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Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXVI
Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXVI Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXVI By J. den Boeft, J.W. Drijvers, D. den Hengst and H.C. Teitler LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 This book is printed on acid-free paper. A Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978 90 04 16212 9 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Preface ................................. vii Introduction ........................... ix A noteonchronology ................. xv Legenda ................................ xxvii Commentary on Chapter 1 ........... 1 Commentary on Chapter 2 ........... 37 Commentary on Chapter 3 ........... 59 Commentary on Chapter 4 ........... 75 Commentary on Chapter 5 ........... 93 Commentary on Chapter 6 ........... 125 Commentary on Chapter 7 -
Wie Was Elagabalus? Samenstelling “God in De Berg”, De Emeseense Manifestatie Van De Godheid
Wie was Elagabalus? samenstelling “God in de berg”, de Emeseense manifestatie van de godheid. De cultus van de godheid verspreidde zich in de 2e eeuw naar andere delen van het Romeinse Rijk. Er is bijvoorbeeld een wijding gevonden in het castellum Laurium op het grondgebied van de huidige Nederlandse stad Woerden. De god werd later in het Romeinse pantheon geïntroduceerd en daarin gelijkgesteld aan de Romeinse zonnegod die tijdens de Romeinse Republiek bekendstond onder de naam Sol Indiges en gedurende de 2e en 3e eeuw als Sol Invictus In de Griekse taal betekent zonnegod Helios, vandaar de naam Heliogabalus, een andere variant op de naam Elagabalus. Machtsgreep oen keizer Macrinus aan de macht kwam, onderdrukte hij de dreiging T tegen zijn bewind door Julia Maesa, haar twee dochters en haar oudste kleinzoon Elagabalus, de familie van zijn vermoorde voorganger, Caracalla, naar hun landgoed bij Emesa in Syrië te verbannen.[1] Meteen na aankomst in Syrië begon Julia Maesa in lagabalus werd rond het jaar 203 als samenwerking met haar adviseur en zoon van Sextus Varius Marcellus en Elagabalus’ tutor Gannys, een complot om het E Julia Soaemias Bassiana geboren. Zijn regime van Macrinus omver te werpen en de vader maakte aanvankelijk deel uit van de veertien jaar oude Elagabalus op de ridderlijke klasse, maar werd later tot de keizerlijke troon te verheffen. rang van senator verheven. Zijn grootmoeder Julia Maesa was de weduwe van de consul Elagabalus’ moeder verklaarde publiekelijk, Iulius Avitus, de zuster van Julia Domna en de dat Elagabalus een onwettige zoon van schoonzus van keizer Septimius Severus. -
Emperors and Generals in the Fourth Century Doug Lee Roman
Emperors and Generals in the Fourth Century Doug Lee Roman emperors had always been conscious of the political power of the military establishment. In his well-known assessment of the secrets of Augustus’ success, Tacitus observed that he had “won over the soldiers with gifts”,1 while Septimius Severus is famously reported to have advised his sons to “be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, and despise the rest”.2 Since both men had gained power after fiercely contested periods of civil war, it is hardly surprising that they were mindful of the importance of conciliating this particular constituency. Emperors’ awareness of this can only have been intensified by the prolonged and repeated incidence of civil war during the mid third century, as well as by emperors themselves increasingly coming from military backgrounds during this period. At the same time, the sheer frequency with which armies were able to make and unmake emperors in the mid third century must have served to reinforce soldiers’ sense of their potential to influence the empire’s affairs and extract concessions from emperors. The stage was thus set for a fourth century in which the stakes were high in relations between emperors and the military, with a distinct risk that, if those relations were not handled judiciously, the empire might fragment, as it almost did in the 260s and 270s. 1 Tac. Ann. 1.2. 2 Cass. Dio 76.15.2. Just as emperors of earlier centuries had taken care to conciliate the rank and file by various means,3 so too fourth-century emperors deployed a range of measures designed to win and retain the loyalties of the soldiery. -
Pushing the Limit: an Analysis of the Women of the Severan Dynasty
Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects Greek and Roman Studies 4-24-2015 Pushing the Limit: An Analysis of the Women of the Severan Dynasty Colleen Melone Illinois Wesleyan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/grs_honproj Part of the Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons Recommended Citation Melone, Colleen, "Pushing the Limit: An Analysis of the Women of the Severan Dynasty" (2015). Honors Projects. 5. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/grs_honproj/5 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Colleen Melone Pushing the Limit: An Analysis of the Women of the Severan Dynasty Abstract By applying Judith Butler’s theories of identity to the imperial women of the Severan dynasty in ancient Rome, this paper proves that while the Severan women had many identities, such as wife, mother, philosopher, or mourner, their imperial identity was most valued due to its ability to give them the freedom to step outside many aspects of their gender and to behave in ways which would customarily be deemed inappropriate. -
