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Public Observing at the Institute of Astronomy 7th March 2007 Institute of Astronomy http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/IOA/ & Cambridge Astronomical Association http://www.caa-cya.org/home/index.php Any comments or suggestions please to Carolin Crawford ([email protected]) Our open evenings will continue to run till the end of March. The talk schedule can be found at http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/IOA/public/0607timetable.html. This week’s talk : Steve Wilkins will be telling us Why the future isn’t so bright – the history and future of star formation Next week’s talk : Derek Jones will be revealing A National Scandal: how we didn’t discover Neptune We have a selection of activities coming up for the Cambridge Science Festival: . Junior School Art Competition : Create a poster/picture that expresses Your View of the Universe. The prize is a half-day visit to your school by the Stardome Planetarium; but hurry! – the entry deadline is this coming Friday, 9th March. Do you know anyone who might enjoy an afternoon of activities about Astronomy for the Visually Impaired ? Sunday 18th March, 2-6pm, prior booking is essential. Open Afternoon : The IoA opens up its doors to everyone on Saturday 24th March, 4-8pm (followed by observing if the weather is clear). Full details of all these activities can be found at: http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/public/csf/2007/ The Society for Popular Astronomy is holding their annual convention here at the IoA this coming Saturday, 10th March, 10am – 5.30pm. Admission to the event is free, and open to everyone. If you want more information, please look at http://www.popastro.com/convention07.htm. Astroblast is returning to the IoA! This year it is planned to be bigger and better; it will be held on Saturday 21st April. Further details can be found at http://www.astroblast.org.uk/ Astronomical object of the week : NGC 2362 is a beautiful open cluster of about 60 stars, all loosely bound to each other by gravity. These stars formed from the same gas cloud somewhere between 10 and 20 million years ago, the remnants of which are still present as faint wisps of nebulosity. The cluster is dominated by the very bright star, tau canis majoris, which is really a double system. The cluster appears as a faint haze around this star when seen through binoculars, and it requires a telescope to properly resolve individual stars. Iridium flares in the early evening are few and far between this coming week, Day start time altitude & direction 11 Mar 19:13:17 41° N 13 Mar 18:36:53 53° N However, to make up for it, both of these flares are expected to be particularly bright. For more details or the exact timing from somewhere other than Cambridge, look at www.heavens- above.com Tonight we intend to show you the following astronomical objects (weather permitting, of course): Saturn : and some of its brighter moons Beta Camelopardalis : a supergiant star that has a luminosity of over 3000 times that of our Sun Tau Canis Major : the brightest member of the bright open cluster of stars called NGC 2362. Algol :a star that periodically varies in brightness as it is eclipsed by a companion star Mizar : a star that has an easily-seen companion, Alcor NGC 1502 :an open cluster of stars, many of which are double stars M1 : the ‘crab nebula’ which is a remnant from a supernova explosion M42 : the ‘great’ nebula in Orion, a region of intense star formation M41 : an open cluster of stars The constellations of Camelopardalis, Canis Major and the Plough Chart of the night sky from Cambridge for 8pm on Wednesday 7th March (taken from www.heavens-above.com) You can see Venus to the West every evening after sunset until just after 8.30pm – it appears as a really bright ‘star’ above the horizon. Saturn is now easily visible in the night sky, bright and high in the constellation of Leo towards the south-east. If you are an early riser, you can catch Jupiter bright towards the south-east in the morning twilight. It rises at 2:14am. And finally, a site map to help you find your way back to the car in the dark if we are observing tonight. Alternative parking here Public observing happens here Enter the IoA here for the talk You have probably parked here suggested route back to the car park .
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    Naming the Extrasolar Planets

    Naming the extrasolar planets W. Lyra Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K¨onigstuhl 17, 69177, Heidelberg, Germany [email protected] Abstract and OGLE-TR-182 b, which does not help educators convey the message that these planets are quite similar to Jupiter. Extrasolar planets are not named and are referred to only In stark contrast, the sentence“planet Apollo is a gas giant by their assigned scientific designation. The reason given like Jupiter” is heavily - yet invisibly - coated with Coper- by the IAU to not name the planets is that it is consid- nicanism. ered impractical as planets are expected to be common. I One reason given by the IAU for not considering naming advance some reasons as to why this logic is flawed, and sug- the extrasolar planets is that it is a task deemed impractical. gest names for the 403 extrasolar planet candidates known One source is quoted as having said “if planets are found to as of Oct 2009. The names follow a scheme of association occur very frequently in the Universe, a system of individual with the constellation that the host star pertains to, and names for planets might well rapidly be found equally im- therefore are mostly drawn from Roman-Greek mythology. practicable as it is for stars, as planet discoveries progress.” Other mythologies may also be used given that a suitable 1. This leads to a second argument. It is indeed impractical association is established. to name all stars. But some stars are named nonetheless. In fact, all other classes of astronomical bodies are named.
  • Observing List

