dr: Daniel is an asaociate profe880r of peychiatry, University of Mi880uri, School of Medicine, and chief of staff, Mid-Mi880uri Mental Health Center, Columbia, MO. Dr. Holcomb is clinical aaaistant Professor of psychiatry, University of Mi880uri, School of Medicine, and the coordinator of Treatment Services, Mid-Mi880uri Mental Health Center, Columbia, MO. This paper was presented at the 15th Annual meeting of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law in N8888U, Bahamas, 1984. Address reprint requests to Dr. Daniel. Bun Am Ac.d Paychlatry lIIw, Vol. 13, No.3, 1985 233 Daniel and Holcomb most perpetrators have a serious mental illness. Resnick' demonstrated in his review of the literature on filicidal parents from 1751 to 1967 that 70 percent of the filicidal mothers were psychiatrically ill, most with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Daniel and Harris3 reported that 87 percent of the mothers who killed their children were psychotic. Among patricidal killers, the most common diagnosis seems to be paranoid schizophrenia.4 While an associa­ tion seems to exist between psychosis and specific categories of domestic homicide such as matricide, filicide, or patricide, the cause and effect of such a relationship remain unknown. In contrast to matricidal, filicidal, and patricidal offenders, murderers of newborn children and spouse murderers seem to be less severely psychiat­ rically disturbed. While systematic and controlled studies of spouse murder are lacking, most of the relevant findings are derived from case reports that address only the dynamic aspects. Case reports2 indicate that the most likely pathologic state among famil­ icidal offenders seems to be an altered state of consciousness. Some are depressed and suicidal and attempt to destroy the family unit totally with an altruistic motivation. Occasionally, familicide is committed with cold and calculated premeditation. Finally, occasional case reports attempt to link family murder to organic disorders such as hypoglycemia,S somnam­ bulism,6 and abnormal EEG patterns. 7 The purpose of our study was to compare the characteristics of domestic versus nondomestic homicide offenders with reference to demographic data, criminal profile, victim characteristics, family problems, and psychiatric diagnoses. We hypothesize that male domestic murderers have distinctive features when contrasted with nondomestic murderers. Method Two hundred thirteen males charged with murder who received pretrial psychiatric evaluations were examined to study domestic and nondomestic homicide. The sample consisted of all homicide defendants admitted con­ secutively to a midwestern maximum security forensic unit from 1976 to 1981. It is to be noted that the facility admits defendants from anywhere within the state, including rural and metropolitan areas. Eighty percent of all evaluations of homicide defendants performed by the State Department of Mental Health are done at this facility. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime reports, this sample represents approxi­ mately 15 percent of all murder and non-negligent manslaughter committed in the state over this six-year study period. Data for the study included interview notes, reports to the court, psycho­ logical reports, police reports, detailed social history, and, frequently, au­ topsy reports of the victims. We classified the sample into a domestic (44) 234 BuD Am Aced Plychilitry Law, Vol. 13, No.3, 1985 Domestic and Nondomestic Homicide and a non domestic group (169). The domestic defendant was defined as anyone who had a primary relationship with the victim and was living with the victim for more than six months. This group consisted of those who were charged with killing of wives (18), fathers (3), mothers (3), grandparents (2), children (5), live-in homosexual partner or girl friend (7), and other family members (4). The nondomestic group consisted of 169 defendants who were charged with killing of strangers, acquaintances, and victims of another crime such as robbery and sexual assault. Statistical comparisons were made using analysis of variance and chi­ square tests of difference. Results General Characteristics The sample of 213 defendants ranged in age from 15 to 74 years. While the mean age of the domestic homicide group was 35.04 ± 12.07, the mean age of the nondomestic group was 26.89 ± 10.2 (F = 18.79, P < .000 1). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in regard to race, ratings of job skills, educational level, and the number of prior arrests and convictions. Analysis of differ­ ences on degree of urbanization of the defendant's county of residence based on 1980 census ratings indicated no differences between the two groups. Table 1 presents select demographic characteristics of the sample. Those who had committed either personal or mixed personal and property crimes in the past compared with only property crimes were more often found in Table I. Comparison of Select DeJllOlP'1lpbic Characteristics of Domestic Homicide Offenders with NODdomestic Homidcle Offenders Domestic Nonciomestic Slpifkance N 'Yo N 'Yo x' df P Race White 34 77.27 110 65.09 2.36 2 NS Nonwhite 10 22.73 59 34.91 Marital status Divorced 5 11.90 29 17.47 Single 13 30.95 92 55.42 Widowed 13 30.95 2 1.20 45.85 4 0.0001 Separated 3 7.14 14 8.43 Married 8 19.05 29 17.47 Type of prior crimes Property 6 27.27 69 53.49 Person 9 40.91 12 9.30 16.25 2 0.0003 Mixed 7 31.82 48 37.21 Military history None 23 53.49 114 72.15 5.42 2 0.06 Bad discharge 5 11.63 11 6.97 Good discharge 15 34.88 33 20.89 Unemployed 24 55.81 105 66.04 1.5 NS Bun Am AC8d Psychiatry l.8w, Vol. 13, No.3, 1885 231 -- Daniel and Holcomb the domestic groups. In regard to marital status, more of the nondomestic defendants were single at the time of the crime. Fifty-three percent among the domestic group and 72 percent of the nondomestic group did not have a military history. This result may partially be explained by the age differ­ ence between groups, with the older domestic group being more likely to have had a military record. Among those who had been in the military, the domestic group more often tended to have a good discharge. Finally, there were no differences between the groups on whether the offender was unemployed at the time of the murder. Fifty-six percent of the domestic group were unemployed at the time of the murder and the nondomestic group had 66 percent unemployment. Criminal Profile Eighty percent of those involving a family member occurred in either the victim's and/or offender's home compared with only Table 2. Comparison or Data 011 Crime, Victim, Motive, aDd Post~fJense Behavior Between Domestic aDd Nondomestlc Homicide OfI'enden Domestic Nondomestlc N % N % Type of murder charged Capital 13 29.55 92 54.44 First degree 2 4.55 43 25.44 Second degree 25 56.82 33 19.53 40.17 3 0.0001 Manslaughter 4 9.09 1 0.59 Weapon/method of killing Rifle 3 6.82 17 10.06 Pistol 12 27.27 42 24.85 Shotgun 9 20.45 31 18.34 0.729 5 0.91 Other weapons I 2.27 6 3.55 Stabbing 10 22.73 38 22.49 No weapon 9 20.45 35 20.71 Motive Preplan ned 3 7.14 12 7.32 Self-defense 8 19.05 25 15.24 Accidental 5 11.90 13 7.93 Sex related 1 2.38 19 11.59 18.27 6 0.005 During a crime o 0.00 36 21.95 During arguments 11 26.19 21 12.80 No motive 14 33.33 38 23.17 Place of murder Victim/offender's home 35 83.33 56 34.15 Place of business 1 2.38 32 19.51 Street o 0.00 28 17.Q7 36.08 5 0.0001 Car 4 9.52 16 9.76 Other 2 4.76 32 19.21 Sex of victim Female 31 70.45 49 30.29 Male 13 29.55 113 69.75 23.55 0.0001 Behavior following murder Attempted suicide 7 16.67 17 10.40 Psychotic 16 38.10 24 14.82 15.09 3 0.0001 Normal 19 45.24 121 74.69 Bun Am Aced Paychietry Lew, Vol.
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