The Crossing of the Danube and the Gothic Conversion , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 27:3 (1986:Autumn) P.289
HEATHER, PETER, The Crossing of the Danube and the Gothic Conversion , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 27:3 (1986:Autumn) p.289 The Crossing of the Danube and the Gothic Conversion Peter Heather MMIANUS MARCELLINUS provides a detailed account of the re A lations between the Emperor Valens and the Goths during the period 367-378. But essentially because Ammianus does not mention it, there has been much controversy over the date of a Gothic conversion to Christianity ascribed in other sources to the reign of Valens. Equally, because the historians Socrates and So zomen link a civil war among the Goths to the conversion, it has also been unclear when this split might have taken place. It will be argued here that the primary accounts found in Socrates, Sozomen, and Eunapius can be reconciled with the secondary ones of Jordanes, Theodoret, and Orosius to suggest a Gothic conversion in 376. Fur ther, combined with Ammianus, they strongly indicate that Christian ity initially affected only elements of one Gothic group, the Tervingi, and was part of the agreement by which Valens allowed them to cross the Danube and enter the Empire in 376. It also becomes clear that the split too affected only the Tervingi, and occurred immediately before the crossing and conversion. This reconstruction in turn highlights the Huns' role in overturning the established order in Gothic society: their attacks first divided the Tervingi, who were unable to agree on an appropriate response, and prompted the larger group to seek asylum in the Empire and accept conversion to Christianity. -
Nicholson Museum
OF FACES POWER IMPERIAL PORTRAITURE ON ROMAN COINS NICHOLSON MUSEUM Peter Brennan, Michael Turner & Nicholas L. Wright OF FACES POWER IMPERIAL PORTRAITURE ON ROMAN COINS NICHOLSON MUSEUM Peter Brennan, Michael Turner & Nicholas L. Wright This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Enquiries should be made to the publisher. No photograph printed in this book may be reproduced without the permission of the copyright owner. Copyright for the text and images in this publication is held by the Nicholson Museum. Published by the Nicholson Museum, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia © The Nicholson Museum, The University of Sydney, 2007 Faces of Power Imperial Portraiture on Roman Coins ISBN 1 86487 833 9 This book was produced with the generous financial support of the Alexander Cambitoglou Nicholson Museum Endowment Fund. Book design by Virginia Buckingham, Virginia Buckingham Graphic Design. Photographs by Rowan Conroy. COVER & ADJACENT IMAGES: DOMITIAN ROME MINT: 75–79 AD AUREUS OBV: CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS; LAUREATE, BEARDED HEAD OF DOMITIAN R.; DOTTED BORDER REV: CERES AVGVST; DRAPED CERES STANDING L. HOLDING EAR OF CORN IN R. HAND, SCEPTRE IN L.; DOTTED BORDER NM 2004.2624 (BMC 322.) CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 Michael Turner FACES OF POWER 7 Peter Brennan A QUICK GUIDE TO ROMAN COINS 9 Nicholas L. Wright Romans – The people with the three names 9 Legends & their abbreviations 10 Greek Imperial coinage 12 Glossary of descriptive terms & abbreviations 12 COIN DENOMINATIONS 14 Primary Imperial Roman denominations 27 BC – 294 AD Primary Imperial Roman denominations after 294 AD Primary civic (Greek Imperial) denominations in Eastern provinces THE COINS 15 Peter Brennan THE DYNASTIES 79 Nicholas L. -
Book III. Title XXVIII. Concerning an Unjust Testament. (De Inofficioso
Book III. Title XXVIII. Concerning an unjust testament. (De inofficioso testamento.) Bas. 39.1.34. Headnote.1 The father was head of the household. Children were under his power, no matter whether they became of age or not, unless they were emancipated, and the father originally became owner of all that accrued to or was gained by his son. Hence, there was a community interest in all property and it would have been harsh to have permitted total disinheritance. Testamentary disposition of property away from the family was an invasion of family rights, and legislation was required on the subject. It became the law that direct descendants, ascendants, and consanguineous brothers and sisters (i.e. having the same father) had the right to bring an action to set a will aside as undutiful, or unjust, in case a definite portion was not left them. This portion, called “legitima portio”— herein translated legal or birthright portion—became fixed at one quarter of the property of the deceased, divided among the children in [illegible], i.e., the amount which the complainant would have obtained had the deceased died without making a will.2 Const. 6 infra; Inst. 2.18.6; D. 5.2.8.6. This was later, by Novel 18.1, increased to one-third in case of children, if there were not to exceed four children, and to one-half if there were children over that number. This fourth, here referred to, must not be confused with the Falcidian fourth, which is treated in C. 6.50, and was a fourth of the net estate which an “heir” received, who in such case was really an executor under the will, and who might or might not be a child, a parent, etc. -
