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Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Carlos, John, and David Cline. "John Carlos Oral History Interview Conducted by David P. Cline
in New York, New York, 2013 August 18." The Library of Congress,
www.loc.gov/item/2015669202/.
In this interview, John Carlos discusses some of the struggles he faced as an African-American
child growing up in Harlem. He recalls being puzzled as to why White people wanted to
leave Harlem and head for the suburbs. He describes the severity of drug addiction
among people in his community. According to Carlos, drugs, specifically heroin, tore
families apart. Fathers would be addicted to heroin and King Kong, another drug that was
popular at the time, and would leave their wives to take care of their families. Carlos also
talks about his parents and their lines of work.
L'Amcain Tommie SMITH, Vainqueur Du 200 Mes. the Arrival of Tommie SMITH After the 200
Meters Race. (PAR115471). Magnum Photos, New York, 1968. elibrary ,
https://explore.proquest.com/elibrary/document/1987832459?accountid=176169.
This photograph was taken by Magnum Photos. It shows Tommie Smith as he crosses the finish
line, victorious. His time, 19.83 seconds, was the second-fastest ever, only behind his
world record which he had run on a cinder track at San Jose State two years earlier. His
record of 19.5 stood for 44 years, before being broken by Tyson Gay in 2010.
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"Mexico City Summer Olympics." Discovery Education , Lou Reda Productions, 2007,
app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/2c707b5c-daeb-4d04-8e89-342b0e4f95a4.
By watching this video, we gained information about violent protests that occurred days before
the games. About 50 people were killed, making this one of the bloodiest confrontations
between citizens and police.
"1968 Olympic 200m Final." Y ouTube , Justing Lewis, 9 Nov. 2006,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=--lzACn0aZ8.
This video of the actual race showed us how many people were in attendance for the event. Due
to a large number of spectators, many people witnessed the protest and began to pay
attention to the way people of color were treated. Also, many members of the media were
in attendance, which created a good deal of publicity.
“Access Britannica School.” B ritannica School,
school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Tommie-Smith/68302.
This short biographical entry on Britannica School gives more details on some notable
achievements in Tommie Smith’s career. He is the first runner to break the 20 second
barrier in the 200 meter dash. The reading also tells us what NFL team he played for, the
Cincinnati Bengals.
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Associated Press. “50 Years after Fists: Who Would Listen, Who Would Care?” T he Mercury
News, The Mercury News, 15 Oct. 2018,
www.mercurynews.com/2018/10/15/50-years-after-fists-who-would-listen-who-would-car
e/.
This article by Eddie Pells explains the way in which media coverage has changed sports. He
also details the rise of social media. According to Pells, the impact of this protest is still
felt today.
“Ministers & Members Search - THE HON. JOHN EREN (LARA).” M ember Profile - The
Hon. John Eren, 13 Jan. 2020,
www.parliament.vic.gov.au/about/people-in-parliament/members-search/list-all-members/
details/22/39.
This picture of John Eren was used in the “More Allies” section of our website.
“The Nobel Peace Prize 1964.” N obelPrize.org,
www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/king/biographical/.
This short biography of Martin Luther King, a famous advocate against racial segregation, tells
us about his education and areas of study. It gives us details on how King became a public
supporter of civil rights for people of color.
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“Olympic Athletes Who Took a Stand.” S mithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 1 Aug. 2008,
www.smithsonianmag.com/articles/olympic-athletes-who-took-a-stand-593920/.
David Davis tells us about the punishment that Carlos and Smith faced for their protest. It
destroyed their athletic careers, but shined light on the issues that African Americans
faced. Smith says their protest was, “a cry for freedom and for human rights.”
SPORT.SK, s.r.o. & Ringier Axel Springer Slovakia a. s. “Bob Beamon: Skok Od
Pouličného Gangu Do Iného Storočia.” Š port.sk,
sport.aktuality.sk/c/392635/bob-beamon-skok-od-poulicneho-gangu-do-ineho-storocia/.
