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Isoenzymes of Hexokinase in Rat Testes at Various Developmental and Endocrine States

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Isoenzymes of Hexokinase in Rat Testes at Various Developmental and Endocrine States 72—4446 CHENG, Hsien Chen, 1927- ISOENZYMES OF HEXOKINASE IN RAT TESTES AT VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL AND ENDOCRINE STATES. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 Physiology University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICR0FLIMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED i s o e n z y m e s o f h e x o k i n a s e in r a t t e s t e s a t v a r i o u s DEVELOPMENTAL AND ENDOCRINE STATES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University % Hsien Chen Cheng, B.S., M.S. The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by Department of Dairy Science PLEASE NOTE: Some Pages have Indistinct print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. N. L. VanDemark, my Department Chairman, for providing me with financial support as well as labora­ tory facilities to conduct my research work. I would like to thank especially my advisor, Dr. W. R. Gomes, for his invaluable and ingenious guidance. I am also grateful for his patience and genero­ sity in sparing his precious time. I would like to give my special thanks to Mrs. Claudia Jenkins for her artistic talents in the preparation of the graphs herein contained. To my wife, Mrs. Jane H. G. Cheng and son Christopher Cheng, I am grateful for their forever patient and constant encouragement. ii VITA September 21, 1927 .... B o m - Kiang-Su, China 1956 ................... B.S, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China 1956-1959... ......... Teaching Assistant, National Defense Medical School, National Taiwan University, China 1962 ................... M.S. Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 1962-1963............... Electron Microscopy Training Program, Department of Anatomy, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 196^-1968. ........... Technical Assistant, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-1971............... Graduate Research Associate, Department of Dairy Science and Animal Reproduction Teaching and Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Cheng, H. C, Effect of Cortisone on Chick Embryo Development. B.S. Thesis. National Taiwan University, 1956. Cheng, H. C. Effect of Blindness on Alkaline Phosphatase in Mouse Intestinal Epithelium. M.S. Thesis. Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. 1962. Couri, D., H. C. Cheng, and C. A. Angerer. Pyridine Nucleotides Content in Human Placenta. Fed, Proc. 25:642, 1966. FIELDS OF STUD! Major Field: Physiology of Animal Reproduction Studies in Physiology of Reproduction. Professor N. L. VanDemark Studies in Endocrinology of Reproduction. Professor W. R. Gomes Studies in Biochemistry. Professor G. S. Serif Studies in Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism. Professor D. Couri ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................... ii VITA.................. ...................... iii LIST OF TABLES................................. v LIST OF FIGURES............................... vi PREFACE............. ........................ viii INTRODUCTION.................................. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................. 3 Introduction Properties of Hexokinases Distribution and Functions of Hexokinases Adaptation of Glucokinase and Hexokinase Hormonal Control of Hexokinase Activity MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................... 15 Experimental Animals Histological Procedures Enzyme Extraction Chromatographic Procedures Enzyme Assay Electrophore sis RESULTS ...................................... 19 Body Weight, Testis Weight and Testis Histology Column Chromatography of Hexokinase Electrophoresis of Hexokinase Isoenzymes DISCUSSION.................................... 44 SUMMARY ................................ 48 REFERENCES.................................... 49 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Body and Testis Weights of Experimental Rats , . 20 2. Sunmary of Hexokinase Isoenzymes Identified by DEAE Cellulose Chromatography......... 39 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Photomicrographs of normal rat testes.............. 22 2. Photomicrographs of testes from normal and HCG- treated rats .................................... 24 3. Photomicrographs of testes from hypophysectomized, hypophysectomized-HCG-treated, and cryptorchid rats. 26 4* Chromatographic separation of brain hexokinase iso- 30 enzymes from 20-day-old rats ......... 5. Chromatographic separation of brain hexokinase iso­ enzymes from adult rats........................... 30 6 . Chromatographic profiles of hexokinase isoenzymes in testes from 20-day-old r a t s ......... 