    Observing List

    day month year Epoch 2000 local clock time: 2.00 Observing List for 17 11 2019 RA DEC alt az Constellation object mag A mag B Separation description hr min deg min 58 286 Andromeda Gamma Andromedae (*266) 2.3 5.5 9.8 yellow & blue green double star 2 3.9 42 19 40 283 Andromeda Pi Andromedae 4.4 8.6 35.9 bright white & faint blue 0 36.9 33 43 48 295 Andromeda STF 79 (Struve) 6 7 7.8 bluish pair 1 0.1 44 42 59 279 Andromeda 59 Andromedae 6.5 7 16.6 neat pair, both greenish blue 2 10.9 39 2 32 301 Andromeda NGC 7662 (The Blue Snowball) planetary nebula, fairly bright & slightly elongated 23 25.9 42 32.1 44 292 Andromeda M31 (Andromeda Galaxy) large sprial arm galaxy like the Milky Way 0 42.7 41 16 44 291 Andromeda M32 satellite galaxy of Andromeda Galaxy 0 42.7 40 52 44 293 Andromeda M110 (NGC205) satellite galaxy of Andromeda Galaxy 0 40.4 41 41 56 279 Andromeda NGC752 large open cluster of 60 stars 1 57.8 37 41 62 285 Andromeda NGC891 edge on galaxy, needle-like in appearance 2 22.6 42 21 30 300 Andromeda NGC7640 elongated galaxy with mottled halo 23 22.1 40 51 35 308 Andromeda NGC7686 open cluster of 20 stars 23 30.2 49 8 47 258 Aries 1 Arietis 6.2 7.2 2.8 fine yellow & pale blue pair 1 50.1 22 17 57 250 Aries 30 Arietis 6.6 7.4 38.6 pleasing yellow pair 2 37 24 39 59 253 Aries 33 Arietis 5.5 8.4 28.6 yellowish-white & blue pair 2 40.7 27 4 59 239 Aries 48, Epsilon Arietis 5.2 5.5 1.5 white pair, splittable @ 150x 2 59.2 21 20 46 254 Aries 5, Gamma Arietis (*262) 4.8 4.8 7.8 nice bluish-white pair 1 53.5 19 18 49 258 Aries 9, Lambda Arietis
  • 5-6Index 6 MB

    5-6Index 6 MB

    CLEAR SKIES OBSERVING GUIDES 5-6" Carbon Stars 228 Open Clusters 751 Globular Clusters 161 Nebulae 199 Dark Nebulae 139 Planetary Nebulae 105 Supernova Remnants 10 Galaxies 693 Asterisms 65 Other 4 Clear Skies Observing Guides - ©V.A. van Wulfen - clearskies.eu - [email protected] Index ANDROMEDA - the Princess ST Andromedae And CS SU Andromedae And CS VX Andromedae And CS AQ Andromedae And CS CGCS135 And CS UY Andromedae And CS NGC7686 And OC Alessi 22 And OC NGC752 And OC NGC956 And OC NGC7662 - "Blue Snowball Nebula" And PN NGC7640 And Gx NGC404 - "Mirach's Ghost" And Gx NGC891 - "Silver Sliver Galaxy" And Gx Messier 31 (NGC224) - "Andromeda Galaxy" And Gx Messier 32 (NGC221) And Gx Messier 110 (NGC205) And Gx "Golf Putter" And Ast ANTLIA - the Air Pump AB Antliae Ant CS U Antliae Ant CS Turner 5 Ant OC ESO435-09 Ant OC NGC2997 Ant Gx NGC3001 Ant Gx NGC3038 Ant Gx NGC3175 Ant Gx NGC3223 Ant Gx NGC3250 Ant Gx NGC3258 Ant Gx NGC3268 Ant Gx NGC3271 Ant Gx NGC3275 Ant Gx NGC3281 Ant Gx Streicher 8 - "Parabola" Ant Ast APUS - the Bird of Paradise U Apodis Aps CS IC4499 Aps GC NGC6101 Aps GC Henize 2-105 Aps PN Henize 2-131 Aps PN AQUARIUS - the Water Bearer Messier 72 (NGC6981) Aqr GC Messier 2 (NGC7089) Aqr GC NGC7492 Aqr GC NGC7009 - "Saturn Nebula" Aqr PN NGC7293 - "Helix Nebula" Aqr PN NGC7184 Aqr Gx NGC7377 Aqr Gx NGC7392 Aqr Gx NGC7585 (Arp 223) Aqr Gx NGC7606 Aqr Gx NGC7721 Aqr Gx NGC7727 (Arp 222) Aqr Gx NGC7723 Aqr Gx Messier 73 (NGC6994) Aqr Ast 14 Aquarii Group Aqr Ast 5-6" V2.4 Clear Skies Observing Guides - ©V.A.
  • NGC-2362 – (Caldwell 64) Open Cluster (Tau Canis Majoris Cluster) Introduction the Purpose of the Observer’S Challenge Is to Encourage the Pursuit of Visual Observing

