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Postoj USA Vůči Kubě MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztah ů a evropských studií Obor: Mezinárodní vztahy Postoj USA v ůč i Kub ě Magisterská práce Petra Martinkovi čová Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Petr Suchý, Ph.D. UČO: 156251 Obor: MV Imatrikula ční ro čník: 2009 Brno, 2011 Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto magisterskou práci na téma Postoj USA v ůč i Kub ě vypracovala samostatn ě a použila jen zdroje uvedené v seznamu literatury. V Brn ě, 11.12. 2011 Petra Martinkovi čová Ráda bych pod ěkovala PhDr. Petru Suchému, Ph.D. za vedení práce, cenné rady a čas, který mi v ěnoval. 1. Úvod..................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Kuba p řed Revolucí.............................................................................................................. 5 2.1. Triumf revoluce a odchod Batisty............................................................................... 7 3. Konec diplomatických vztah ů a za čátek embarga ............................................................. 11 3.1. Po čátky ekonomického nátlaku................................................................................. 12 3.2. Prohloubení krize ...................................................................................................... 15 4. Funk čnost embarga v pr ůběhu studené války .................................................................... 17 5. Překážky narovnání vztah ů v pr ůběhu studené války a pokusy je p řekonat...................... 19 5.1. Export revoluce ......................................................................................................... 22 6. Uvoln ění v pr ůběhu Carterovy administrativy................................................................... 24 7. Administrativa Ronalda Reagana....................................................................................... 27 7.1. Vznik CANF ............................................................................................................. 29 8. Konec studené války .......................................................................................................... 32 8.1. Americký postoj v ůč i Kub ě po studené válce........................................................... 33 8.2. Cuban Democracy Act .............................................................................................. 34 8.3. Význam CANF a exilu po konci studené války........................................................ 36 8.4. Zm ěny na Kub ě po konci studené války ................................................................... 38 8.5. Prom ěna kubánské zahrani ční politiky po studené válce.......................................... 39 9. Funk čnost embarga po studené válce................................................................................. 42 10. Administrativa Williama J. Clintona.................................................................................. 44 10.1. Krize z roku 1994...................................................................................................... 46 10.2. Helms – Burton ......................................................................................................... 47 10.3. Situace po schválení LIBERTAD ............................................................................. 50 10.4. Další sporné body v pr ůběhu Clintonovy administrativy.......................................... 51 11. Administrativa George W. Bushe ...................................................................................... 53 11.1. Kuba jako stát podporující terorismus ...................................................................... 54 11.2. Návšt ěva Jimmyho Cartera na Kub ě......................................................................... 55 11.3. Další kroky Bushovy administrativy......................................................................... 56 12. Záv ěr................................................................................................................................... 59 Seznam použitých zdroj ů ......................................................................................................... 