This website provided us with one of the pictures for the “Allies” section of the website.
Smith, Liz, et al. “May 22, 1967 Issue Viewer.” V ault, www.si.com/vault/issue/42989/toc.
We used the cover of this issue of Sports Illustrated on our thesis page. We also read the article
which detailed his success at San Jose State.
“Who Was Elijah Muhammad? Everything You Need to Know.” F acts, Childhood, Family Life of
Political & Religious Leader,
www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/elijah-muhammad-9846.php.
This bibliography of Elijah Muhammad profiles his childhood, career, and family. He was the
leader of the Nation of Islam.
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Wright, Bruce C.T. “John Carlos' Black Power Olympic Salute 'Planted Seeds' For Kaepernick's
National Anthem Protest.” N ews One, News One, 16 Oct. 2017,
newsone.com/3753302/john-carlos-black-power-olympic-salute-colin-kaepernick-anthem-
protest/.
This article explains the effect that the protest has had 49 years later. Carlos expresses his
disapproval towards President Trump. The article also compares their protest to Colin
Kaepernick and his protest against police brutality.
Sharif, Dara. “Olympics to Finally Give Sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos Their Props by
Inducting Them Into Hall of Fame.” T he Root, The Root, 24 Sept. 2019,
www.theroot.com/olympics-to-finally-give-sprinters-tommie-smith-and-joh-1838383567.
This “Black Excellence” article from The Root looks back at this historic protest and celebrates
their induction into the Hall of Fame. Like other articles we have read, it compares Smith
and Carlos’ protest to Colin Kaepernick’s.
Vitello, Paul. “John Dominis, a Star Photographer for Life Magazine, Dies at 92.” T he New York
Times, The New York Times, 31 Dec. 2013,
www.nytimes.com/2014/01/01/arts/design/john-dominis-a-star-life-magazine-photographer
-dies.html?searchResultPosition=1.
Because we do not have a subscription to “The New York Times,” we were not able to complete
this annotation.
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Lewis, Femi. “How Did Elijah Muhammad Become Leader of the Nation of Islam?” T houghtCo,
ThoughtCo, 30 May 2019,
www.thoughtco.com/elijah-muhammad-leader-of-nation-of-islam-45450.
This ThoughtCo article explains how Elijah Muhammad became the leader of The Nation Of
Islam. According to the article, after meeting salesman Wallace D. Fard, who showed
Muhammad how Islamic principles connected to black nationalism, Elijah converted to
Islam.
Secondary Sources
"African American history timeline." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 4 Aug. 2019.
school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/African-American-history-timeline/625406#331983.t
oc. Accessed 4 Nov. 2019.
This timeline provided us with a short summary of the event. From reading this, we learned that
Smith and Carlos were suspended for this protest.
Boxill, Bernard, and J. L. A. Garcia. "The Heart of Racism." Race & Racism, Introduction &
Selection c. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2001, p. 255. EBSCOhost ,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=7553806.
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This book explained to us what racism is and potential causes of it. According to the article,
racism is “a doctrine that one race is superior. The article also tells us that, “racial
prejudice may not be racist.”
Gregory, Sean. "How Colin Kaepernick Beat the NFL." TIME Magazine, vol. 193, no. 8, Mar.
2019, p. 19. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mih&AN=134839632.
This Time Magazine article explains how the NFL is stonewalling Kaepernick. The response he
has received is similar to Tommie Smith and John Carlos’. He was one of the better
quarterbacks in the league and now teams won’t even let him workout.
Layden, Tim. "John Carlos and Tommie Smith, 50 Years Later." Sports Illustrated, Sports
Illustrated, 3 Oct. 2018,
www.si.com/olympics/2018/10/03/john-carlos-tommie-smith-1968-olympics-black-powe
r-salute.