    NGC-2362 – (Caldwell 64) Open Cluster (Tau Canis Majoris Cluster) Introduction the Purpose of the Observer’S Challenge Is to Encourage the Pursuit of Visual Observing

    MONTHLY OBSERVER’S CHALLENGE Las Vegas Astronomical Society Compiled by: Roger Ivester, Boiling Springs, North Carolina & Fred Rayworth, Las Vegas, Nevada With special assistance from: Rob Lambert, Las Vegas, Nevada March 2012 NGC-2362 – (Caldwell 64) Open Cluster (Tau Canis Majoris Cluster) Introduction The purpose of the observer’s challenge is to encourage the pursuit of visual observing. It is open to everyone that is interested, and if you are able to contribute notes, drawings, or photographs, we will be happy to include them in our monthly summary. Observing is not only a pleasure, but an art. With the main focus of amateur astronomy on astrophotography, many times people tend to forget how it was in the days before cameras, clock drives, and GOTO. Astronomy depended on what was seen through the eyepiece. Not only did it satisfy an innate curiosity, but it allowed the first astronomers to discover the beauty and the wonderment of the night sky. Before photography, all observations depended on what the astronomer saw in the eyepiece, and how they recorded their observations. This was done through notes and drawings and that is the tradition we are stressing in the observers challenge. By combining our visual observations with our drawings, and sometimes, astrophotography (from those with the equipment and talent to do so), we get a unique understanding of what it is like to look through an eyepiece, and to see what is really there. The hope is that you will read through these notes and become inspired to take more time at the eyepiece studying each object, and looking for those subtle details that you might never have noticed before.
  • The Skyscraper 2009 04.Indd

    The Skyscraper 2009 04.Indd

    The SkyscraperVol. 36 No. 3 March 2009 Amateur Astronomical Society Of Rhode Island · 47 Peeptoad Road North Scituate, RI 02857 · www.theSkyscrapers.org Seagrave Memorial March Meeting Observatory is open with Jim Zebrowski to the public Friday, March 6 at North Scituate Community Center weather permitting Meteorites : Thunderstones from Space! How Space Rocks Help Unravel the Mysteries of Our Solar System... I am the President of my local Astronomy Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). In the Club, Aldrich Astronomical Society, Inc. and past, I have made some arrangements with participate in many public outreach events local school teachers to bring programs in conjunction with my fellow club members into schools and to work with science and Saturdays 8pm - 10pm through the Aldrich Community Outreach Astronomy clubs during after school events. Please note that the observatory may be inaccessible for several weeks Program (ACOP). My participation in our We have actively done events with multimedia following a winter storm. outreach programs includes volunteering including slide show presentations, videos See www.theSkyscrapers.org at several organizations like the Arunah Hill from NASA/JPL and the NASA select channel for updates. Natural Science Center in Cummington, and when the weather permits, we have given North Scituate Massachusetts, the EcoTarium in Worcester, many night sky viewing sessions with the Community Center the IGNITE Organization and organizing support of Aldrich Astronomical Society, Inc. All of our winter meetings (Dec-Mar) are educational enrichment programs for groups member telescopes. Our Society also has its held at the Community Center. From like the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, the Big own selection of PowerPoint slide Programs Seagrave Observatory, the Community Brothers and Big Sisters and for the local Boys for use in after school programs that cover Center is the first building on the right and Girls Clubs.
  • February 2019 BRAS Newsletter