62 1 1. Úvod Vztahy mezi Spojenými státy a Kubou se staly vd ěč ným materiálem pro celou řadu vědeckých prací a dodnes je americká politika v ůč i Kub ě n ěč ím co vzbuzuje celou řadu rozporuplných emocí. Kuba se pro Spojené státy stala nejprve místem, kam se soust řeďovala řada jejich zájm ů a investic, v pr ůběhu studené války se byla strategickou hrozbu a po rozpadu bipolárního sv ěta se zm ěnila v nep říjemnou záležitost s vlivem na americkou domácí politiku. I když se na první pohled m ůže zdát, že se americký p řístup v ůč i Kub ě zastavil v šedesátých letech uvalením embarga na tento karibský ostrov, situace mezi t ěmito dv ěma státy je pom ěrn ě složitá a do jejího vývoje vždy zasahovala celá řada faktor ů. I p řes konzistentní antiamerickou rétoriku na kubánské stran ě prošly vzájemné vztahy obdobími relativního uvoln ění a zp ětného výrazného zhoršení. V rámci spor ů mezi ob ěma zem ěmi v pr ůběhu šedesátých let a jako reakce na kubánská opat ření proti americkým investicím na ostrov ě, Spojené státy p řistupují k uvalení ekonomických sankcí proti Kub ě. Ekonomické sankce, které se postupem času transformovaly v ekonomické embargo, sloužily v pr ůběhu času odlišným cíl ům a postupn ě se staly jedním z hlavních nástroj ů prosazování amerických zájm ů. Pohledy na n ě jsou velmi různorodé. Asi si nelze p ředstavit více odlišné vnímání této americké politiky, než jaké je rozší řeno mezi kubánským exilem v USA a režimem na Kub ě. Krom ě toho se odlišné názory velmi často vyskytují i v rámci jednotlivých prezidentských administrativ. Pokud jde o samotné ekonomické embargo, cílem této práce bylo zjistit, k dosažení jakých cíl ů m ělo sloužit v pr ůběhu studené války a jak se tyto cíle prom ěnily s rozpadem bipolárního uspo řádání sv ěta. Hlavní otázkou pak z ůstává, zda byly ekonomické sankce funk čním nástrojem k dosažení cíl ů, které si stanovila americká strana ? Studená válka a její konec jsou v této práci chápany jako zlomové body pro oba dva státy. Jejich postavení ve sv ětě bylo výrazn ě ovlivn ěno jejím koncem, ale promítlo se i do jejich vzájemných vztah ů. Dochází k napln ění n ěkterých amerických cíl ů ze studenovále čného období a Spojené státy si stanovují řadu nových cíl ů, kterých se snaží dosáhnout. Jejich postavení v novém sv ětovém uspo řádání jim dává možnost klást v ůč i režimu mnohem v ětší požadavky. Další výzkumnou otázkou, na kterou se tato práce snaží odpov ědět, je: Jakým zp ůsobem se prom ěnil americký p řístup v ůč i Kub ě po konci studené války? Kubánský režim zajistil n ěkolika americkým administrativám více či mén ě „horké chvilky“, celou řadu problém ů a nep říjemných situací. Navzdory tomu, že tyto problémy byly 2 o to více nelibé díky geografické blízkosti Kuby 1, Spojené státy jako supervelmoc čelily celé řad ě obdobných problém ů i v dalších zemí. Jejich mnohdy nepopulární role v regionu Latinské Ameriky je svým zp ůsobem vedla k tomu, že na podobné situace musely být připraveny. Kdo se nakonec musel se závažnými d ůsledky americké politiky vyrovnávat, a nem ůže být pochyb o tom, že jejich dopad byl svého času enormní, byl p ředevším kubánský režim. Ten mnohdy volil velmi iracionální kroky, které rozhodn ě ke zlepšování vzájemných vztah ů nevedly. V pr ůběhu studené války to byla p ředevším naprostá substituce USA jako obchodního partnera Sov ětským svazem a ostatními členy východního bloku. O to zajímav ější situace nastává s koncem studené války. V tomto období režim upouští od ší ření svého vlivu ozbrojenou cestou v mnoha zemích t řetího sv ěta a soust řeďuje se na řešení špatné ekonomické situace. Je zajímavé sledovat jakým zp ůsobem se režimu da ří odolávat americkému nátlaku. V pr ůběhu celé doby do amerického postoje v ůč i Kub ě zasahuje řada událostí a aktér ů. Další výzkumnou otázkou, na kterou se tato práce snaží odpov ědět je: Jaké faktory ovliv ňují americký postoj v ůč i Kub ě? V úvodní části práce se v ěnuji stru čnému vývoji situace na Kub ě p řed Revolucí a jejímu významnému postavení mezi americkými zahrani čněpolitickými zájmy. Pro pochopení krok ů, které následovaly na americké stran ě po p řevratu na Kub ě, je situace, která jim p ředcházela nezbytná. Další část textu se v ěnuje hlavním p řekážkám normalizace vzájemných vztah ů v pr ůběhu studené války. Jsou rozebrány kroky jednotlivých prezidentských administrativ s důrazem na ty, v jejichž pr ůběhu došlo bu ď k výraznému zhoršení anebo zlepšení vztah ů obou zemí. V práci není opomenut ani vliv kubánského exilu situovaného v USA. Kubánská menšina ve Spojených státech se postupem času transformovala ve významnou hybnou sílu vztah ů obou zemí. Částe čně se snažím zachytit i proces této transformace a posouzení vlivu této skupiny na n ěkteré prezidentské administrativy. Významná část práce se v ěnuje situaci po konci studné války. Reflektuje zm ěny na Kub ě, snahu režimu vyrovnat se s rozpadem východního bloku, aniž by došlo k jeho ohrožení. Detailn ěji jsou pak rozebrány legislativní zm ěny amerických sankcí, efekt t ěchto zm ěn a okolnosti jejich schválení. Pozornost v ěnuji cíl ům, které si americká strana po konci studené války stanovuje a zda se jich da ří dosáhnout. 1 Geografická blízkost ostrova hraje ve vzájemných vztazích zásadní roli. K řad ě problém ů by pravd ěpodobn ě ani nedošlo, nebýt faktu, že se Kuba nachází v bezprost řední blízkosti
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