Stellar Symbols on Ancient Coins of the Roman Empire – Part Iii: 193–235 Ad
STELLAR SYMBOLS ON ANCIENT COINS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE – PART III: 193–235 AD ELENI ROVITHIS-LIVANIOU1, FLORA ROVITHIS2 1Dept of Astrophysics, Astronomy & Mechanics, Faculty of Physics, Athens University, Panepistimiopolis, Zographos 15784, Athens, Greece Email: [email protected] 2Email: fl[email protected] Abstract. We continue to present and describe some ancient Roman coins with astro- nomical symbols like the Moon, the Zodiac signs, the stars, etc. The coins presented in this Paper correspond to the Roman Empire covering the interval (193 - 235) AD, which corresponds mainly to the Severan dynasty. Key words: Astronomy in culture – Ancient Roman coins – Roman emperors – Stellar symbols. 1. PROLOGUE In a series of papers ancient Greek and Roman coins with astronomical sym- bols were shown, (Rovithis-Livaniou and Rovithis, 2011–2012 and 2014–2015,a&b). Especially the last two of them, hereafter referred as Paper I & II corresponded to the Roman Empire and covered the intervals 27 BD to 95 AD and 96 to 192 AD, re- spectively. Thus, the Roman numismatic system, and its coins has been examined in detail. For this reason, we do not repeat it here, where we continue with coins of the same subject covering the period (193–235) AD that corresponds mainly to the Severan dynasty. What it is worthwhile to be mentioned is that during this time interval, and when there was some numismatic crisis, the silver contain of the denary was reduced. For example during Caracalla’s[1] epoch a specific silver plated coin with less silver than denary was issued the so-called antonianus or the radiative. -
Imperial Letters in Latin: Pliny and Trajan, Egnatius Taurinus and Hadrian1
Imperial Letters in Latin: Pliny and Trajan, Egnatius Taurinus and Hadrian1 Fergus Millar 1. Introduction No-one will deny the fundamental importance of the correspondence of Pliny, as legatus of Pontus and Bithynia, and Trajan for our understanding of the Empire as a system. The fact that at each stage the correspondence was initiated by Pliny; the distances travelled by messengers in either direction (as the crow flies, some 2000 km to Rome from the furthest point in Pontus, and 1,500 km from Bithynia);2 the consequent delays, of something like two months in either direction; the seemingly minor and localised character of many of the questions raised by Pliny, and the Emperor’s care and patience in answering them – all these can be seen as striking and revealing, and indeed surprising, as routine aspects of the government of an Empire of perhaps some 50 million people. On the other hand this absorbing exchange of letters can be puzzling, because it seems isolated, not easy to fit into any wider context, since examples of Imperial letters in Latin are relatively rare. By contrast, the prestige of the Greek City in the Roman Empire and the flourishing of the epigraphic habit in at least some parts of the Greek world (primarily, however, the Greek peninsula and the western and southern areas of Asia Minor) have produced a large and ever-growing crop of letters addressed by Emperors to Greek cities and koina, and written in Greek. The collection of Greek constitutions published by J.H. Oliver in 1989 could now be greatly increased. -
Pdf 34 AÜEDFD 62 Özge ALTUN Lusnia, Susan, Sowers (1995)
Atatürk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Atatürk University Journal of Faculty of Letters Sayı / Number 62, Haziran / June 2019, 19-44 SEVERUSLAR DÖNEMİ KADIN PORTRELERİ* Women Portraits of Severan Period (Makale Geliş Tarihi: 14.12.2018 / Kabul Tarihi: 22.05.2019) Özge ALTUN** Öz Roma İmparatorluk Tarihine baktığımız zaman, Severuslar Döne- minde sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasal krizlerin giderek arttığı görülmektedir. Severuslar Dönemi sonrasında gerçekleşen 3.yy krizleri de bu durumun en iyi göstergesidir. Makalenin konusunu oluşturan "Severuslar Dönemi Kadın Portreleri"nde, imparatorluk içinde yaşanılan karışıklıkların portre stiline et- kisi ve sonucunda oluşan stilin özellikleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Severus- lar Dönemi kadın portreleri stili ve önemli şahsiyetlerinin portrelerinin kimlik tespitinde kullanılabilecek