1 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Carlos, John, and David Cline. "John Carlos Oral History Interview Conducted by David P. Cline in New York, New York, 2013 August 18." The Library of Congress , www.loc.gov/item/2015669202/. In this interview, John Carlos discusses some of the struggles he faced as an African-American child growing up in Harlem. He recalls being puzzled as to why White people wanted to leave Harlem and head for the suburbs. He describes the severity of drug addiction among people in his community. According to Carlos, drugs, specifically heroin, tore families apart. Fathers would be addicted to heroin and King Kong, another drug that was popular at the time, and would leave their wives to take care of their families. Carlos also talks about his parents and their lines of work. L'Amcain Tommie SMITH, Vainqueur Du 200 Mes. the Arrival of Tommie SMITH After the 200 Meters Race. (PAR115471). Magnum Photos, New York, 1968. elibrary , https://explore.proquest.com/elibrary/document/1987832459?accountid=176169. This photograph was taken by Magnum Photos. It shows Tommie Smith as he crosses the finish line, victorious. His time, 19.83 seconds, was the second-fastest ever, only behind his world record which he had run on a cinder track at San Jose State two years earlier. His record of 19.5 stood for 44 years, before being broken by Tyson Gay in 2010. 2 "Mexico City Summer Olympics." Discovery Education , Lou Reda Productions, 2007, app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/2c707b5c-daeb-4d04-8e89-342b0e4f95a4. By watching this video, we gained information about violent protests that occurred days before the games. About 50 people were killed, making this one of the bloodiest confrontations between citizens and police. "1968 Olympic 200m Final." YouTube , Justing Lewis, 9 Nov. 2006, www.youtube.com/watch?v=--lzACn0aZ8. This video of the actual race showed us how many people were in attendance for the event. Due to a large number of spectators, many people witnessed the protest and began to pay attention to the way people of color were treated. Also, many members of the media were in attendance, which created a good deal of publicity. “Access Britannica School.” B ritannica School, school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Tommie-Smith/68302. This short biographical entry on Britannica School gives more details on some notable achievements in Tommie Smith’s career. He is the first runner to break the 20 second barrier in the 200 meter dash. The reading also tells us what NFL team he played for, the Cincinnati Bengals. 3 Associated Press. “50 Years after Fists: Who Would Listen, Who Would Care?” T he Mercury News, The Mercury News, 15 Oct. 2018, www.mercurynews.com/2018/10/15/50-years-after-fists-who-would-listen-who-would-car e/. This article by Eddie Pells explains the way in which media coverage has changed sports. He also details the rise of social media. According to Pells, the impact of this protest is still felt today. “Ministers & Members Search - THE HON. JOHN EREN (LARA).” M ember Profile - The Hon. John Eren, 13 Jan. 2020, www.parliament.vic.gov.au/about/people-in-parliament/members-search/list-all-members/ details/22/39. This picture of John Eren was used in the “More Allies” section of our website. “The Nobel Peace Prize 1964.” N obelPrize.org, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1964/king/biographical/. This short biography of Martin Luther King, a famous advocate against racial segregation, tells us about his education and areas of study. It gives us details on how King became a public supporter of civil rights for people of color. 4 “Olympic Athletes Who Took a Stand.” S mithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 1 Aug. 2008, www.smithsonianmag.com/articles/olympic-athletes-who-took-a-stand-593920/. David Davis tells us about the punishment that Carlos and Smith faced for their protest. It destroyed their athletic careers, but shined light on the issues that African Americans faced. Smith says their protest was, “a cry for freedom and for human rights.” SPORT.SK, s.r.o. & Ringier Axel Springer Slovakia a. s. “Bob Beamon: Skok Od Pouličného Gangu Do Iného Storočia.” Šport.sk, sport.aktuality.sk/c/392635/bob-beamon-skok-od-poulicneho-gangu-do-ineho-storocia/. This website provided us with one of the pictures for the “Allies” section of the website. Smith, Liz, et al. “May 22, 1967 Issue Viewer.” Vault, www.si.com/vault/issue/42989/toc. We used the cover of this issue of Sports Illustrated on our thesis page. We also read the article which detailed his success at San Jose State. “Who Was Elijah Muhammad? Everything You Need to Know.” F acts, Childhood, Family Life of Political & Religious Leader, www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/elijah-muhammad-9846.php. This bibliography of Elijah Muhammad profiles his childhood, career, and family. He was the leader of the Nation of Islam. 