    February 2019 BRAS Newsletter

    Monthly Meeting February 11th at 7PM at HRPO (Monthly meetings are on 2nd Mondays, Highland Road Park Observatory). Speaker: Chris Desselles on Astrophotography What's In This Issue? President’s Message Secretary's Summary Outreach Report Astrophotography Group Asteroid and Comet News Light Pollution Committee Report Recent BRAS Forum Entries Messages from the HRPO Science Academy International Astronomy Day Friday Night Lecture Series Globe at Night Adult Astronomy Courses Nano Days Observing Notes – Canis Major – The Great Dog & Mythology Like this newsletter? See PAST ISSUES online back to 2009 Visit us on Facebook – Baton Rouge Astronomical Society Newsletter of the Baton Rouge Astronomical Society February 2019 © 2019 President’s Message The highlight of January was the Total Lunar Eclipse 20/21 January 2019. There was a great turn out at HRPO, and it was a lot of fun. If any of the members wish to volunteer at HRPO, please speak to Chris Kersey, BRAS Liaison for BREC, to fill out the paperwork. MONTHLY SPEAKERS: One of the club’s needs is speakers for our monthly meetings if you are willing to give a talk or know of a great speaker let us know. UPCOMING BRAS MEETINGS: Light Pollution Committee - HRPO, Wednesday, February 6, 6:15 P.M. Business Meeting – HRPO, Wednesday, February 6, 7 P.M. Monthly Meeting – HRPO, Monday, February 11, 7 P.M. VOLUNTEERS: While BRAS members are not required to volunteer, if we do grow our volunteer core in 2019 we can do more fun activities without wearing out our great volunteers. Volunteering is an excellent opportunity to share what you know while increasing your skills.
  • The Universe

    The Universe

    The Universe Page | 2 INDEX Contents Pg 1) The universe 4 2) History of the universe 6 3) Maps of the universe 7 4) Galaxies 15 5) Stars 18 6) Neutron stars and black holes 21 7) Constellations 23 8) Time travel 27 9) Satellites and rockets 31 10) The Milky Way Galaxy 35 11) The Solar System 37 12) Exoplanets 51 13) The end of the Earth, the Solar System and the Universe 53 Page | 3 The Universe The universe is everything we know that exists like us humans, the planets, the stars, the galaxies etc. The universe has a possibly infinite volume, due to its expansion. (To see how big the universe is, check Maps on Page 7). There are probably at least 100 billion galaxies known to man in the universe, and about 300 sextillion stars. The diameter of the known universe is at least 93 billion light years (1 light year = 9.46×1012 kilometers or 9.46×1015 meters) or 8.80×1026 meters. According to General Theory of Relativity, space expands faster than the speed of light. Due to this rapid expansion, it is not brief whether the size of the universe is finite or infinite. The expansion of the Universe is due to presence of dark energy, which is found to be 73% and dark matter (23%). There is only 4% matter found. However, even though the universe is huge and massive, it has a very small density of 9.9 ×10-30 gm per cubic centimeters (excluding stars, planets and any other celestial body).