karakteristik özellikler saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Makale içinde Severuslar Döneminde öne çıkan ve bilinen kadınlar (impara- toriçeler) ve portre örnekleri kronolojik bir sırayla tanımlanmıştır. Augusta- lardan sonra sivil portreler değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar genel değerlendirme kısmında bütün olarak ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Roma İmparatorluğu, Severuslar Dönemi, Portre Sanatı. Abstract When we look at the history of Roman Empire, it is seen that social, economic and political crises have increased gradually in the period of Se- * Bu makale Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalın- da gerçekleştirilen "Geç Roma Dönemi Portreleri" isimli doktora tez çalışmasının bir bölümünden türetilmiştir. ** Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Bozok Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü, As- sist Prof. Dr. Bozok University Faculty of Science and Literature, Departmenf of Ar- chaeology, [email protected] ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-7491- 5794 20 AÜEDFD 62 Özge ALTUN verus. The crisis of the 3rd century after the Severus Period is also the best indicator of this situation. -
The Saracen Defenders of Constantinople in 378 Woods, David Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Fall 1996; 37, 3; Proquest Pg
The Saracen defenders of Constantinople in 378 Woods, David Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Fall 1996; 37, 3; ProQuest pg. 259 The Saracen Defenders of Constantinople in 378 David Woods RITING ca 391, the historian Ammianus Marcellinus has left us a vivid description of the Roman defense of W Constantinople against the Goths shortly after their crushing defeat by these Goths at Adrianopolis on 9 August 378 (31. 16.4ff): Unde Constantinopolim, copiarum cumulis inhiantes amplis simis, formas quadratorum agmimum insidiarum metu ser vantes, ire ocius festinabant, multa in exitium urbis inclitae molituri. Quos inferentes sese immodice, obicesque portarum paene pulsantes, hoc casu caeleste reppulit numen. Saracen orum cuneus (super quorum origine moribusque diversis in locis rettulimus plura), ad furta magis expeditionalium re rum, quam ad concursatorias habilis pugnas, recens illuc accersitus, congressurus barbarorum globo repente con specto, a civitate fidenter e rup it, diuque extento certamine pertinaci, aequis partes discessere momentis. Sed orientalis turma novo neque ante viso superavit eventu. Ex ea enim crinitus quidam, nudus omnia praeter pubem, subraucum et lugubre strepens, educto pugione, agmini se medio Goth orum inseruit, et interfecti hostis iugulo labra admovit, effusumque cruorem exsuxit. Quo monstroso miraculo bar bari territi, postea non ferocientes ex more, cum agendum appeterent aliquid, sed ambiguis gressibus incedebant. 1 1 "From there [Perinthus] they [the Goths] hastened in rapid march to Con stantinople, greedy for its vast heaps of treasure, marching in square forma tions for fear of ambuscades, and intending to make mighty efforts to destroy the famous city. But while they were madly rushing on and almost knocking at the barriers of the gates, the celestial power checked them by the following event. -
Roman Coins Elementary Manual
^1 If5*« ^IP _\i * K -- ' t| Wk '^ ^. 1 Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google PROTAT BROTHERS, PRINTBRS, MACON (PRANCi) Digitized by Google ROMAN COINS ELEMENTARY MANUAL COMPILED BY CAV. FRANCESCO gNECCHI VICE-PRBSIDENT OF THE ITALIAN NUMISMATIC SOaETT, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE LONDON, BELGIAN AND SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIBTIES. 2"^ EDITION RKVISRD, CORRECTED AND AMPLIFIED Translated by the Rev<> Alfred Watson HANDS MEMBF,R OP THE LONDON NUMISMATIC SOCIETT LONDON SPINK & SON 17 & l8 PICCADILLY W. — I & 2 GRACECHURCH ST. B.C. 1903 (ALL RIGHTS RF^ERVED) Digitized by Google Arc //-/7^. K.^ Digitized by Google ROMAN COINS ELEMENTARY MANUAL AUTHOR S PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION In the month of July 1898 the Rev. A. W. Hands, with whom I had become acquainted through our common interests and stud- ieSy wrote to me asking whether it would be agreeable to me and reasonable to translate and publish in English my little manual of the Roman Coinage, and most kindly offering to assist me, if my knowledge of the English language was not sufficient. Feeling honoured by the request, and happy indeed to give any assistance I could in rendering this science popular in other coun- tries as well as my own, I suggested that it would he probably less trouble ii he would undertake the translation himselt; and it was with much pleasure and thankfulness that I found this proposal was accepted. It happened that the first edition of my Manual was then nearly exhausted, and by waiting a short time I should be able to offer to the English reader the translation of the second edition, which was being rapidly prepared with additions and improvements.