This article from Sports Illustrated expanded on the struggles that Smith and Carlos faced after
their protest. According to the author, Tim Layden, it is very difficult to contact Smith for
interview. The article also includes interviews with John Carlos and Tommie Smith.
"The Olympic Protests." 1960-1969 , edited by Cynthia Rose, Detroit, Gale, 2004, pp. 634-38.
Gale eBooks,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3490201417/GVRL?u=rock50099&sid=GVRL&xid=dfd5151
a. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.
This website was just another short summary of John Carlos’ career.
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Richard Lewis. "Black Power Salute, Mexico, 1968." Sunday Times, The. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=7EH3495319069. Accessed
5 Nov. 2019.
Link is no longer available.
Rosenberg, Michael. "Colin Kaepernick Has a Checklist." Sports Illustrated, vol. 121, no. 8,
Sept. 2014, p. 40. EBSCOhost ,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mih&AN=97739814.
Link is no longer available.
Simkin, John. "John Carlos." Spartacus Educational, Spartacus Educational,
spartacus-educational.com/CRcarlosJ.htm.
This page from Spartacus Educational gave us details about some of the backlash Carlos and
Smith received. It also provided us with information on what John Carlos did after the
event. He spent some time playing football and later went on to become a high school
track coach.
Smith, Jessie Carney. "Carlos, John Wesley (1945-) and Tommie Smith (1944-)." Fr eedom Facts
& Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience, Jan. 2009, pp.
339–340. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=40074394.
It seems that our school's subscription to this database has expired.
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Smith-Llera, Danielle. Black Power Salute: How a Photograph Captured a Political Protest.
North Mankato, Compass Point Books, a Capstone imprint, 2017.
We were not able to access this book.
Spivey, Donald. "Not the Triumph but the Struggle: The 1968 Olympics and the Making of the
Black Athlete." The Journal of American History, vol. 90, no. 4, 2004, pp. 1540-1541.
ProQuest, https://search.proquest.com/docview/224889225?accountid=176169.
Amy Bass, a student at the University of Minnesota, explains the events that lead up to the
boycott. She argues that a “denial of access to full citizenship” was a reason to protest.
She also says that their protest was a “powerful political spectacle that exuded such
political power that a mythological legacy was created.”
Stalgaitis, Mary. "A Flag or a Doormat." The Highacres Collegian, 8 Nov. 1968, p. 2.
Mary Stalgaitis, Editor in Chief for the Highacres Collegian, a newspaper created by students of
Pennsylvania State University, created this article about four months after the event. Her
writing is an example of the way people viewed this event at the time. She believed that
the protest was “as embarrassing to the United States as a hiccup in the middle of a solo
would be to an opera singer.”
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Thomas, Etan. "What Kaepernick Started." Pr ogressive, vol. 81, no. 10, Nov. 2016, pp. 29–31.
EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=118764909.
This link is no longer available.
"Tommie Smith." Britannica School , Encyclopædia Britannica, 4 Aug. 2019.
school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/Tommie-Smith/343797. Accessed 21 Oct. 2019.
This Encyclopedia Britannica entry about Tommie Smith explains that Harry Edwards, a
sociology professor at San Jose State, was a key motivator of this protest. It also gives a
biography about Tommie Smith’s career and his work after his time in sports.
Use Your Voice . 13 Mar. 2014. Art, Design, Nature, Weebly,
mousentel.weebly.com/sketches.html. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.
We used this drawing for the homepage of our website. It shows Smith and Carlos on the
podium. Take note of the black gloves and the OPHR pin on their shirts.
Widmer, Ted. "Why Two Black Athletes Raised their Fists during the Anthem." New York Times
(Online) , 16 Oct 2018. sirsissuesresearcher,
https://explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2264152289?accountid=176
169.