  • Central Coast Astronomy Virtual Star Party February 13Th 7Pm Pacific

    Central Coast Astronomy Virtual Star Party February 13th 7pm Pacific Welcome to our Virtual Star Gazing session! We’ll be focusing on objects you can see with binoculars or a small telescope, so after our session, you can simply walk outside, look up, and understand what you’re looking at. CCAS President Aurora Lipper and astronomer Kent Wallace will bring you a virtual “tour of the night sky” where you can discover, learn, and ask questions as we go along! All you need is an internet connection. You can use an iPad, laptop, computer or cell phone. When 7pm on Saturday night rolls around, click the link on our website to join our class. CentralCoastAstronomy.org/stargaze Before our session starts: Step 1: Download your free map of the night sky: SkyMaps.com They have it available for Northern and Southern hemispheres. Step 2: Print out this document and use it to take notes during our time on Saturday. This document highlights the objects we will focus on in our session together. Celestial Objects: Moon: The moon is 2 days past new, which is really good for star gazing. Be sure to look at the moon tonight with your naked eyes and/or binoculars! Mercury is rising right before the sun and may be a good target near the end of the month. Mars is up high but is shrinking in size as the weeks progress. *Image credit: all astrophotography images are courtesy of NASA unless otherwise noted. All planetarium images are courtesy of Stellarium. Central Coast Astronomy CentralCoastAstronomy.org Page 1 Main Focus for the Session: 1.
  • In This Issue: There Will Be Several Tables Set up in OMSI's Auditorium with Members 1

    In This Issue: There Will Be Several Tables Set up in OMSI's Auditorium with Members 1

    The Rosette Gazette Volume 20,, IssueIssue 1 Newsletter of the Rose CityCity AstronomersAstronomers January, 2008 RCA INFORMATION FAIR Monday, January 21st! The January meeting features our annual Information Fair. This is a great opportunity to get acquainted, or reacquainted, with RCA activi- ties and members. In This Issue: There will be several tables set up in OMSI's Auditorium with members 1 .. General Meeting sharing information about RCA programs and activities. The library 2 .. Club Officers will be open with hundreds of astronomy related books and videos. If .... Magazines .... President’s Letter you prefer to purchase books the RCA Sales table will feature a large 3 .. The Observer’s Corner assortment of Astronomy reference books, star-charts, calendars and as- 6 .. Doing Spectroscopy sorted accessories. 8 .. Telescope Workshop .... RCA Library Learn about amateur observing programs such as the Messier, Caldwell .... Science SIG .... Cosmology SIG and Herschel programs. Depending on table allocation, RCA members 9,.. Board Minutes will be displaying programs such as observing the Moon, Planets, Aster- 10. Calendar oids and more. Find out about our Telescope Library where members can check out a variety of telescopes to try out. Find out about the ob- serving site committee and special interest groups. Special interest groups, depending on participation, include Cosmology/Astrophysics, Astrophotography and Amateur Telescope Making. Above all get to know people who share your interests. The fair begins at 7:00 PM, Monday January 21st in the OMSI Auditorium. There will be a short business meeting at 7:30, . Enter at the Planetarium Entrance right (north) of the Main Entrance.
  • NGC # Other Designations Common Name Object Type Constell

    NGC # Other Designations Common Name Object Type Constell

    Other Object Constell- Check NGC # Common Name RA DEC Mag Size Notes Designations Type ation Off HR 9094 DS Cas 00 03.0 66 10 5.84/7.29 15.2" sep 7814 C43 Little Sombrero SG Peg 00 03.9 16 16 10.6 5'x2' edge on spiral 55 C72 SG Scl 00 15.8 -39 09 7.9 31'x6' 224 M31 Andromeda Galaxy SG And 00 43.5 41 21 3.4 190'x60' low pwr EP, or binoculars 247 C62 SG Cet 00 47.8 -20 41 9.1 19'x5' 253 Silver Dollar, Sculptor SG Scl 00 48.2 -25 13 7.2 29'x7' 281 Pacman Nebula BN Cas 00 53.6 56 40 7.4 35' 404 Mirach's Ghost EG And 01 10.1 35 47 10.3 3.5' block out Mirach 457 C13 Owl Cluster, ET Cluster OC Cas 01 20.5 58 21 6.4 20' 752 C28 OC And 01 58.5 37 51 5.7 75' low pwr EP 869 / 884 C14 Double Cluster Dbl OC Per 02 19.9 57 11 5.3 18' 1039 M34 OC Per 02 42.9 42 48 5.2 35' 1232 SG Eri 03 10.2 -20 32 9.9 7'x6' 1365 SG For 03 34.1 -36 06 9.6 11x6' Barred Spiral M45 Pleiades, Subaru OC Tau 03 47.8 24 09 1.5 120' low pwr EP, or binoculars 1502 NGC 1502 & Kemble's Cascade OC/AST Cam 04 09.0 62 21 6.9 150' low pwr EP, or binoculars HR 1602 Hind's Crimson Star VS Lep 05 00.2 -14 47 8.0 carbon star IC 405, C 31 Flaming Star Nebula EN Aur 05 17.0 34 17 10 30x19' IC 418 PN Lep 05 28.0 -12 41 9.3 12" 1912 M38 Starfish Cluster OC Aur 05 29.0 35 51 7.4 21' 1952 M1 Crab Nebula SNR Tau 05 34.5 22 01 8.4 6'x4' 1976 Trapezium Cluster OC Ori 05 35.6 -5 23 4 47" high pwr EP 2024 Flame Nebula EN Ori 05 42.4 -1 52 10 30'x30' block out Alnitak 2169 OC Ori 06 09.1 13 57 5.7 7' asterism "37" 2175 BN/OC Ori 06 09.8 20 19 6.8 18' 2261 C46 Hubble Variable Nebula EN/RN Mon 06 39.9
  • Desert Skies Tucson Amateur Astronomy Association