5 Wright, Bruce C.T. “John Carlos' Black Power Olympic Salute 'Planted Seeds' For Kaepernick's National Anthem Protest.” N ews One, News One, 16 Oct. 2017, newsone.com/3753302/john-carlos-black-power-olympic-salute-colin-kaepernick-anthem- protest/. This article explains the effect that the protest has had 49 years later. Carlos expresses his disapproval towards President Trump. The article also compares their protest to Colin Kaepernick and his protest against police brutality. Sharif, Dara. “Olympics to Finally Give Sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos Their Props by Inducting Them Into Hall of Fame.” T he Root, The Root, 24 Sept. 2019, www.theroot.com/olympics-to-finally-give-sprinters-tommie-smith-and-joh-1838383567. This “Black Excellence” article from The Root looks back at this historic protest and celebrates their induction into the Hall of Fame. Like other articles we have read, it compares Smith and Carlos’ protest to Colin Kaepernick’s. Vitello, Paul. “John Dominis, a Star Photographer for Life Magazine, Dies at 92.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 31 Dec. 2013, www.nytimes.com/2014/01/01/arts/design/john-dominis-a-star-life-magazine-photographer -dies.html?searchResultPosition=1. Because we do not have a subscription to “The New York Times,” we were not able to complete this annotation. 6 Lewis, Femi. “How Did Elijah Muhammad Become Leader of the Nation of Islam?” T houghtCo, ThoughtCo, 30 May 2019, www.thoughtco.com/elijah-muhammad-leader-of-nation-of-islam-45450. This ThoughtCo article explains how Elijah Muhammad became the leader of The Nation Of Islam. According to the article, after meeting salesman Wallace D. Fard, who showed Muhammad how Islamic principles connected to black nationalism, Elijah converted to Islam. Secondary Sources "African American history timeline." Britannica School , Encyclopædia Britannica, 4 Aug. 2019. school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/African-American-history-timeline/625406#331983.t oc. Accessed 4 Nov. 2019. This timeline provided us with a short summary of the event. From reading this, we learned that Smith and Carlos were suspended for this protest. Boxill, Bernard, and J. L. A. Garcia. "The Heart of Racism." Race & Racism, Introduction & Selection c. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2001, p. 255. EBSCOhost , search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=7553806. 7 This book explained to us what racism is and potential causes of it. According to the article, racism is “a doctrine that one race is superior. The article also tells us that, “racial prejudice may not be racist.” Gregory, Sean. "How Colin Kaepernick Beat the NFL." TIME Magazine , vol. 193, no. 8, Mar. 2019, p. 19. EBSCOhost , search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mih&AN=134839632. This Time Magazine article explains how the NFL is stonewalling Kaepernick. The response he has received is similar to Tommie Smith and John Carlos’. He was one of the better quarterbacks in the league and now teams won’t even let him workout. Layden, Tim. "John Carlos and Tommie Smith, 50 Years Later." Sports Illustrated , Sports Illustrated, 3 Oct. 2018, www.si.com/olympics/2018/10/03/john-carlos-tommie-smith-1968-olympics-black-powe r-salute. This article from Sports Illustrated expanded on the struggles that Smith and Carlos faced after their protest. According to the author, Tim Layden, it is very difficult to contact Smith for interview. The article also includes interviews with John Carlos and Tommie Smith. "The Olympic Protests." 1960-1969 , edited by Cynthia Rose, Detroit, Gale, 2004, pp. 634-38. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3490201417/GVRL?u=rock50099&sid=GVRL&xid=dfd5151 a. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019. This website was just another short summary of John Carlos’ career. 8 Richard Lewis. "Black Power Salute, Mexico, 1968." Sunday Times, The. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=7EH3495319069. Accessed 5 Nov. 2019. Link is no longer available. Rosenberg, Michael. "Colin Kaepernick Has a Checklist." Sports Illustrated , vol. 121, no. 8, Sept. 2014, p. 40. EBSCOhost , search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mih&AN=97739814. Link is no longer available. Simkin, John. "John Carlos." Spartacus Educational , Spartacus Educational, spartacus-educational.com/CRcarlosJ.htm. This page from Spartacus Educational gave us details about some of the backlash Carlos and Smith received. It also provided us with information on what John Carlos did after the event. He spent some time playing football and later went on to become a high school track coach. Smith, Jessie Carney. "Carlos, John Wesley (1945-) and Tommie Smith (1944-)." Freedom Facts & Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience, Jan. 2009, pp. 339–340. EBSCOhost , search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=40074394.