According to this New York Times article, Smith and Carlos had always wanted to use their sport
to “give a voice to the voiceless.” After the event, I nternational Olympic Committee
Chairman, Avery Brundage, spoke about this protest, saying it was a “nasty demonstration
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against the American flag by Negroes. As if to say that African-Americans were not the
same as Americans
Dpa International,
www.dpa-international.com/topic/tommie-smith-turns-75-regrets-black-power-salute-urn:
newsml:dpa.com:20090101:190605-99-517090.
We were not able to access this article for our annotation.
The New York Times, The New York Times,
archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1018.html?mcubz
=3.
This Special from the New York Times archive was written to report the expulsion of Tommie
Smith and John Carlos from the Olympic Team. The US Olympic Committee described
the protest as an “discourtesy” and a “departing from tradition.”
13, M.Admin | Nov, and M.Admin. “164179870 (1).” K nowledgeNuts, 13 Nov. 2013,
knowledgenuts.com/2013/11/14/the-white-olympian-helped-plan-the-black-power-salute/1
64179870-1/.
We used this drawing in the “Tommie Smith and John Carlos” section of our website.
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“Access Britannica School.” B ritannica School,
school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/black-power/310246.
This Britannica entry describes the black power movement and its origins. According to the
entry, the term “black power” was coined by Stokely Carmichel. The black power
movements goals have ranged from economic power for African Americans to violent
revolution.
Ajadi, Monsuru, et al. “Black Power, A Forgotten Ally and the Olympic Games.” B lack History
365,
www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-heroes/black-power-a-forgotten-ally-a
nd-the-olympic-games/.
This article explains the role that Peter Norman played in the protest. Before the protest, Tommie
Smith asked Norman two questions. “Do you believe in human rights” and “Do you
believe in god?” Norman answered “yes” both times then said, “I will stand with you.”
Brown, DeNeen L., and Washington Post. “The Black Power Salute That Rocked the World 50
Years Ago.” H ouston Chronicle, Washington Post, 16 Oct. 2018,
www.chron.com/news/article/The-Black-Power-salute-that-rocked-the-world-50-13312298
.php.
This page was no longer available.
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Brown, DeNeen L. “They Didn't #TakeTheKnee: The Black Power Protest Salute That Shook the
World in 1968.” T he Washington Post, WP Company, 14 May 2019,
www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/09/24/they-didnt-takeaknee-the-black-
power-protest-salute-that-shook-the-world-in-1968/.
This article gives more information on Smith and Carlos’ careers after track. Smith would
become a sociology professor and Carlos would coach track at Palm Springs High.
Dimond. “Iconic Olympic Moments: The Black Power Salute.” B leacher Report, Bleacher
Report, 3 Oct. 2017,
bleacherreport.com/articles/40675-iconic-olympic-moments-the-black-power-salute.
This Bleacher Report article explains the importance of the protest and its significance in history.
It also describes the events that lead to it and Smith and Carlos’ motivation.
Pages, The Society. “The Enduring Legacy of the ‘Black Power’ Salute.” E ngaging Sports,
thesocietypages.org/engagingsports/2018/12/10/the-enduring-legacy-of-the-black-power-s
alute/.
This article compares the way the protest was viewed back then to now. Today this protest is
recognized as a key moment that brought attention to racism in the United States.
However, back then, people saw this protest as disrespectful and disgracing.
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Parfitt, Tom. “The Iconic Story of the Black Power Salute at Olympics, 50 Years On.” T he
Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 24 Apr. 2019,
www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/black-power-salute-1968-50-years-olympics
-tommie-smith-john-carlos-racism-mexico-city-a8587811.html.
This article details why the protest is so significant in history. It gives a basic description of the
event and explains how people reacted to it.
Siquig, Alex. “The Smith-Carlos Black Power Salute: Once Vilified, Now Praised.” U SA | Al
Jazeera, Al Jazeera, 17 Oct. 2018,
www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/smith-carlos-black-power-salute-vilified-praised-1810
16130640280.html.
This article explains how the protest was once “vilified” and is now praised. It was almost
universally condemned and was detrimental to their careers. Especially for Peter Norman.