    Desert Skies Tucson Amateur Astronomy Association

    Desert Skies Tucson Amateur Astronomy Association Volume LVII, Number 4 April , 2011 Tucson Festival of Books TAAA Welcomed 1000s to Their Booth! Sharing the Sky Star Party Constellation of the month— TAAA Star Parties and Events Canis Major Globe at Night TAAA Astro. Complex Updates Messier Marathon at CAC Red Light Workshop Night Sky Network Services Desert Skies: April, 2011 2 Volume LVII, Number 4 Cover Photo: Thousands of people visited the TAAA booth at the 2011 Tucson Festival of Books booth last month. TAAA member Willem Moss explains how to identify meteorites as Cathy Anderson answers questions. Telescopes were also available for looking at the sun. Image taken by Terri Lappin. TAAA Web Page: http://www.tucsonastronomy.org TAAA Phone Number: (520) 792-6414 Office/Position Name Phone E-mail Address President Keith Schlottman 250-1560 president[at]tucsonastronomy.org Vice President Bill Lofquist 297-6653 vice-president[at]tucsonastronomy.org Secretary Luke Scott 749-4867 secretary[at]tucsonastronomy.org Treasurer Teresa Plymate 883-9113 treasurer[at]tucsonastronomy.org Member-at-Large John Croft mal1[at]tucsonastronomy.org Member-at-Large John Kalas 620-6502 mal2[at]tucsonastronomy.org Member-at-Large Michael Turner 743-3437 mal3[at]tucsonastronomy.org Past President Ken Shaver 762-5094 past-president[at]tucsonastronomy.org Chief Observer Dr. Mary Turner 743-3437 chief-observer[at]tucsonastronomy.org AL Correspondent (ALCor) Paul Anderson 625-5035 alcor[at]tucsonastronomy.org Community Event Scheduler Bill Lofquist (Temp) 826-2473 school-star-party[at]tucsonastronomy.org Volunteer Coordinator Bill Lofquist (Temp) 297-6653 school-sp-volunteers[at]tucsonastronomy.org TIMPA Gate Card controller John Kalas 620-6502 timpa[at]tucsonastronomy.org Chiricahua Astronomy Complex Dir.
  • The Caldwell Catalogue Contents

    The Caldwell Catalogue Contents

    The Caldwell Catalogue Contents 1 Overview 1 1.1 Caldwell catalogue ........................................... 1 1.1.1 Caldwell Star Chart ...................................... 1 1.1.2 Number of objects by type in the Caldwell catalogue. .................... 1 1.1.3 Caldwell objects ....................................... 1 1.1.4 See also ............................................ 2 1.1.5 References .......................................... 2 1.1.6 External links ......................................... 2 1.2 Patrick Moore ............................................. 2 1.2.1 Early life ........................................... 2 1.2.2 Career in astronomy ...................................... 3 1.2.3 Activism and political beliefs ................................. 5 1.2.4 Other interests and popular culture .............................. 5 1.2.5 Honours and appointments .................................. 6 1.2.6 Bibliography ......................................... 7 1.2.7 Film and television appearances ................................ 7 1.2.8 See also ............................................ 7 1.2.9 References .......................................... 7 1.2.10 External links ......................................... 9 2 Objects 10 2.1 Caldwell 1 ............................................... 10 2.1.1 References .......................................... 10 2.1.2 External links ......................................... 10 2.2 Caldwell 2 ............................................... 10 2.2.1 Gallery ...........................................