32 7. Chromatographic profiles of hexokinase isoenzymes in testes from 30-day-old rats ........... 32 8 . Chromatographic profiles of hexokinase Isoenzymes in testes from 40-day-old r a t s ................... 33 9. Chromatographic profiles of hexokinase isoenzymes in testes from adult rats......................... 33 10. Chromatographic separation of hexokinase isoenzymes of testis tissue from 20-day-old rats treated for 10 days with HCG (100 IU/dsy; Ayerst Lab. Inc.). 36 i 11. Chromatographic separation of hexokinase isoenzymes of testis tissue from 20-day-old rats treated for 10 days with HCG (100 IU/day; Sigma Chemical Co.). 36 12. Chromatographic separation of hexokinase isoenzymes of testes from rats hypophysectomized 3 weeks. 37 13. Chromatographic separation of hexokinase isoenzymes of testes from hypophysectomized rats treated for 7 days with HCG................................ 37 14. Chromatographic separation of hexokinase isoenzymes of testes from hypophysectomized rats treated for 14 days with H C G ................................ 38 vi Figure Page 15. Chromatographic separation of hexokinase iso­ enzymes of testes from rats cryptorchid for U weeks ................................... 38 16. Hexokinase isoenzymes separated hy polyacryla­ mide disc gel electrophoresis of experimental tissues ................................... 42 vii PREFACE Significance of this Research In the present age, maintenance, improvement or reversible inhibi­ tion of normal reproduction in man and animals may become vital to the world*s economy or its very existence. A number of studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of several specific treatments an testis function, but it appears that successful regulation of the organ will not be accomplished until basic controlling mechanisms within it are better understood. The testis is known to be very sensitive to a number of influ­ ences, including environmental, endocrine, and biochemical changes. Many of these treatments result in altered energy metabolism, suggest­ ing that pathways of glucose metabolism might be altered. Since the first step in glucose utilization, biochemically, involves the enzyme hexokinase, this study was undertaken to evaluate the nature and con­ trolling factors for testicular forms of this enzyme. viii INTRODUCTION It has been shown that normal adult testes of men (Blanco and Zinkham, 1963), rabbits, mice, dogs, guinea pigs, bulls and pigeons (Zinkham, Blanco and Clowry, 1964) contain an unusual isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase. This isoenzyme has been designated LDH-X; it is composed of subunit C, which is different from subunits of A and B, present in other LDH isoenzymes (Appella and Markert, 1961). The developmental changes in LDH isoenzymes of the testis have been studied by Goldberg and Hawtrey (1967), who demonstrated mouse testis LDH-X appears between 15 and 17 days after birth, which corresponds to the first appearance of pachytene primary spermatocytes (Nebel, Amorose and Haekett, 1961). Blackshaw and Elkington (1970) demonstrated that LDH-X isoenzymes appear between 20 and 30 days of age in the rat and are also associated with the seminiferous tubular epithelium. Studies utilizing DEAE-cellulose chromatography of rat liver (Gonzalez et al.. 1964) and starch gel electrophoresis of rat epididymal fat pad (Moore §X Al*» 1964) have revealed that mammalian hexokinase consists of a variable number of isoenzymes. Recently, Katzen (1967) demonstrated an isoenzyme of hexokinase in mature rat testes, which he called "sperm type". Pilkis, Hansen and Krahl (1968), using starch gel electrophoresis, demon­ strated a testicular isoenzyme of hexokinase in gerbils and hamsters. A testis specific type of hexokinase, Hex-t, has also been reported in Drosophila melanogaster at the early pupal stage (Murray and Ball, 1967). These workers demonstrated that Hex-t is present in the testes of females carrying transformer gene (tra/tra); however, testes obtained from this type of female showed no mature spermatozoa histologically. The original purpose of this investigation was to determine whether / the so-called "sperm type" isoenzyme of kexoklnase in rat testis is really from the spermatozoa, from other cellular components of the testis, or due to other factors which might influence the first appearance of this specific isoenzyme. This question was raised on the basis of the report by Katzen al. (1968) that this isoenzyme was present not only in the adult testis, but also in the epididymal fat pad, suggesting that the term "sperm type" was a misnomer. If this specific type of hexokinase appears only in the adult male rat, then its appearance may be regulated by the presence of the male hormone. Singhal and Ling (1969) have shown that testosterone can induce hexokinase synthesis in rat seminal vesicle. A second question is which cell type in the testis contains this specific type of hexokinase isoenzyme. The testis is
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